2021-2022 Spring Term

MATH 104R Calculus for Engineering II Recitation

Textbook: Thomas’ Calculus, Early Transcendentals, 14th edition, 2019

EXERCISES
Section 14.4 Double Integrals in Polar Form

page 1, MATH 104R Spring 2022

Summary

The area of a closed and bounded region R in the polar coordinate plane is
ZZ
A= r dr dθ
R

A version of Fubini’s Theorem says that a double integral in polar

coordinates can be evaluated by repeated single integrations with respect to
r and θ as
ZZ Z θ=β Z r =g2 (θ)
f (r , θ)dA = f (r , θ) r dr dθ
R θ=α r =g1 (θ)

Changing a Cartesian integral into a polar integral:

ZZ Z Z
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (r cos θ, r sin θ) r dr dθ
R G

page 2, MATH 104R Spring 2022

 R √3 R x
Exercise 15. Change the Cartesian integral 1 1
dy dx into an
equivalent polar integral. Then evaluate the polar integral.

y Largest θ is π
4

π
Smallest θ is 6
y =x √
x= 3 y =x

x
y = √
3
y =1 x
√
The region R: 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, 1 ≤ y ≤ x is the interior of a triangle in the first quadrant.

To find polar limits of integration, substitute x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ

x √1 r √1 π
▶ y = √ ⇒ rC sin θ = C cos θ ⇒ tan θ = ⇒ θ= 6
3 3 3
π
▶ y =x ⇒ rC sin θ = rC cos θ ⇒ tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ= 4
▶ y = 1 ⇒ r sin θ = 1 ⇒ r = sin1 θ = csc θ
√ √ √ √
▶ x = 3 ⇒ r cos θ = 3 ⇒ r = cos3θ = 3 sec θ
page 3, MATH 104R Spring 2022
 √ π π
The r -limits and θ-limits of integration: csc θ ≤ r ≤ 3 sec θ, 6 ≤θ≤ 4

Replace dxdy in the Cartesian integral by rdrdθ

The polar iterated integral is

√ √
Z 3 Z x Z π/4 Z 3 sec θ
dy dx = r dr dθ
1 1 π/6 csc θ
Z π/4 h r 2 i√3 sec θ Z π/4 h3 1 i
= dθ = sec2 θ − csc2 θ dθ
π/6 2 csc θ π/6 2 2
h3 1 iπ/4
= tan θ +cot θ
2 2 π/6

3h π π i 1h π πi
= tan − tan + cot − cot
2 4 6 2 4 6
3h 1 i 1h √ i √
= 1− √ + 1− 3 =2− 3
2 3 2

page 4, MATH 104R Spring 2022

Exercise 32. Find the area of the region common to the interiors of the
y
cardioids r = 1 + cos θ and r = 1 − cos θ.

Graph the region to determine the limits of integration.

π π
R1 : 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 − cos θ, − 2
≤θ≤ 2
x
π 3π
R2 : 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 + cos θ, 2
≤θ≤ 2
S
R = R1 R2 r = 1 − cos θ r = 1 + cos θ

From the symmetry of the region, the total area is 4 times the first-quadrant portion:
ZZ Z π/2 Z 1−cos θ
A = r dr dθ = 4 r dr dθ
R 0 0
Z π/2 h r 2 i1−cos θ Z π/2 h i
= 4 dθ = 2 (1 − cos θ)2 − 0 dθ
0 2 0 0
Z π/2 h i Z π/2 h3 1 i
= 2 1 − 2 cos θ + cos2 θ dθ = 2 − 2 cos θ + cos(2θ) dθ
0 0 2 2
h3 1 iπ/2 h 3π 3π
= 2 θ − 2 sin θ + sin(2θ) =2 − 2 + 0 − 0 + 0 − 0] = −4
2 4 0 4 2
page 5, MATH 104R Spring 2022
 ln(x 2 +y 2 )
Exercise 38. Integrate f (x, y ) = x 2 +y 2 over the region
2 2 2
1≤x +y ≤e .
y

Substitute x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ

The region R is given by

x
R : 1 ≤ r ≤ e, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

r =1
ln r 2 r =e
Integrate f (r cos θ, r sin θ) = r2
over the region R

Z 2π Z e ln r 2
Z 2π Z e 2 ln r
rC dr dθ = dr dθ
0 1 r 2C 0 1 r
Z 2π Z 1 dr
= 2 u du dθ (u = ln r , du = )
0 0 r
Z 2π h i1 Z 2π h i2π
= u2 dθ = dθ = θ = 2π
0 0 0 0

page 6, MATH 104R Spring 2022

Exercise 39. The region that lies inside the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ and
outside the circle r = 1 is the base of a solid right cylinder. The top of the
cylinder lies in the plane z = x. Find the cylinder’s volume.
y

Graph the region to determine the limits of integration.

π π
R: 1 ≤ r ≤ 1 + cos θ, − 2
≤θ≤ 2 x

r =1
The volume is
Z Z Z π/2 Z 1+cos θ
r = 1 + cos θ
V = z(r , θ) r dr dθ = 2 (r cos θ) r dr dθ
R 0 1
Z π/2 hZ 1+cos θ i Z π/2 h r 3 i1+cos θ
= 2 (cos θ) r 2 dr dθ = 2 (cos θ) dθ
0 1 0 3 1

2
Z π/2 h i 2 π/2 h
Z i
= (cos θ) (1 + cos θ)3 − 1 dθ = 3 cos2 θ + 3 cos3 θ + cos4 θ dθ
3 0 3 0

2 h 15 1 iπ/2 4 5π
= θ + sin(2θ) + 3 sin θ − sin3 θ + sin(4θ) = +
3 8 32 0 3 8
page 7, MATH 104R Spring 2022
Exercise 41a. The usual way to evaluate the improper integral
R∞ −x 2
I = 0
e dx is first to calculate its square:
Z ∞  Z ∞  Z ∞ Z ∞
−x 2 −y 2 2
+y 2 )
I = 2
e dx e dy = e −(x dx dy .
0 0 0 0

Evaluate the last integral using polar coordinates and solve the resulting equation
for I .

The region of integration in Cartesian coordinates is given by x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

π
The region is described in polar coordinates by r ≥ 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2

Substituting x 2 + y 2 = r 2 and replacing dxdy by rdrdθ give

Z ∞ Z ∞ 2
Z π/2 Z ∞ Z π/2 Z b
+y 2 ) 2 2
I2 = e −(x dx dy = e −r r dr dθ = lim e −r r dr dθ
0 0 0 0 0 b→∞ 0
Z π/2 h 1 −r 2 ib
Z π/2 h 1 −b2 1 i
= lim − e dθ = lim − e + e 0 dθ
0 b→∞ 2 0 0 b→∞ 2 2
Z π/2 Z π/2 √
h 1i 1 1 π π π
= 0+ dθ = dθ = · = =⇒ I =
0 2 2 0 2 2 4 2
page 8, MATH 104R Spring 2022