Projection of Point

PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

A Point in the First Quadrant

Example 1 Draw the projections of the point A, which is 50 mm above the HP
and 30 mm front of the VP.
Solution Given, ha = +50, da = +30

As ha and da both are (+), the point A is in the first quadrant. Therefore, FV of
the point will be seen above XY at a distance of 50 mm and TV will be seen
below XY at a distance of 30 mm.

2
 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the Second Quadrant
Example 2 Draw the projections of the point B, which is 50 mm above the HP
and 30 mm behind the VP.
Solution Given, hb = +50, db = –30

As hb is (+) and dp is (–), the point B lies in the second quadrant. Therefore, FV
and TV, both will be seen above XY at a distance of 50 mm and 30 mm
respectively. This is because when the HP is rotated in a clockwise direction
about XY, the TV on the HP will go up on the side of the FV.

3
 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the Third Quadrant
Example 3 Draw the projections of the point C, 50 mm below the HP and 30
mm behind the VP.
Solution Given, hc = –50, dc = –30

As hc and dc both are (–), the point C is in the third quadrant. Therefore, FV will
be seen 50 mm below XY and TV will be seen 30 mm above XY.

4
 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
A Point in the Fourth Quadrant
Example 4 Draw the projections of the point D, which is 50 mm below the HP
and 30 mm in front of the VP.
Solution Given, hd = –50, dd = +30

As hd is (–) and dd is (+), the point D lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore, FV
and TV both will be seen below XY at a distance of 50 mm and 30 mm
respectively. When the HP is rotated in a clockwise direction about XY, the TV
on the HP will go down on the side of the FV.

5
Projection of Line
 PROJECTIONS OF LINES
LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH THE RPs
Solution:
The line AB is parallel to both the VP and the HP. So, its FV and TV, will be parallel to XY and
both will show the TL (= 50 mm). If a line is parallel to both the HP and the VP, it must be
perpendicular to the PP. Therefore, point A and point B will coincide in SV of the line. Hence, the
LHSV is a point view.
 PROJECTIONS OF LINES

Example 2 A line AB, 50 mm long, is perpendicular to the HP and 25 mm in front of the VP. Draw
its projections if the end nearest to the HP is 10 mm above the HP.
 PROJECTIONS OF LINES
Solution:
If a line is perpendicular to the HP, it will automatically be parallel to the VP and PP. Hence, its FV
will show the TL. TV will be a point view.
Wherever two (or more) points overlap, the visible point should be marked first. For example, in
Fig. TV is marked as a, b. It means that a is visible and b is hidden. The hidden point(s) may be
enclosed in parenthesis ( ), e.g., a( b).
 PROJECTIONS OF LINES

Example 3 A line AB, 50 mm long, is inclined to the HP at 30° and parallel to the VP. The end
nearest to the HP is 40 mm above it and 25 mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections.
 PROJECTIONS OF LINES

Solution:
As the line AB is inclined to the HP and parallel to the VP, its FV will show TL.
1. Assuming that the line AB is initially parallel to both the RPs, draw its FV a’b1’ and TV ab1 as
shown. a’b1’ is 40 mm above XY and ab1 25 mm below XY. a’b1’= ab1 = TL = 50 mm.
2. Rotate a’b1’ about a’ through 30° to get a’b’. a’b’= a’b1’= TL. The angle made by a’b’ with XY
represents θ.
3. Project b’ below XY to obtain b on ab1.
a’b’ and ab represent respectively FV and TV of the line. Note that a’b’ (= EL) is equal to TL and
ab(= PL) is shorter than TL.
4. Obtain LHSV a” b” by projecting a’b’ and ab with respect to X1 Y1.
PROJECTIONS OF LINES
 PROJECTIONS OF LINES

Example 4 A line AB, 50 mm long, is inclined at 45° to the VP and parallel to the HP. The nearest
end of the line is 25 mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections of the line if it is 40 mm above
the HP.
 PROJECTIONS OF LINES

Solution:
1. Draw TV ab = TL, inclined at 45° to XY. a is 25 mm below XY.
2. Project ab above XY to obtain a’b’. ab and a’b’ represent respectively TV and FV of the line.
Projection of 2D planes
 CASE OF A RECTANGLE – OBSERVE AND NOTE ALL STEPS.

SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP SURFACE INCLINED TO HP ONE SMALL SIDE INCLINED TO VP

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION PICTORIAL PRESENTATION PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

For T.V.
For Tv
For T.V.

For Fo
F or Fv rF
F.V .V.
.

