Basic of Networking

LAN Communication types- In the LAN (Local area network) there are three types of communication
types blow.

Unicast- One to one communication. One sender and one receiver type communication are called
unicast communication.

Multicast- One to group communication. One sender and many devices are receiver type
communication are called multicast communication.

Broadcast- One to all communication. One sender and all devices are receiver type communication
is called broadcast communication.

Note- In the LAN there is MAC address is used to broadcast communication. The broadcast MAC
address is FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF

Transmission mode- Transmission mode means transferring data between two devices. It is also
known as a communication mode.

Simplex- In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one
of the two devices on a link can transmit, the other can only receive.

Example: Keyboard and traditional monitors. The keyboard can only introduce input, the monitor
can only give the output, Radio.
Half duplex- In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same
time. When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa.

Example: Walkie-talkie in which message is sent one at a time and messages are sent in both
directions.

Full duplex- In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously. In full
duplex mode, signals going in one direction share the capacity of the link with signals going in
another direction, this sharing can occur in two ways.

Topology- Topology is Design of network. Each network has both a physical and a logical topology
below.

Physical Topology- The physical topology of a network refers to the physical layout of the devices
and cabling or design of interconnection physical networking devices.

Example- Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh Topology

Bus Topology- In a bus topology, every workstation is connected to a common transmission

medium, a single cable, which is called a backbone or bus. Therefore, each workstation is
directly connected to every other workstation in the network. In previous bus topologies,
computers and other network devices were connected to a central coaxial cable via connectors.
Advantages of Bus Topology
• If N devices are connected to each other in a bus topology, then the number of cables
required to connect them is 1, known as backbone cable, and N drop lines are required.
• Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in bus-based networks that support up to
10 Mbps.
• The cost of the cable is less compared to other topologies, but it is used to build small
networks.
Drawbacks of Bus Topology
• A bus topology is quite simpler, but still, it requires a lot of cabling.
• If the common cable fails, then the whole system will crash down.
• Adding new devices to the network would slow down networks.
• Security is very low.

Ring Topology- In a ring topology, computers and other network devices are cabled in succession, and
the last device is connected to the first one to form a circle or ring. Each device is connected to exactly
two neighbors and has no direct connection to a third. When one node sends data to another, the
data passes through each node that lies between them until it reaches the destination.

Advantages of Ring Topology

• The data transmission is high-speed.
• The possibility of collision is minimum in this type of topology.
• Cheap to install and expand.
• It is less costly than a star topology.
Drawbacks of Ring Topology
• The failure of a single node in the network can cause the entire network to fail.
• The addition of stations in between or the removal of stations can disturb the whole
topology.
• Less secure

Star- The most common physical topology is a star topology. In this topology, there is a central device
to which all other network devices connect via point-to-point links. This topology includes star and
extended star topologies.
Advantages of Star Topology
• If N devices are connected to each other in a star topology, then the number of cables
required to connect them is N. So, it is easy to set up.
• Each device requires only 1 port i.e. to connect to the hub, therefore the total number
of ports required is N.
• It is Robust. If one link fails only that link will affect and not other than that.
• Easy to fault identification and fault isolation.
• Star topology is cost-effective as it uses inexpensive coaxial cable.
• Drawbacks of Star Topology
 • If the concentrator (hub) on which the whole topology relies fails, the whole system will
crash down.
•
Mesh Topology- In a mesh topology, a device can be connected to more than one other device. For
one node to reach others, there are multiple paths available. Redundant links increase reliability and
self-healing. In a full mesh topology, every node is connected to every other node.

Logical Topology- The logical topology is the path which data travels from one point in the
network to another. Data uses the physical devices to travel between devices.

Types of Applications-

We are all using applications on a daily basis but if we look at them with a network-minded view we
can divide them in 3 different categories:

1- Batch applications
2- Interactive application
3- Real Time Application

1- Batch applications-

• File transfers like FTP, TFTP, perhaps a HTTP download.

• No direct human interaction.

• High bandwidth is important but not critical.

A batch application is something you just let run and you don‟t care if it takes a minute more or less
since nobody is “waiting” for a response. This could be a backup job overnight. It doesn‟t matter if it
takes an hour or more; however, if it takes days then it‟s a problem.

2- Interactive application-
• Human-to-Human interaction
• Someone is waiting for a response, so response time (delay) is important.

With interactive applications you need to think about someone who is working on a database
server and sending commands. Once your press enter you want it to respond fast but a second
more or less is perhaps not THAT annoying. Another example is two users who are using a chat
application, you don‟t want to wait 20 seconds before you receive the message from another user
but a second more or less doesn‟t matter.

3- Real Time application-

• Also Human-to-Human interaction
• VoIP (Voice over IP) or live Video conferencing.
• End-to-end delay is critical.

Imagine you are talking to someone on the phone using Voice over IP and you need to wait 2
seconds before you hear a reply…this is VERY annoying and it‟s hard to have a conversation like that.
Everything above 300ms of delay (1000ms is a second) you will have a hard time having a good
conversation since it‟ll be more like a “walkie-talkie” conversation. Latency is critical when using
VoIP or live Video. A delay above 150ms (1/8 of a second) is noticeable.

Some Basic Things-

Computer Language- The computer language is Binary. It has Only 2 Digits (01).