22.09.

2024

What is calculus?
A mathematical model is a
mathematical description (often by
Calculus I Real-world
problem means of a function or an equation) of
a real-world phenomenon such as the
Formulate
Test size of a population, the demand for a
product, the speed of a falling object,
the concentration of a product in a
Real-world Mathematical chemical reaction, the life expectancy
predictions model
of a person at birth, or the cost of
emission reductions. The purpose of
the model is to understand the
Interpret Solve
phenomenon and perhaps to make
Mathematical predictions about future behavior.
conclusions
Chapter 1. Functions.

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Forms of functions Forms of functions

Functions arise whenever one quantity depends on another. Consider the following four
situations:

1) The area A of a circle depends on the radius r of the circle. The rule that connects r and A is 2) The human population of Turkey P depends on the time t. The Year Population
given by the equation A = πr2 . With each positive number r there is associated one value of A, and table gives population of Turkey P(t) at time t, for certain years. 1940 17,820,950
we say that
1955 24,064,763
1970 35,605,176
For each value of t there is a corresponding value of P, and we say
A is a function of r. 1985 50,664,458
that P is a function of t.
2000 67,803,927
2015 78,741,053

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Forms of functions Definition of a function

Each of these examples describes a rule whereby, given a number (r, t, w or t), another number (A,
P, C or a) is assigned. In each case we say that the second number is a function of the first number.

3) The cost C of mailing an envelope depends on its

weight w. Although there is no simple formula that A function is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly one
connects w and C, the post office has a rule for element, called f(x) in a set E.
determining C when w is known.
4) The vertical acceleration a of the ground as
measured by a seismograph during an earthquake is a x f(x)
function of the elapsed time t. Figure shows a graph function f
generated by seismic activity during the Northridge Input Output
earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994. For a (domain) (range)
given value of t, the graph provides a corresponding
value of a. A diagram showing a function as a kind of machine.
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Functions • A function from a set D to a set E assigns a unique

Intervals
element of E to each element in D.
• Closed interval Example 1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2.
• We usually consider functions for which the sets D
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 The domain is −∞, ∞ .
and E are sets of real numbers.
x f(x) The range is 0, ∞ .
• The set D is called the domain of the function.
• Open interval
• The number f(x) is the value of f at x and is read “f
a f(a) 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏
of x.” The formula 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 gives a real 𝑦 −value for
• The range of f is the set of all possible values of any real number 𝑥, so the domain is
• Half-open interval −∞, ∞ .
f(x) as x varies throughout the domain.
In the function A = πr2 , r is the • A symbol that represents an arbitrary number in
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏
The range of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is 0, ∞ because the
independent variable and A is the the domain of a function f is called an independent square of any real number is nonnegative
dependent variable. • Unbounded interval
variable. and every nonnegative number 𝑦 is the
𝑎, ∞ = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 < 𝑥 or −∞, 𝑏 = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 < 𝑏
• A symbol that represents a number in the range of square of its own square-root,
f is called a dependent variable. 2
𝑦= 𝑦 for 𝑦 ≥ 0.

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Example 8. Find the domain and range of the function

Example 2. 𝑦 = 1/𝑥. Example 5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 9. 1
𝑓 𝑥 =
The domain is −∞, 0 ∪ 0, ∞ . The domain is 9, ∞ . 𝑥−3
The range is −∞, 0 ∪ 0, ∞ . The range is 0, ∞ .
𝑥 − 3 ≠ 0 ⇒ the domain is ℝ \ 3 .
𝑥 − 3 is always positive on the domain ⇒ the range is 0, ∞ .
Example 3. 𝑦 = 𝑥. Example 6. 𝑦 = 1/ 𝑥 − 9.

© Özge Yanaz Çınar © Özge Yanaz Çınar

The domain is 0, ∞ . The domain is 9, ∞ .
Example 9. Find the domain and range of the function
The range is 0, ∞ . The range is 0, ∞ . 1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 −3
Example 4. 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥. Example 7. 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − 3 ≠ 0 ⇒ the domain is ℝ \ −3, 3 .
The domain is −∞, 4 . The domain is −1,1 . 1
When 𝑥 − 3 ∈ −3,0 , the function values are negative ⇒ the range is −∞, − 3 ∪ 0, ∞ .
The range is 0, ∞ . The range is 0,1 .

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Graphs of functions
Example 10. Find the domain and range of the function
If f is a function with domain D, its graph consists of the points in the cartesian plane whose
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑥−2 +7
coordinates are the input-output pairs for f. In set notation, the graph is 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 .

