‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭Experiment No.: 05‬

‭Title:‬‭To implement aggregate functions with order‬

‭by, group by, like and having clause.‬

‭(‬‭A Constituent College of Somaiya VidyaviharUniversity‬‭)‬

 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭Batch:‬‭C-2‬ ‭Roll No. :‬‭16014223049‬ ‭Experiment No: 05‬

‭ im:‬‭To implement aggregate functions with order by,‬‭group by, like and having clause.‬
A
‭___________________________________________________________________________‬

‭Resources needed:‬‭PostgreSQL PgAdmin4‬

_‭ __________________________________________________________________________‬
‭Theory:‬
‭The‬ ‭ORDER‬ ‭BY clause‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭sort‬‭the‬‭data‬‭in‬‭ascending‬‭or‬‭descending‬‭order,‬‭based‬‭on‬
‭one or more columns.‬
SELECT column-list‬
‭
FROM table_name‬
‭
[WHERE condition]‬
‭
[ORDER BY column1, column2, .. columnN] [ASC | DESC];‬
‭

‭ he GROUP‬ ‭BY clause‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬ ‭in‬ ‭collaboration‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭SELECT‬ ‭statement‬ ‭to‬ ‭group‬
T
‭together‬‭those‬‭rows‬‭in‬‭a‬‭table‬‭that‬‭have‬‭identical‬‭data.‬‭This‬‭is‬‭done‬‭to‬‭eliminate‬‭redundancy‬
‭in the output and/or compute aggregates that apply to these groups.‬
‭The‬ ‭GROUP‬ ‭BY‬ ‭clause‬ ‭follows‬ ‭the‬ ‭WHERE‬ ‭clause‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭SELECT‬‭statement‬‭and‬‭precedes‬
‭the ORDER BY clause.‬
SELECT column‬
‭ -‭
‭l‬ist‬
FROM table_name‬
‭
WHERE‬‭
‭ [‬‭
conditions‬‭
]‬
GROUP BY column1‬
‭ ,‬‭
‭ column2‬
....‬
‭ columnN‬
‭
ORDER BY column1‬
‭ ,‬‭
‭ column2‬
....‬
‭ columnN‬
‭

‭ he‬ ‭LIKE operator‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭match‬ ‭text‬ ‭values‬ ‭against‬ ‭a‬ ‭pattern‬ ‭using‬ ‭wildcards.‬ ‭If‬ ‭the‬
T
‭search‬ ‭expression‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭matched‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭pattern‬ ‭expression,‬ ‭the‬ ‭LIKE‬ ‭operator‬ ‭will‬‭return‬
‭true, which is 1. There are two wildcards used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:‬
‭●‬ ‭The percent sign (%)‬
‭●‬ ‭The underscore (_)‬
‭The‬ ‭percent‬ ‭sign‬ ‭represents‬ ‭zero,‬ ‭one,‬ ‭or‬ ‭multiple‬ ‭numbers‬ ‭or‬ ‭characters.‬ ‭The‬ ‭underscore‬
‭represents a single number or character. These symbols can be used in combinations.‬
‭If‬ ‭either‬ ‭of‬ ‭these‬ ‭two‬‭signs‬‭is‬‭not‬‭used‬‭in‬‭conjunction‬‭with‬‭the‬‭LIKE‬‭clause,‬‭then‬‭the‬‭LIKE‬
‭acts like the equals operator.‬
SELECT FROM table_name‬
‭
WHERE column LIKE‬‭
‭ 'XXXX%'‬
‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬
 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬
or‬
‭
SELECT FROM table_name‬
‭
WHERE column LIKE‬‭
‭ '%XXXX%'‬
or‬
‭
SELECT FROM table_name‬
‭
WHERE column LIKE‬‭
‭ 'XXXX_'‬
or‬
‭
SELECT FROM table_name‬
‭
WHERE column LIKE‬‭
‭ '_XXXX'‬
or‬
‭
SELECT FROM table_name‬
‭
WHERE column LIKE‬‭
‭ '_XXXX_'‬

