Chopler

Moving
Moving ehorqes qnd Manqnehsm

Oersted experimends
n the year 18o Oersted rl'sed +ho electticidy ghd
maqheism ere ntimately velated. He hoBiced thot
a Curreh
Conying wire Covied hoiteos le deflecfio
h
maqhetic compass heedle held hegr+he wire.
He glso fouhd tha the mogneie heedle is olqhed
aliqhed
ngehfjallyto h 1ma9inory circle a h e Contte
of. which is he (yrent orrying wire hd whose
plane ts perpendicylar to the ire.

ReverSthg
QeverStng the directron of (»rent, reverses the
dnec of deflection of heedle.
he deflection ihteqses oh
ihcre9shg he cynent in
he wire or
bringm he maqhetic fompas heedle
eloser tohe tre
COhclusien Mouihq charqes or farrenh produre
nagheie eld ihhe So Syrrovhdinq
Space.
Note' Curren emerqih o of the plohte S
depicted by a dot O ad go'hghto +he
plane is depicked by o CYoSs ,
Maqhelie field ( B)
The magnelic eld s Pere
QToUhd a Cumen Comying (ohducdor or he spare
Qtohd amaghe nwhrchh s maqheie effec
Cah e felt.
maghelic ietd ir a veclov q4omtty. and denoted
by
ST yhi =Tesla CT) or
Lorberm (wb m

Magne tic torce

Maghetc torce oh q hg chored pordicle

he
the magnetic forte on chorqe ,
mov ng hh
Velocty v in a maqnettc eld B s give as

F-qrB)
he direction of f s4he direction of
(ross
Product of t

velocity V ghd moqhe die fleld B, whieh

isPerpendirylaro he plome (onning ahd B
t s dueckion is
9ven by the Right haod rele"
B F So 1T N
Te slo N Sec
ICX msec C mt
 denehdrgn Dmensionol, formla of B LmtATJ

Right h9hd rule

F-qoB)
B

Direckion of
of forte oh a chorged Particle hthe
hagheic field con le found by flemig'r left Land
rule

Flemings lef hahd Rule . Tf he humb; fore qer

ad tenttl hger of +he,teft hond ore. steddnd
Such ho hece al Qre myyally per pondiculav to
each other
tore finqer refresents +he directroh of magheic leld
middle finqev (entral) xepresenk the divecHion of
electrie urent Cmotion of the Ove chorge) 4hey
+he thumb represents the dieetrohof the, forte
Prperiehred by the ohavged PHele.
forte
maqhefre tteld B

uroenI
 Mgnie eld
Nofe Direction of

Riqh4 hond Pule acrordhg 4o +his rule "1f a choiqht

qrsfed th 4he tigh
Cyrren orying fohductor is
Co
hohe +humb eais alonq
hand ih Sych 9 woy

of current ihe fonduttor 4he

+he dive c
he direction
+he folding fingers til represeht
Colding
of maqhetrc eld dnecd" of omaqneic eld due to
Straight runss
T
(orrnq tore
7
B

T
B

moion in (ombined eecttomoqnethc Het'eld/lorenz

forte
a charqe moving with velotidy V in reqioh
o4h both elecdric.E ond maghehe eld B. e
chayqe ilerpeienfe 6ofh 6Ttes.
Thi fore IS olled orentz forte

Maghette.. torce on a Current Carryino lohductor1

O
B

B
le a ttmren CoYyIng (ohdyctor of lengL L o%d
CoSS SecHhon grea A.

to+o charge IS mov h ih he oyducdor wth

drifl velocily . So total msqheic for(e
F (g)
F 9 BSn
lehereqre h electmns per univoleme
So afal humbr of elertrons in fohduedo= hAL

Totl chorqe oh N es 9 =
hALe

f hAle y B Sih
 f(neAva) LB Sho
T VyehA
F ILB She
F I(xB
Here i s Uecfor of mogni 4ude L ad oit, dire
tooords +he (urrehf T.