There is no 𝑥 value where 𝑓 𝑥 is undefined so its domain is ℝ. 𝑦 𝑦

© Özge Yanaz Çınar

As 𝑥 − 2 2 ≥ 0, we have 𝑓 𝑥2
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
2 range E
3 𝑥−2 +7≥7 𝑓 𝑥1
so the range of 𝑓 𝑥 is 7, ∞ .

O 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥 O 𝑥
domain D

If (x,y) lies on the graph of f, then the value y = f(x) is the height of the graph above the
point x (or below x if f(x) is negative).
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Example 13. Graph the function y = x2 over the interval [−2,2].

Example 11. Graph the function y = x + 2. Example 12. Graph the function y = 2 x − 2.

𝑦 𝑦

𝑦 =𝑥+2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2
2

O 1 𝑥

−2 O 𝑥
−2

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Vertical line test Example 14. Is a circle the graph of a function?

Not every curve you can draw is the graph of a function. A function f can have only one value for
𝑦 Consider 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2. Clearly, for given 𝑥, there are
each x in its domain, so no vertical line can intersect the graph of a function at more than one
two distinct 𝑦 values, 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2.
point.
𝑦 𝑦
It does not satisfy vertical line test. So it is not a
function.

𝑥 But if we take the upper or lower half of the circle, it

O will be a function.
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 = − 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥
O 𝑥 O 𝑥
𝑦= 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

Not a function function

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Piecewise-defined functions Example 15. Example 16. Find the formula of the function

Sometimes a function is defined (described) by using different formulas on different parts of its 𝑦
−𝑥 , 𝑥<0
domain. One example is the absolute value function:
𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥2 , 0≤𝑥≤1
𝑦 1 , 𝑥>1 1
𝑥 , 𝑥≥0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 =ቊ
−𝑥 , 𝑥<0 𝑦
−4 −2 O 2 4 𝑥
Domain : −∞, ∞

Range : 0, ∞ 1 𝑥+4
, 𝑥 < −2
2
O 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 1 , −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
−1 O 1 𝑥
−𝑥 + 4
, 𝑥>2
2

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Example 17. Find a formula for the piecewise-defined function in the figure.
𝑦

−2 O 3
𝑥

𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐

−6 𝒍𝟑

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Increasing and decreasing functions Even and odd functions

Let f be a function defined on an interval 𝐈 and let x1 and x2 be any two points in 𝐈. A function y=f(x) is an even function of x if f(−x)= f(x) for every x in the function’s domain.
A function y=f(x) is an odd function of x if f(−x)= − f(x) for every x in the function’s domain.
1. If f(x2)>f(x1) whenever x1 < x2 , then f is said to be increasing on 𝐈.
The graph of an even function is symmetric about y- The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the
axis. E.g. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2: origin. E.g. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3:

2. If f(x2)<f(x1) whenever x1 < x2 , then f is said to be decreasing on 𝐈.

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Example 18. Find whether the below functions are even or odd. Common functions: Linear functions
(a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
(b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1
A function of the form f(x)=mx+b, for constants m and b, is called a linear function.
(c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
(d) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
The function f(x)=x, where m=1 and b=0 is called the identity function.

𝑦 = −3𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑦=𝑥

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Common functions: Power functions Common functions: Power functions

A function of the form f(x)=xa, where a is a constant, is called a power function. There are several A function of the form f(x)=xa, where a is a constant, is called a power function. There are several
important cases to consider. important cases to consider.

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥4 𝑦 = 𝑥5
𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑦 = 𝑥2 a =5
a =4
O 𝑥 O 𝑥 𝑥 O
O 𝑥 O 𝑥

a =1 a =2 a =3

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Common functions: Power functions Common functions: Power functions

A function of the form f(x)=xa, where a is a constant, is called a power function. There are several a=1/2, a=1/3, a=3/2 and a=2/3
important cases to consider.
The functions 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥1/2 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥1/3 = 3
𝑥 are the square root and cube root
𝑦 𝑦 functions, respectively. The domain of the square root function is 𝟎, ∞ , but the cube root function
Domain 𝑥 ≠ 0 1 1 is defined for all real 𝒙.
Range 𝑦 ≠ 0 𝑦= 𝑦= 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥 3/2 𝑦
O
𝑦= 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 2/3
𝑦
𝑥 O 𝑥 𝑦=3𝑥
Domain 𝑥 ≠ 0

a = −1
Range 𝑦 > 0 a = −2 O 𝑥
O 𝑥 O 𝑥 O 𝑥
Decreasing on the intervals −∞, 0 and 0, ∞, . Increasing on the interval −∞, 0 and decreasing on the
Symmetric about the origin. interval 0,∞, .
Symmetric about the y-axis.

