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Chapter 2

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7 views

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

Quoc Duy Ho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2 THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

Questions / Topics Main ideas / Details


1. The sounds we make 1. Are the result of muscles contracting.
2. The air goes through what we call the vocal tract ends at
the mouth and nostrils.
2. Diagram in the study 1. The pharynx – above the larynx, 7cm for women - 8cm
of phonetics for men, divided into two: the back of the mouth and the
beginning of the way through the nasal cavity.
2. The velum or soft palate – allows air to pass through the
nose and through the mouth.
3. The hard palate – called “roof of the mouth”.
4. The alveolar – between the top front teeth and the hard
palate. Sounds made by the tongue touching call alveolar.
5. The tongue – important articulator, moved into different
places and shapes.
6. The teeth – the front of the mouth. Sounds made by the
tougue touching the front teeth are called dental.

7. The lips – sounds in contact with each other are called


bilabial (p & b), with lip-to-teeth contact are called
labiodental (v & f).
3. Three other things of 1. The larynx – an articulator, a very complex and
articulators independent.
2. The jaws – move the lower jaw a lot in speaking.
3. The nasal cavity – part of our equipment for making
sounds.
4. The words vowel and 1. Very familiar ones, not easy to define exactly what they
consonant mean.
2. Establish two distinct groups of sounds (vowels and
consonants).
3. Different between vowel and consonant:
- Most important difference between vowel and
consonant is not the way that they are made, but their
different distributions.
- Different for each language.
5. Vowel 1. No obstruction to the flow of air from the larynx to the
lips.

6. What ways vowels 1. Consideration is the shape and position of the tongue.
differ 2. The vertical distance between the upper surface of the
tongue and the palate
3. Between the front and back of the tongue (involved in
the production process)
7. Cardinals vowels 1. A standard reference system, trained in phonetics at an
advanced level have to learn to make them accurately and
recognise them correctly.

8. Classify vowels 1. Rounded, the corners of the lips are brought towards each
according to their tongue other and the lips pushed forward.
height and their frontness 2. Spread, the corners of the lips moved away from each
or backness other, as for a smile.
3. Neutral, the lips are not noticeably rounded or spread.
9. Short vowels 1. The symbols are /ɪ/ /e/ /æ/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ʊ/
2. Only relatively short
3. Have quite different lengths in different contexts.
10. The relation between 1. ɪ (bit, fish,…) is more open than Cardinal 1, nearer to the
short vowel and cardinal center. The lips are slightly spread.
vowel

2. e (man, yes,…) between Cardinals 2 and 3. The lips are


slightly spread.

3. æ (bat, man,…) is not open as Cardinal 4. The lips are


slightly spread.
4. ʌ (but, some,…) central vowel, more open than Cardinal
3. The lips are neutral.

5. ɒ (gone, cross,…) is not fully back. Between Cardinal 5


and 6. The lips are slightly rounded.

6. ʊ (pull, push,…) more open than Cardinal 8. Nearer to


the center. The lips are rounded.
11. Vowel-consonant 1. By Pike: vowels- sounds which do not obstruct the
distinction airflow, consonants-sounds obstruct the airflow.
2. Use in labeling phonological elements
3. It is possible to classify vowels by specifying their
front/back, close/open, and lip positions.

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