Motion ih magnetie eld

O First Case
when chorge Porticle moues
avight
angle to he maqnenetic frelo
Suqose
Sfase
1
a
porticle of mass mhd
charge q PHenng
th niform maghetc field B a right ohgle
toth velocdy
X XX
X trajecHor y
X X
X
Circle
xA X X

X X
Here he forre P
ptovide +he reguired Centripeto
torte ne ce ssary tor
motion along a CiYculav oF path
Yadns Y,
F: v e Si 90
9B mv
 Y my3
q0
he tme feriod o revoluion of the Porficle is

T 7r A xmV
V

T 7m

he Qnqylor hequety o: 7F
7xB qB
m

Tone
n Period and ahqulor eqyehey does' depand
upon velocidy v of +he, porfiele.

Serohd cose
wheh is iHelined otongle e'with
B o4her hon o,90 qhd l8)

P:tch
qjclory helieat padh
 chorged q, eerin
Pordiele of mass m enlerng a

magheic ield B, twith velocity V, moking

hgle wnth he dire cdion of B.
tor ComPoheh
ofvelotiy v Cose

f= qvoso B Siho= 0
So
So
chorged poricle CoUers linegr distome ih diveclh
4he maqnedic eld w+h Cohsk. Seed Voro,
+he

he
Ihe (ompohent of velocity v Sho s in he Pe rpoh
-

dicular direct to, the moqhe tic eld B.

he reqvired Cendripetal forte for motioh
along
olong
a Cirtylar oth oP rodius r ir provided y +he
magneic torte
m CvSi,0) (USin®) B Sin 90
r

= Sine

B
1ne Priod T= a m
vSin
Pich hori20hfal dslonce
Covered ihohe fime
Period.
P- V (os8 X T V, * tme feriod
P V Co10 x am
B
hirdTrd fose hen he chorged forticle t4
mou
glong or ih
opponteto +he maqne hc
eld (9 =o or l60)
B
fqUBSno ='o
f9UB S18 =
Pah he pordicle lhegr ( shaigh he

Velocity Selector
a
chorqe 9, is moUing t
Veloty Vi Presente o 6oth electrie and meghetic
fields feels aforce
F-4E+q,txB
wheh electric md magneie fields are
pespehditular
to egch oher ahd t olo perpen dicylor to +the
veloy of he for4icle.
X 9,UB
- X

XX X X
E
fhe valve of gnd B Sch ho the nognitydes
of two ortes qre eqvol, then total orce on
+he ehwqed Pori ele is 2ro
 Fe Fe EqvMB

heChorqe
ckarqe ilmoUe in +he fie lds undeflec ted.
3 i o t -Sav9r{lou )
e Consider a Small element of lonqh d of
Conductor Current Cqrying (on ductor)
bee 4he
the PoShon veclor of he Pomt P from
he Cyrren element T dA and e be +he ahgle,

bt d andr
Maqhelic eld Produred due thrs element

de

Cren T
element
ldBH T d Sh
2

Mos caled perme abilidy of vatum

1 7 Xlo teslg Xmtr.
ampere
 decion of moqnolic ieldis perpendiculor to 4he
Plone fontarning dJhd r.
HPre, direc-ion of de qiven by "Righl hond Rde"

Sini oies btu (oylombs low Qho Brof squor lo

OBoh etd
orfes depend ihuersely o 4he Square of the
distote
Bo4h fields olloo perpo Sition pti,ciple
D:ereh (es
Ma qne tc eld electosahc dd
. rodyfe d by a veclor ovrre I. Produed by scalor
Td Soyrce CQ)
heve 1 oh anle depemdehce|.ere ir ho onqle depohd
Ce
3eld s perpenditular to,. 3. electrostafc feld is
he plome fonloihing he actih qlonqhe displaren
disploreneh vecdov r qhd met Vector
elemen T d

Magnelk eld on the asof a

Cirtula (menl
Ohsider a Cyrren coryng loop of rodiys R and
(ymeh I Ae rtd
Le oont to coltulade the ield ot a Poih P on

+he aris of loop a o dstonce x. trom +he

Conre of he loop. fonsider 2 Shgll elenen
of toop (da).
Osing Biol -Savaro.

d dBloro dB

dB Sne

dBsin
d8 (o dB

maqheic eld pt P due to Loth tureh!