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Common functions: Polynomials Common functions: Rational functions

A function 𝒑 isa called a polynomial if A rational function is a quotient or ratio

𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝒑 𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒒 𝒙
where 𝒏 is a nonnegative integer and numbers 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , …, 𝒂𝒏 are real constants (called the
coefficients of the polynomial). All polynomials have domain −∞, ∞ . where 𝒑 and 𝒒 are polynomials. The domain of a rational function is the set of all
If the leading coefficient 𝒂𝒏 ≠ 𝟎 and 𝒏 > 𝟎, then 𝒏 is called the degree of the polynomial. real 𝒙 values for which 𝒒 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
Linear functions with 𝒎 ≠ 𝟎 are polynomials of degree 1.
Polynomials of degree 2, usually written as 𝒑 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, are called quadratic functions.
Likewise, cubic functions are polynomials 𝒑 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅 of degree 3.
7
Example 19. 120𝑥 5 − 17𝑥 + is a polynomial
2
1
𝑥, 𝑥 −1 , , 𝑥 5/3 are not polynomials
1+𝑥
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Common functions: Algebraic functions Common functions: Trigonometric functions

Any function constructed from polynomials using algebraic operations (addition, The six basic trigonometric functions are as follows:
subtraction, multiplication, division and taking roots) lies within the class of sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, cosecant, secant
algebraic functions.

Figure Copyright © Thomas’ Calculus. 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

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Common functions: Exponential functions Common functions: Logarithmic functions

Functions of the form 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙, where the base 𝒂 > 𝟎 is a positive constant and These are the functions 𝒇 𝒙 = log 𝒂 𝒙, where the base 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏 is a positive
𝒂 ≠ 𝟏, are called exponential functions. All exponential functions have domain constant. They are the inverse functions of the exponential functions.
−∞, ∞ and range 𝟎, ∞ , so an exponential function never assumes the value 𝟎. Domain 𝟎, ∞
Range −∞, ∞

Figure Copyright © Thomas’ Calculus. 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure Copyright © Thomas’ Calculus. 2010 Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as
Pearson Addison-Wesley.

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Common functions: Transcendental functions Sums, differences, products and quotients of functions

These are the functions that are not algebraic. They include the trigonometric, Like numbers, functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided (except where the

inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions and many other denominator is zero) to produce new functions. If 𝒇 and 𝒈 are functions, then for every 𝒙 that
belongs to the domains of both 𝒇 and 𝒈 (that is, for 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫 𝒇 ∩ 𝑫 𝒈 ) we define functions 𝒇 + 𝒈,
functions as well.
𝒇 − 𝒈, and 𝒇𝒈 by the formulas
𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
𝑓−𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥
𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
At any point of 𝑫 𝒇 ∩ 𝑫 𝒈 at which 𝒈 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎 we can also define
𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 = , 𝑔 𝑥 ≠0
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥
Functions can also be multiplied by constants: If 𝒄 is a real number, then
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑓 𝑥

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Example 20. The functions defined by the formulas 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 have domains Composite functions
𝐷 𝑓 = 0, ∞ and 𝐷 𝑔 = −∞, 1 . The points common to these domains are the points
0, ∞ ∩ −∞, 1 = 0,1
If 𝒇 and 𝒈 are functions, the composite function 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 («f composed with g») is defined by
Fill in the below table.
Functions Formula Domain 𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 The domain of 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 consists of the numbers 𝒙 in the domain of 𝒈 for which 𝒈 𝒙 lies in the
𝑓−𝑔 𝑥 domain of 𝑓.

𝑔−𝑓 𝑥
𝑓∘𝑔
𝑓𝑔 𝑥
𝑥 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
𝑓
𝑥
𝑔 𝑔 𝑓
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥
𝑓

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Example 21. For the functions 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, find Shifting a graph of a function
(a) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥
(b) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥
Shift formulas:
(c) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥
(d) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥
Vertical shift:

y=f(x)+k shifts the graph of f up by k units if k>0, shifts it down by |k| units if k<0.

Horizontal shift:

y=f(x+h) shifts the graph of f left by h units if h>0, shifts it right by |h| units if h<0.