‭ ere‬ ‭are‬ ‭examples‬ ‭showing‬ ‭WHERE‬ ‭part‬ ‭having‬ ‭different‬ ‭LIKE‬ ‭clause‬ ‭with‬ ‭'%'‬ ‭and‬ ‭'_'‬
H
‭operators:‬
‭Statement‬ ‭Description‬

‭ HERE SALARY::text LIKE‬

W ‭Finds any values that start with 200‬
‭'200%'‬

‭ HERE SALARY::text LIKE‬

W ‭Finds any values that have 200 in any position‬
‭'%200%'‬

‭ HERE SALARY::text LIKE‬

W ‭ inds any values that have 00 in the second and third‬
F
‭'_00%'‬ ‭positions‬

‭ HERE SALARY::text LIKE‬

W ‭ inds any values that start with 2 and are at least 3‬
F
‭'2_%_%'‬ ‭characters in length‬

‭ HERE SALARY::text LIKE‬

W ‭Finds any values that end with 2‬
‭'%2'‬

‭ HERE SALARY::text LIKE‬

W ‭ inds any values that have a 2 in the second position and‬
F
‭'_2%3'‬ ‭end with a 3‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬

 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬
‭ HERE SALARY::text LIKE‬
W ‭ inds any values in a five-digit number that start with 2 and‬
F
‭'2___3'‬ ‭end with 3‬

‭ he‬ ‭HAVING‬‭clause‬‭allows‬‭us‬‭to‬‭pick‬‭out‬‭particular‬‭rows‬‭where‬‭the‬‭function's‬‭result‬‭meets‬
T
‭some condition.‬
‭The‬‭WHERE‬‭clause‬‭places‬‭conditions‬‭on‬‭the‬‭selected‬‭columns,‬‭whereas‬‭the‬‭HAVING‬‭clause‬
‭places conditions on groups created by the GROUP BY clause.‬
SELECT column1‬
‭ ,‬‭
‭ column2‬
FROM table1‬
‭ ,‬‭
‭ table2‬
WHERE‬‭
‭ [‬‭
conditions‬‭
]‬
GROUP BY column1‬
‭ ,‬‭
‭ column2‬
HAVING‬‭
‭ [‬‭
conditions‬‭
]‬
ORDER BY column1‬
‭ ,‬‭
‭ column2‬

‭__________________________________________________________________________‬

‭Results: (Queries printout with output)‬

‭1.‬ ‭Write 13 queries using ‘order by’, ‘group by’, ‘like’ and ‘having’ clause.‬
‭5 with normal aggregate fun,3 with clauses and aggregate function and 5 with like‬
‭operator‬

‭Example:‬

1.‬ ‭
‭ SELECT‬‭
*‬‭
FROM COMPANY ORDER BY NAME‬
,‬‭
‭ SALARY ASC‬
;‬
‭

2.‬ ‭
‭ SELECT NAME‬
,‬‭
‭ SUM‬
(‬
‭ SALARY‬
‭ )‬‭
‭ FROM COMPANY GROUP BY NAME‬
;‬
‭

3.‬ ‭
‭ SELECT‬‭
*‬‭
FROM COMPANY WHERE AGE‬
::‬
‭ text LIKE‬‭
‭ '2%'‬
;‬
‭

4.‬ ‭
‭ SELECT‬‭
*‬‭
FROM COMPANY WHERE ADDRESS LIKE‬‭
'%-%'‬
;‬
‭

5.‬ ‭
‭ SELECT NAME FROM COMPANY GROUP BY name HAVING count‬
(‬
‭ name‬
‭ )‬‭
‭ >‬‭
1‭
;‬‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬

 ‭ JSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬
K
‭___________________________________________________________________________‬