elemen,, (d0)
dß Mo. T dl Sth 9o

| dB o Tdd
CR
dB Cos Components ohe maqhe thcelels dye to
alld rmPnl elemen of loop) are
eqval 9hd
opfose, they con fel eoch other.
So total mametie iold. at pomP
 d8 dB Sn

8 Ho T d Sino
CR4)

Sinod4

SiheR xRX 27R

47 (R+) R
d KR
B T

T +here are N ums i the (oil,loop), the,

B HNTR

Sperial Cose
feld g fontve

B NT
R

Dsection of moghe dieeld dueto uent orrinq

loop (Right hand hunb mule)
 (urd the palm of right hand avound the cireuor
wIre he fingers Ponding in 4he daeclion of
he Curent he righ hand umb 9ves the
4he
dnection of 4he moqneic eld.

C
Ampere's ircedal low
T slotes that +he line
inegral of maghe die field' B arouhd a closed Palh
h V cyym s Pqu to o times +he totol
(yrenT pocsng throvgh +he closed po+h.

oB.d 4,Tihside
B
B.d (7,+a+19

( dA i.i ( 1, 1,+,
 Conditions where Ampere's (irtybel lqt ir hep

i s 4ongential to 4he loop nd s hoh-2ro

(ons ton

is horm. to he oo
toop
3. B ahiche s.

Magnetic field due to ih fihi te Straght curreht

Carrhg i r e
Consider Ihfinide lohq straight wire ol4h (uehf
an

Caltylafe +he meqheictield o4

We wanto
a Point P a a distonte r fro m e w1Te

of rodrus wth
Consider an G4Am pprian loop of
he wire a is (ehtre,

Amperion loop t is gn imaqnary closed loop 9Tovhd

aCyreht Cqrtyrh (onductor +throvgh
which am pere's lo is 9plied to Åst Conductor

L
 6 6.de M1ainide
8 do fos O H =
T nd,7
B ahd d are in the some dirPctron =o)
B d e loso =M, T

B d HT
d 7r
8x7r =
MT

B oL T
Sole noi d ASolenoid toniishs of an inlaled
Con
ducing toire ohichis oo4hd 4he torm oof
a helix.

lengdki of Solenoid is very. large, s (ompare to ils

Tadius
fetd oide the solenoid is negigibly Smgl
eld arahdhe micldle of s
region length
S nitorm. ahd. (onston h .
Maghe4ic eld Ihide a
So leod
D

L
(onsider the followmg' solohord thhumber of +uths
Per uhil legh as'n, (urrenI ., (onider a
recdangular amperiah loop ABCD
A
D
B.d
A
B.d4 B.du+ B.d+ B.d
ABCD
B
do foso +Bd Cos9 0.d
A
+ Bid lor9
B
B
Bd Bd B
ABCD A

trom Qm fore's Cirtual low

B.di T
ABCD
 (urnat
HX hb,o uTns i reedangulor loopr

lorre belween two farollel curent Cortyhq (orduthor

Cohider tuo nfinLe lohq sBroiqh porallel fondttors
A ad 8
Separalrd y diilonre . A (ames
trTehT, 9nd B CoTie (utYent D
A

Be
f
BA

magheticeld al o
po BP due to onent Caryn
(Ondvtor A.

forfe fer unlength s exporiented by 4he fondyclo

FBA T, Sind tor Ulehgth
L1)
angle Ho Tg
 for L engh
BA

Ho
BA
1,T

Simarly, +he (ohdu cdov A also expeTIhe S an

Oh
equ forre ahd ulin opposfe direrth.