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Example 22. For the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , sketch the graph of Example 23. For the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , sketch the graph of
(a) 𝑓 𝑥 (a) 𝑓 𝑥
(b) 𝑓 𝑥 + 1 (b) 𝑓 𝑥 + 3
(c) 𝑓 𝑥 − 2 (c) 𝑓 𝑥 − 2

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Vertical and horizontal scaling / reflecting formulas Example 24. For the function y = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, sketch the graph of
(a) 𝑓 𝑥
(b) 3𝑓 𝑥
For 𝑐 > 1, the graph is scaled as below:
𝟏
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 streches the graph of f vertically by a factor of c. (c) 3 𝑓 𝑥

1
𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥 compresses the graph of f vertically by a factor of c.
𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑐𝑥 compresses the graph of f horizontally by a factor of c.
1
𝑦=𝑓
𝑐
𝑥 streches the graph of f horizontally by a factor of c.

For 𝑐 < 1, the graph is reflected.

For 𝑐 = −1
𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 reflects the graph of f across the x-axis.
𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥 reflects the graph of f across the y-axis.

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Example 25. For the function y = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, sketch the graph of Example 26. For the function y = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, sketch the graph of
(a) 𝑓 𝑥 (a) 𝑓 𝑥
(b) 𝑓 3𝑥 (b) −𝑓 𝑥
(c) 𝑓
𝟏
𝑥 (c) 𝑓 −𝑥
3

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Shifting and scaling summary Trigonometric functions

The functions sine and cosine are defined on the unit circle as the coordinates of the point P.
vertical stretch or compression,
vertical shift We’ll always use radian measure for the trigonometric functions.
reflection about x-axis if negative 𝑦
radian degree
𝑃 ⇔
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 +𝑑 𝜋 180
𝜃
−1 O 1 𝑥 The functions sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 are periodic with period 2𝜋, so:

horizontal stretch or compression, sin 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋 = cos 𝜃

horizontal shift , n being integer
reflection about y-axis if negative csc 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋 = csc 𝜃 sec 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋 = sec 𝜃

The functions tan 𝜃 and cot 𝜃 are periodic with period 𝜋, so:

tan 𝜃 + 𝑛𝜋 = tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃 + 𝑛𝜋 = cot 𝜃 , n being integer

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Trigonometric functions Trigonometric functions

Even: Odd:

cos −𝑥 = cos 𝑥 sin −𝑥 = − sin 𝑥

𝑦
sec −𝑥 = sec 𝑥 csc −𝑥 = − csc 𝑥
𝑃
tan −𝑥 = − tan 𝑥
𝜃 cot −𝑥 = − cot 𝑥
−1 O 1 𝑥 Figure Copyright © Thomas’ Calculus. 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Domain: −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞ Domain: −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞

Range: −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 Range: −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
Period: 2𝜋 Period: 2𝜋

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Trigonometric functions Trigonometric functions

Figure Copyright © Thomas’ Calculus. 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Figure Copyright © Thomas’ Calculus. 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Domain: 𝑥 ≠
𝜋 3𝜋 Domain: 𝑥 ≠ 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, …
± ,± ,…
2 2
𝜋
Domain: 𝑥 ≠ ± 2 , ±
3𝜋
,… Domain: 𝑥 ≠ 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋, …
2
Range: −∞ < 𝑦 < ∞ Range: −∞ < 𝑦 < ∞
Range: 𝑦 ≤ −1 or 𝑦 ≥ 1 Range: 𝑦 ≤ −1 or 𝑦 ≥ 1
Period: 𝜋 Period: 𝜋
Period: 2𝜋 Period: 2𝜋

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Trigonometric functions Trigonometric functions

Figure Copyright © Thomas’ Calculus. 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Figure Copyright © Thomas’ Calculus. 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

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Trigonometric functions Some important trigonometric formulas

Using special triangles, we can
calculate certain values of trigonometric sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
functions.
1
30° 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
sin 𝜃 1 cos2 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 = 45° 2
cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 2 3
1
cos 2𝜃 = cos2 𝜃− sin2 𝜃 sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥
1 1 45° 60°
csc 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = 1 1
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 sin 𝑥 − 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥
sin = sin 45° = sin = sin 30° =
4 2 6 2 1 + cos 2𝜃
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 cos2 𝜃 =
cos = cos 45° = cos = cos 60° = 2
4 2 3 2
1 − cos 2𝜃
𝜋 3 𝜋 3 sin2 𝜃 =
sin = sin 60° = cos = cos 30° = 2
3 2 6 2

55 56

55 56

Example 27. Express tan 𝑥 + 𝑦 in terms of tan 𝑥 and tan 𝑦. Example 28. Compute sin
3𝜋
and cos −
2𝜋
.
4 3

57 58

57 58

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
Example 29. Simplify sin 𝑥 + , sin 𝜋 − 𝑥 and tan −𝑥 . Example 30. Calculate sin .
2 2 8

59 60

59 60

10
 22.09.2024

Example 31. Calculate cos

5𝜋
. Example 32. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 + 3 .
12

61 62

61 62

Example 33. Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 .