‭Outcomes:‬

‭ ELECT RestroID, AVG(Ratings) AS AvgRating‬

S
‭FROM Reviews‬
‭GROUP BY RestroID;‬

‭ ELECT RestroID, COUNT(ReviewID) AS ReviewCount‬

S
‭FROM Reviews‬
‭GROUP BY RestroID;‬

‭ ELECT RestroID, SUM(Price) AS TotalDishCost‬

S
‭FROM Specials‬
‭GROUP BY RestroID;‬

‭ ELECT RestroID, MIN(Ratings) AS MinRating‬

S
‭FROM Reviews‬
‭GROUP BY RestroID;‬

‭ ELECT RestroID, MAX(Ratings) AS MaxRating‬

S
‭FROM Reviews‬
‭GROUP BY RestroID;‬

‭ ELECT RestroID, AVG(Ratings) AS AvgRating‬

S
‭FROM Reviews‬
‭GROUP BY RestroID‬
‭HAVING AVG(Ratings) > 4;‬

‭ ELECT RestroID, COUNT(ReviewID) AS ReviewCount‬

S
‭FROM Reviews‬
‭GROUP BY RestroID‬
‭HAVING COUNT(ReviewID) > 2;‬

‭ ELECT RestroID, SUM(Price) AS TotalDishCost‬

S
‭FROM Specials‬
‭GROUP BY RestroID‬
‭HAVING SUM(Price) > 1000;‬

‭ ELECT RestroName, Cuisine‬

S
‭FROM Restaurant‬
‭WHERE RestroName LIKE '%Pizza%';‬

‭ ELECT UserName, EMail‬

S
‭FROM Users‬
‭WHERE EMail LIKE '%gmail.com';‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬

 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬
‭ ELECT RestroName, Address‬
S
‭FROM Restaurant‬
‭WHERE Cuisine LIKE '%Indian%';‬

‭ ELECT DishName, Price‬

S
‭FROM Specials‬
‭WHERE DishName LIKE '%Chicken%';‬

‭ ELECT Comments, Ratings‬

S
‭FROM Reviews‬
‭WHERE Comments LIKE '%good%';‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬

 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬

 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬

 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬

 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬

 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬
‭Questions:‬

‭Q1 Can you apply like operator on integer value? explain with example how?‬

‭ 2‬‭Why‬‭aggregate‬‭functions‬‭are‬‭more‬‭used‬‭with‬‭order‬‭by,‬‭group‬‭by‬‭and‬‭having‬‭clauses?‬
Q
‭Can we change order of these clauses when used in single query‬

‭Answers :‬

‭Ans 1.‬

‭ he‬‭̀LIKE`‬‭operator‬‭is‬‭generally‬‭used‬‭with‬‭string‬‭data‬‭types‬‭to‬‭search‬‭for‬‭a‬‭specified‬‭pattern‬
T
‭within‬ ‭a‬ ‭column.‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭not‬ ‭typically‬ ‭used‬ ‭with‬ ‭integer‬‭values‬‭because‬‭̀LIKE`‬‭is‬‭designed‬‭to‬
‭handle‬‭text-based‬‭pattern‬‭matching.‬‭However,‬‭you‬‭can‬‭use‬‭̀LIKE`‬‭with‬‭integer‬‭values‬‭if‬‭the‬
‭integer‬ ‭column‬ ‭is‬ ‭implicitly‬ ‭or‬ ‭explicitly‬ ‭cast‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭string‬ ‭data‬ ‭type‬ ‭within‬ ‭the‬ ‭query.‬ ‭For‬
‭instance,‬ ‭if‬ ‭you‬ ‭have‬ ‭a‬ ‭column‬ ‭of‬‭type‬‭̀INT`‬‭and‬‭you‬‭want‬‭to‬‭search‬‭for‬‭numbers‬‭that‬‭start‬
‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭certain‬ ‭digit,‬ ‭you‬ ‭would‬ ‭first‬ ‭convert‬ ‭the‬‭integer‬‭column‬‭to‬‭a‬‭string‬‭using‬‭a‬‭function‬
‭like `CAST` or `CONVERT` and then apply the `LIKE` operator.‬

