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Experiment B2

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ishikadparashar
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36 views

Experiment B2

Uploaded by

ishikadparashar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO B2

AIM: (to be written on right side IN BLUE INK )

To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.

APPARATUS: (to be written on right side )

An optical bench, two sharp-edged needles (pins), concave mirror, three uprights (with clamps),
index/ knitting needle , metre scale and spirit level.

THEORY: (to be written on right side )

For an object placed at a distance u from the pole of a concave mirror of focal length f, the image is
formed at a distance v from the pole. The relation between these distances (for a concave mirror) is

= +

If an object is placed in front of the reflecting surface of the concave mirror such that the object’s
position lies in between the principal focus of the mirror, F and the centre of curvature C, then a
real, inverted and magnified image is formed in between the centre of curvature C of the mirror and
infinity. The focal length of the mirror, using the above relation, can be determined by placing the
object in between the point 2F and focus F.

RAY DIAGRAM: (to be drawn on left side IN PENCIL )

PROCEDURE: (to be written on right side )

1. Obtain approximate value of the focal length of concave mirror by focusing the image of a
distant object. Obtain bright and clear image of a distant building or tree on a plane wall or a
sheet of paper and measure the distance between the mirror and the image which gives the
approximate focal length of the concave mirror.
2. Place the optical bench on a rigid table. Make it horizontal using a spirit level and levelling
screws.
3. Clamp the concave mirror on an upright and mount it vertically near one end of the optical
bench. Move an object pin P1 on the optical bench back and forth so that its image is
formed at the same height. Make slight adjustments of the height of the pin or the mirror
inclination. This procedure ensures that the principal axis of the mirror is parallel to the
optical bench.
4. Place another vertically mounted sharp and bright pin P2 in front of the reflecting surface of
the concave mirror. Adjust the pins P1 and P2 so that the height of the tips of these pins
become equal to the height of the pole P of the mirror from the base of the optical bench
5. Determine index correction, a thin straight index needle is placed so that its one end A1
touches the tip of the pin and the other end B1 touches the pole P of the mirror. The
positions of the uprights are read on the scale. Their difference gives the observed distance
between tip of the pin and the pole of the mirror. Length of the needle A1B1 is measured by
placing it on the scale which is the actual distance between the points in question. The
difference between the two gives the correction to be applied to the observed distance. Find
the index correction for both the pins P1 and P2 for all measurements.
6. Move the pin P1 away from the mirror and place it almost at 2F. An inverted image of same
size as the pin should be visible.
7. Now place another pin P2 on the bench, adjust its height to be almost the same as the
earlier pin. Place a piece of paper on the tip of one pin, take this as the object pin.
8. Place the pin with paper at a distance lying between F and 2F.
9. Locate the image of the pin using the other pin. Remember that parallax has to be removed
between the image and the pin
10. Note the values of u and v i.e., the distances of the object and image pins from the mirror
respectively.
11. Repeat the experiment for at least five different positions of the object and determine the
corresponding values of v. Record your observations in tabular form.
12. After doing index correction record the corrected values of u and v. Find the value of focal
length, f

OBSERVATIONS: (to be written on left side )

1. Rough focal length of the concave mirror = ......cm

OBSERVATION TABLE: (to be written on left side )

Sl. Position of Position of Position of Object Image Focal length


No. object Image Needle Mirror Distance Distance 𝑽𝑼
𝒇=
needle I (cm) M (cm) U (cm) V (cm) 𝑽+𝑼
O (cm) ( cm)
1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATIONS: (to be written on left side )

Mean value of focal length = ...... cm


(to be completed by the student )
RESULT: (to be written on right side )

The focal length of the given concave (converging) mirror is ………. Cm

PRECAUTIONS: (to be written on right side )

1. The uprights supporting the optical elements should be rigid and mounted vertically.
2. The tip of the inverted image of the object pin must touch the tip of the image pin and
must not overlap. It should be ensured while removing the parallax.

SOURCES OF ERROR: (to be written on right side )

1. An error may arise in the observations if the top of the optical bench is not horizontal
and similarly if the tips of pins and pole of the mirror are not at the same horizontal
level.
2. The image and the object pins should not be interchanged during the course of the
experiment.

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