Inverse functions

If 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, f and g are inverses of each other.

𝑥−1
For example, the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 is 𝑔 𝑥 = 2

Question: Does each function have an inverse?

63 64

63 64

Inverse functions Theorem

One-to-one functions:
A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one and onto.
If 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2, then 𝑓 is one to one. For example, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 is one-
to-one but 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 is not, because 𝑔 1 = 𝑔 −1 .

Onto functions:

Let 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵. If there exists an 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 for all 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 then 𝑓 is

onto. For example 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 is onto but 𝑔 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 is not, because for 𝑦 =
2, there is no 𝑥 such that 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 .

65 66

65 66

11
 22.09.2024

Example 34. Find the domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 10 .

Additional Examples

67 68

67 68

Example 35. Find the domain and range of

4
𝑓 𝑥 = 3−𝑥 . Example 36. Find the domain and graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 .

69 70

69 70

𝑥 1
Example 37. Find the domain and graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = . Example 38. Find the domain and graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥 𝑥

71 72

71 72

12
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𝑥+3 Example 40. Sketch the graphs of the functions

Example 39. Find the domain of the function 𝑦= .
4− 𝑥2 −9
𝑥 , 0≤𝑥≤1 1−𝑥 , 0≤𝑥≤1
𝑓 𝑥 =ቐ and 𝑔 𝑥 =ቐ
2−𝑥 , 1<𝑥≤2 2−𝑥 , 1<𝑥≤2

73 74

73 74

Example 41. Find the formula of the function graphed as 1

Example 42. Graph the function of 𝑦 = − . What symmetries, if any, does the graph have? Specify
𝑥2
𝑦
the interval over which the function is increasing and the interval where it is decreasing.

𝑥
O T/2 T

75 76

75 76

1
Example 43. Graph the function of 𝑦 = − . What symmetries, if any, does the graph have? Specify Example 44. Determine whether the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 is even or odd.
𝑥
the interval over which the function is increasing and the interval where it is decreasing.

77 78

77 78

13
 22.09.2024

Example 45. Determine whether the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −5 is even or odd. Example 46. Determine whether the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 is even or odd.

79 80

79 80

Example 47. Graph the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4. Example 48. Graph the function 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥.

81 82

81 82

1 Example 50. Graph the function 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 .

Example 49. Graph the function 𝑦 = .
𝑥−2

83 84

83 84

14
 22.09.2024

1 1
Example 51. Find the domain of the function 𝑦= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 + Example 52. Find the domain of the function 𝑦=
3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 −𝑥

85 86

85 86

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Example 53. Find the domain of the function 𝑦 = ln Example 54. Find the domain of the function 𝑦= ln
4
𝑥+1

87 88

87 88

−1 2 1
Example 55. Find the domain of the function 𝑦 = log10 1 − log10 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 16 Example 56. Find the domain of the function 𝑦=
1
cos2 𝑥 −
4

89 90

89 90

15
 22.09.2024

3 𝑥
Example 57. Find the domain of the function 𝑦 = arccos Example 58. Find the domain of the function 𝑦 = arcsin log10
4 + 2 sin 𝑥 10

91 92

91 92

4
Example 59. Find the domain of the function 𝑦 = arcsin 1 − 𝑥 + ln ln 𝑥 Example 60. Find the domain of the function 𝑦= sin 3𝑥

93 94

93 94

Example 61. Find the domain of the function 𝑦 = cot 𝜋𝑥 + arccos 2𝑥 Example 62. Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 − 1.

95 96

95 96

16
 22.09.2024

𝜋
Example 63. Apply the formula for cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 to the identity sin 𝜃 = cos − 𝜃 to obtain the Example 64. Determine whether the below function is even or odd.
2
addition formula for sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 . 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

97 98

97 98

Example 65. Determine whether the below function is even or odd. Example 66. Find the inverse of the below function on the domain ℝ\ −1 and range ℝ\ 1 .
𝑥−2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 sin3 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1

10
99
0

99 100

Example 67. Sketch 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 on 0, ∞ . Example 68. Simplify the following expressions.
(a) log 1000
(b) ln 72
(c) log 500
(d) log 3 3
1
(e) log 5 125

10 10
1 2

101 102

17