‭Ans 2.‬

‭ ggregate‬ ‭functions,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭̀COUNT`,‬ ‭̀SUM`,‬ ‭̀AVG`,‬ ‭̀MIN`,‬ ‭and‬ ‭̀MAX`,‬ ‭are‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬
A
‭perform‬ ‭calculations‬ ‭on‬ ‭a‬ ‭set‬ ‭of‬ ‭values‬ ‭and‬‭return‬‭a‬‭single‬‭result.‬‭These‬‭functions‬‭are‬‭often‬
‭employed‬ ‭in‬ ‭conjunction‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭̀ORDER‬ ‭BY`,‬‭̀GROUP‬‭BY`,‬‭and‬‭̀HAVING`‬‭clauses‬‭to‬
‭summarize‬‭and‬‭organize‬‭data‬‭meaningfully.‬‭The‬‭̀GROUP‬‭BY`‬‭clause‬‭groups‬‭rows‬‭that‬‭have‬
‭the‬‭same‬‭values‬‭into‬‭summary‬‭rows,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭calculating‬‭the‬‭total‬‭sales‬‭per‬‭product‬‭category.‬
‭The‬ ‭̀HAVING`‬ ‭clause‬ ‭is‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭filter‬ ‭groups‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭a‬ ‭condition‬ ‭applied‬ ‭to‬ ‭aggregate‬
‭functions,‬ ‭like‬ ‭finding‬ ‭categories‬ ‭with‬ ‭total‬ ‭sales‬ ‭above‬ ‭a‬ ‭certain‬ ‭threshold.‬ ‭Finally,‬ ‭the‬
‭̀ORDER‬‭BY`‬‭clause‬‭arranges‬‭the‬‭result‬‭set‬‭in‬‭a‬‭specific‬‭order,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭sorting‬‭categories‬‭by‬
‭their total sales in descending order.‬

‭ he‬ ‭order‬ ‭of‬ ‭these‬ ‭clauses‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭SQL‬ ‭query‬ ‭is‬ ‭fixed‬ ‭and‬ ‭cannot‬ ‭be‬ ‭changed:‬ ‭̀GROUP‬‭BY`‬
T
‭comes‬ ‭before‬ ‭̀HAVING`,‬ ‭which‬ ‭comes‬ ‭before‬ ‭̀ORDER‬ ‭BY`.‬ ‭The‬ ‭̀GROUP‬‭BY`‬‭clause‬‭is‬
‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭aggregate‬ ‭data‬ ‭into‬ ‭groups,‬ ‭̀HAVING`‬ ‭filters‬ ‭these‬ ‭groups‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭aggregate‬
‭conditions,‬ ‭and‬ ‭̀ORDER‬ ‭BY`‬ ‭sorts‬ ‭the‬ ‭final‬ ‭result‬ ‭set.‬ ‭This‬ ‭sequence‬ ‭is‬ ‭crucial‬ ‭for‬ ‭SQL's‬
‭logical‬ ‭processing‬ ‭of‬ ‭queries,‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭that‬ ‭data‬ ‭is‬ ‭grouped‬ ‭and‬ ‭filtered‬ ‭correctly‬ ‭before‬
‭sorting.‬‭For‬‭example,‬‭in‬‭a‬‭query‬‭that‬‭calculates‬‭the‬‭total‬‭sales‬‭per‬‭category,‬‭filters‬‭categories‬
‭with‬‭sales‬‭above‬‭1000,‬‭and‬‭sorts‬‭them‬‭by‬‭total‬‭sales,‬‭you‬‭must‬‭use‬‭̀GROUP‬‭BY`‬‭to‬‭aggregate‬
‭data,‬ ‭̀HAVING`‬ ‭to‬ ‭filter‬ ‭aggregated‬ ‭results,‬ ‭and‬ ‭̀ORDER‬ ‭BY`‬ ‭to‬ ‭sort‬ ‭the‬ ‭final‬ ‭output.‬
‭Changing the order of these clauses would result in a syntactical error.‬

‭__________________________________________________________________________________‬

‭Conclusion:‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬

 ‭KJSCE/IT/SYBTECH/SEMIII/DMS/2024-25‬

‭Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD‬

‭Signature of faculty in-charge with date‬

‭__________________________________________________________________________________‬

‭References:‬

‭Books:‬

‭1.‬ E ‭ lmasri‬ ‭and‬ ‭Navathe,‬ ‭“Fundamentals‬ ‭of‬ ‭Database‬ ‭Systems”,‬ ‭6‭t‬h‬ ‭Edition,‬ ‭Pearson‬
‭Education‬
‭2.‬ ‭Korth, Slberchatz,Sudarshan, :”Database System Concepts”, 6th Edition, McGraw –‬
‭Hill.‬

‭(Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)‬