T,X 90)
B
AB
L 19
T,T2

oe ohen droch of (une nt n Lotk porallel tohdurtors

IS Some hen bofh fonductors Loll Hrar Poch

other
ohen drseetof yrienl s oPposiHe in hem, +he
both tohdvrtors ll efel each other.

slondoy d deti nton o1 Amfere

One Ampere i Hat (urent ohich when flotos
hrough wo paallel tohducfprs Ceforatrd by 1
melor PTodutes atore of rlou on uhit
uhi
ehgfh of Cohductor
E MoT,T
f Im, T, S, A=
ad 1 m He
hen
F 2X16
lorge on (vvtent Comnq aloop

when g rectang lor toi s plated 'h q yhiform

magic field.
B6

V1
CaseT yhi form mo eld 8 is in the pl9he
of4he loo
orte oh the arm AD qh d BC of loop
=
BT Sino = )
BC

AD BT Si8." ( )

tore on am AB
FA BTN Sin9 (e9)
po
BT9
orfe on Qrm COD
BT Si 9 (0-9)
BT

IFd-1fedF
 No forte 0h loo
A

here i orqye on 4he loo

lo f
de do Pai o forres o ad ep
CFXx
BTaxL Caxb Avea of
IoopA
TTA8
Case2 when magyetic feld mgkes ah hgle e wth
+he area vecior of
loop.

B = b Sih9
Siho
F

Torque on 4he
loo
T forte x ler pendirdar ditante btto lhe
o arhon af loth fortes
X
BTaxbSinD
T ax b) B Sin faxb Area of loop
A)
IA B ShO
 Maqhe hc dipole momen! magnPtic momon
A (ymen Coryne loop o Any Shope ehoves Ne
a magelic dipole

S
T

he fore of +he loop trdh C Cyrrent acis Soyth pole

Qnd anti cloc Hoise (uhen fare acts 9s North Pole
magnec moment s defed as

m TA
he
dechofma qnetic momen Porm tro the
Soyth tohe horth
S N

S.Tunil 9A-m

orque on a (utent ayng loop in magnetie fe ld

T IA8 Sth9
T T AB
 T+he loop her N clasely oo uhd tunh

z T AB Sine
NTNTAB
Tmx8
iNTR
Ahaloqy
mxB
Pforallel to E slole equlbTum mporallel sloble rqs.
to B
ani ar.
to f uhslole fq. mai pag to Byhdobk y

Crtulor (urent loop

gs a magnedic dpole
Consider tirtulor
loop of rodius R,
orrynq tunent

magheic feld on itsaris

Centve aadsanre * trm the

for X.R
B 4TA
 2
e area of 4he lôop A , A AR
B ATR

B IA
m- TA
3
maghek¢ nmonenh

ThiseY pressioh 1s S
for elecne eld Similorto +he, expresSto
due to an
Qxio PasHio eleckric dipple. a
E P
B-8
m P

Sim larly . +he

exression tor E de to
dipole al elernc
equatorial position
E P
7o 3
ma qhedie eld atq
disante from the fenre o
loof on equotoriol posi0
 An elecric dipole is bilt p ottoo elementary
yhs chorges/ elrckric mo nopole
exu.
hmognrtism, ngneic mohopolps dont

fhoghelic d.pole momeh of o reuolurng eler-ttoh

(Onsider 4he siluo ioh shown inig. Dye to +he
vevoluing eleckron , o (uPht is et yp h #he
Ppase dih

T e
T
T Te feriod of revoluho y
T aY
V

hen, T e_XU ev

we Rhouw
m TA = T ar

m eUxAY

he drechon of 4himoghetic mohons into he poe

of Paper
m eUr

y e X (mUr)
me
mur L hgylar Momehum of e)
 me
eC

m e
me
fRe rodl'o Too
(or s called +he qyro aqnec
Qhd 1s a (onstant.
8.8x lo" c/H lo

rom
trom Bohr model of on atom we Hhota th
ahqular mome ntym of Qh eleedron is e qyantined
L hh n ,3
h plom cRs fovlom h 6.63 Xx los)
m 4, enh
yme
for h 1
eh

H 9.9X10Am
This vglue is (alled the Boh 11
naqheon
MoUInq (oil qolvonomeler
I I h instrument sed
tor delection hd meosuremeh of Small elecfmc

(tten
(oil turns, which
(ohstrucon (onsiss of a of many
is ree 4o Yotofe in a uhi form radia
magnelic feld.
Soft IToh (ore, which I'hrgse the
a l s o Consisks a
he field
strength of the magnetic eld gnd makes

