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Biology

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15 views

Biology

Uploaded by

atharvas.1016
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Classification of Plants

R.H. Whittaker (in 1969) proposed a five-kingdom classification of living


organisms
The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are: Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, and Animalia

Kingdom Monera: It includes mainly bacteria, blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria

Important features of Monera:


Absence of well-defined nucleus or membrane-bound organelles-
prokaryotic organisms.
All of them are unicellular
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Kingdom Protista: It Includes protozoans such as, Amoeba, Paramecium,
diatoms etc

Important features of protista:


Unicellular, eukaryotic organism
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Kingdom Fungi: Commonly known fungi are Yeast, mushroom,


Penicillium, Aspergillus, etc.

Important features of fungi:


Multicellular eukaryotic organisms
Always heterotrophic (saprophytes)
Cell wall made of chitin

Kingdom Plantae

Important features of Plantae:


Multicellular eukaryotic organisms
Most of the plants contain chlorophyll. Hence, they are
autotrophic
Cell wall is made of cellulose

Kingdom Animalia

Important features of Animalia:


Multicellular eukaryotic organisms
Chloroplast is absent. Hence, they have heterotrophic mode
of nutrition
Cell wall is absent

Bacteria

Most primitive, unicellular, prokaryotic organisms


Are found in almost every nook and corner of the Earth
On the basis of shape, bacteria are of four types:
Cocci
Bacilli
Spirilla
Vibrio
Their cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan, which may or may not be covered
by a slimy protective layer, called capsule.
They lack most of the cell organelles, except ribosomes and vacuoles.
Some bacteria contain whip-like flagella that help in movement.
Most of the bacteria are heterotrophic in nature, and derive their nutrition either
from dead and decaying organic matter (saprophytes), or from living organisms
(parasites).
They reproduce asexually through binary fission.
They have wide scale applications ranging from day to day life to various
industries. For example in production of cheese, curd and antibiotics.
Bacteria are potentially harmful too, as they cause spoilage of food and various
kinds of diseases in humans.

Fungi

Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, non-photosynthetic organisms


They are found in diverse shapes and sizes.
Their cell wall is made up of chitin.
A fungal body is made up of thin transparent thread-like structures, called
hypha.
An entire mass of hypha is known as mycelium.
Sporangiophores are special hyphae that bear sporangium on the top.
Sporangia are sac-like enclosed structures that contain spores within them.
Once the spores get mature, sporangia burst to release them in the environment.
Spores, on getting suitable substratum, germinate and give rise to new
mycelium.
Most of the fungi are saprophytic in nature, while some are parasitic on other
plants and animals.
Fungi reproduce asexually through budding and spore formation.
Fungi are used in the production of antibiotics, in food industry, etc.
They are responsible for spoilage of food and cause skin infections, like
Athlete's foot and ringworm.

General study of Amoeba:

Amoeba is a unicellular organism. It belongs the kingdom Protista.

It is found in ponds, ditches and places where there is stagnant water.


Amoeba shows amoeboid movement with the help of pseudopodia.
It feeds with the help of pseudopodia forming extensions around the food
particles and resulting in the formation of food vacuole.
It excretes the unwanted material through cell membrane and contractile
vacuole.
Respiration occurs through cell surface.
It reproduces by binary fission under favourable conditions and by multiple
fission under unfavourable conditions.

Kingdom Plantae: It include five divisions:

1. Division Thallophyta: Includes Spirogyra, Cladophora, Ulva

Characteristic feature of Thallophyta:


Plant body is not differentiated into true root, stem, and leaves
Spores are produced as a result of fertilization

2. Division Bryophyta (also called amphibians of plant kingdom): Includes


mosses, Riccia, Marchantia

Characteristic feature of Bryophyta:


Specialised vascular tissues (such as xylem) for the conduction of
water are absent
Body is differentiated into stem and leaf-like structures
Naked embryo i.e. spores are present.

3. Division Pteridophyta: Includes ferns, Marsilea, Equisetum

Characteristic feature of Pteridophyta


Specialised vascular tissues for the conduction of water are
present.
Naked embryo i.e. spores are present
The plant body is differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.

4. Division Gymnospermae: Includes Pinus, cedar, fir, Juniper, Cycas, etc

Characteristic feature of Gymnospermae:


Seed bearing, non-flowering plants.
Bear naked seeds, not enclosed inside fruits.
Vascular bundles are present, but xylem lacks vessels and phloem
lacks companion cells.
Flowers are absent. Instead, male and female cones are found.

5. Division Angiospermae: Includes all flowering plants

Characteristic feature of Angiospermae:


Flowering plants in which seeds are enclosed inside fruits.
These plants bear flowers that consist of four whorls – calyx,
corolla, androecium, and gynoecium
Seeds develop inside the ovary, which develops into a fruit

Major groups of Angiosperms


Monocotyledons: Seeds that have one cotyledon. E.g. maize,
wheat etc
Dicotyledons: Seeds that have two cotyledons. E.g. Sunflower,
gram etc

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