Tdal / Pormgheht magne

Scale
fondoy

Sp
N S

Soft
Ton for e

uhiform radiol maqne tic teld

ncple A cumrent
arying loop ih a Uh1 torm maghette
eld expenehtes a
torqye
WOrIng . ohon the (rent o +hrough 4he (oil
erporienfes a torye
T NTA9 (Sh0-1
 Sihte +he eld is rodiol (.e Perpehdiculor to he
areo vecdor) So we oke (Sn -1)

he spring Sp Provides o (ounter oroue N thaF

bolanre h e mogneieretd torque NTAB hd resulls
in Steady ahqulor deflection b.

n equilibiym
H NTAB
where R is orstonol fohslont of spTihgT i
Testoring torque fer uhi hqulor doflection
hedeflection bis ihdicoted the
on Scole by
fomfer
NTAB
(NBA)T
cbT

eosohs for a rodol eld

(ylinoica aonets are
ysedo qeheroted rodal eld So that he
maqhetic
moment of ei or orPg Vector of (oil)
alooys perpehdi
perpehdituar
tulor
o the eld

urent Senstivty of a
qaluoho0 mefer
ided.fhed as the delechion Per unit tument
 NAB (oda)
T R
we COh hCreose 4he Curen densidy of qavohom elor
by threasinq +e humber o urns N.

Voltoge SehSidiudy of golvg ho mefer,

TIs deinsd os he defleofion Per uhit Vol foge

NAB
TR
NAB
(rod-ly
e foho inreqse Volkoqe Sehsti uy by reos
he ho. of uTns e cause f the ho of turhs
e
IhCreose, the resisfohte also reues by e Some

omoun, hente volt oqe Sensdiuty emaihs+he Some,

7
alvahome ler ar an Amme 4er

he go lva home ter Conhot be used o mpasure

heCrTenbe to2
willbe Conneced ih
FoY heosyrihg (TTent, t
Series qhd it har o high vesisdonce Ken, t
torchorge he volue of crent n CHE
To Called
OverCome 4his, o low resisfo nte ,
shunt esis tançe i s Cohnec ted in p9ralle Lorth
4he goluohomeler coil, So Lt mos of +he
Current Posses4hrovgh +he shvn.

RG

YT-Ta)
etechve Yesistone
R Ro,Y
R+T
also Here

R
(T-Ta
An degl omeler hos zero resulonce

Gialuono o mefer ar o oltme ter

 Cohuerted thto aVoftmelor
9glvonom eler Con be
wh
by Connec 4ih ahigh
ohnectihq esisl ahre h Sories

4ho! drows Smoll (uren.

gglvanomtor toil. So

eecHve esistote
Ao,+A

h e resstonce of oh deg vellneter sntinfe.

racice
ASolenoid of da. o.0sm ond lehqHh m is
made by to There lo00uns in
layers qre

hese oll loyers Qhd eq ch urhs Corties

CurrenF of 9.SA. fhd he Ualye of maqne4ic

fietd hsidehe Solenoid 3
(B- 6.3 8Ylo)
T oTuoo
o lonq povollel ites are plored q distowe
SS Cm
lonQ
from eoch other Qhd orry Curenls of A
Cm
respecthvely. Hoto much orte w eoch
gnd 3A
unit len#h of Qho+her tate
wre apply dh

haurp of orre
 he
he resis tonce of 9o v0 hometor s S o
ha s he voluo of hat shunt, tohich
oh

Conn echg only lo porf of mon (urreh

PqSSes 4hrough he goluo homelor ((S 16.64
16.66-)

nAn omeler of resilonre O.89 Can measyre

0.8
(yrenyp 4o 1A t ha! mus e he volye
of shunt vesistance to hable he mmeer
to measure (urtent upto SA
whot he Combihed resistonce of ammetr
he
Qhd he shunt 9

Ttoo longon sroight (urren Corrying (ohdtors

gre
ploced 9 d of m Both uoIres
Cary
CarTY (urenfs of SA hd A resfecfruely 1h
he Sone
Some drecth. (alcvlade +he volve of 8
a! he mid
p. betuoeen he oves
B 6x15")