ORTHOGRAPHIC ORTHOGRAPHIC ORTHOGRAPHIC

TV-True Shape FV- Inclined to XY FV- Apparent Shape
FV- Line // to xy TV- Reduced Shape TV-Previous Shape
VP VP d’ VP
c’ d1’ c 1’

a’ d’ a 1’ b1’
b’ c’ a’ ’
b
d1
a d a1 d1
c1
b c b1 c1 a1
HP A HP B HP
C
b1
Ex 1: A regular pentagon of 25mm side has one side on the ground. Its plane is inclined at
45º to the HP and perpendicular to the VP. Draw its projections and show its traces

Hint: As the plane is inclined to HP, it should be kept

parallel to HP with one edge perpendicular to VP

c’
d’
b’
a’e’ b’d’
c’

e’
a’
45º
X Y

b b1

a a1

c c1
25

e e1

d d1
 Plane inclined to HP at
45°and ┴ to VP

Plane parallel to HP
e’
d’
f’
c’

a’ b’ c’ f’ d’ e’ b’ 45º
a’ Y
X f1
f

a e a1 e1

b d b1 d1

c c1
Ex 3: A square ABCD of 50 mm side has its corner A in the H.P., its diagonal AC inclined at
30º to the H.P. and the diagonal BD inclined at 45º to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P. Draw its
projections.

Keep AC parallel to the H.P.

& BD perpendicular to V.P. Incline AC at 30º to the H.P.
(considering inclination of i.e. incline the edge view
AC as inclination of the (FV) at 30º to the HP
plane)
c’
b’
d’
b’
a’ a’ d’ c’ 30º
X
45º b1
b

a c a1 c1

50

d d1
Projection of 3D Solids
(1) Prism:
It is a polyhedra having two
equal and similar faces
called its ends or bases,
parallel to each other and Faces
joined by other faces which
are rectangles.
-The imaginary Edge
line joining the
Centres of the
bases or faces is
called Axis of Axis
Prism.
According to the shape of its base, prism
can be sub classified into following types:
(a) Triangular Prism:

(b) Square Prism:

(c) Pentagonal Prism:

(d) Hexagonal Prism:

(2) Pyramid:
This is a polyhedra having plane
surface as a base and a number
of triangular faces meeting at a
point called the Vertex or Apex.

-The imaginary
line joining the Edge
Apex with the
Centre of the
base is called
Axis
Axis of pyramid.
Base
According to the shape of its base,
pyramid can be sub classified into
(a) Triangular Pyramid:
following types:

(b) Square Pyramid:

(c) Pentagonal Pyramid:

(d) Hexagonal Pyramid:

(B) Solids of Revolutions:
When a solid is generated by revolutions
of a plane figure about a fixed line (Axis)
then such solids are named as solids of
revolution.
Solids of revolutions may be of following
types;
(1) Cylinder
(2) Cone
(3) Sphere
(4) Ellipsoid
(5) Paraboloid
(6) Hyperboloid
(1) Cylinder:
A right circular cylinder is a solid
generated by the revolution of a
rectangle about its vertical side
which remains fixed.

Rectangle
Axis

Base
(2) Cone:
A right circular cone is a solid
generated by the revolution of a right
angle triangle about its vertical side
which remains fixed.

Right angle Generators

triangle
Axis

Base
Rectangle
Axis

Generators
Faces

Base

CYLINDER Edge

PRISM
Axis
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:

(3) Axis of Solid:

For Cone and Pyramids, Axis is an
imaginary line joining centre of
the base to the Apex.

For Cylinder and Prism, Axis is an

imaginary line joining centres of
ends or bases.
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:

(4) Right Solid:

A solid is said to
be a Right Solid
if its axis is
perpendicular to
its base.

Axis
Base
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:

(6) Regular Solid:

A solid is said to be a Regular Solid if
all the edges of the base or the end
faces of a solid are equal in length and
form regular plane figures
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:
CUTTING PLANE
PARALLEL TO
(7) Frustum of Solid: BASE

When a Pyramid or a
Cone is cut by a Plane
parallel to its base,
thus removing the top
portion, the remaining
lower portion is called
its frustum. FRUSTUM OF A
PYRAMID
Important Terms Used in Projections of Solids:

(8) Truncated Solid :

When a Pyramid or a
Cone is cut by a Plane
inclined to its base,
thus removing the top
portion, the remaining
lower portion is said to
be truncated.
 Projection of Solid in Simple
Position
• A solid in simple position may have its axis perpendicular
to one reference plane or parallel to both
– When the axis is perpendicular to H.P., the top view should be
drawn first and the front view projected from it
– When the axis is perpendicular to V.P., the front view should be
drawn first and the top view projected from it
• When the axis is parallel to both H.P. and V.P., neither
the top view nor the front view will show the actual shape
of the base
– The side view drawn first. Then the front view and top view are
then projected from the side view
Axis perpendicular to H. P. and hence parallel
to both V.P. & P.P.

o’
Axis

a’,b’ c’,d’
X Y

a d

o
b c
Axis perpendicular to V.P. and hence parallel to
both H.P. & P.P.

f’,6’ e’,5’
a’,1’ d’,4’

b’,2’ c’,3’
X 1 2,6 3,5 4 Y

H
a b,f c,e d
Axis perpendicular to P.P. and hence parallel
to both H.P. & V.P.

L
c’ 3’ c”3”

a’,b’ 1’2’ a”1” b”2”

X Y
a 1
c 3
b 2
Axis parallel to V.P. and inclined to H.P. by θ &
also inclined to P.P.
Example 1 :
A right regular pentagonal prism,
side of base 30 mm and height of
axis as 75mm rests on HP on one
of its base corners such that its
long edge containing the corner is
inclined to the HP at 60°. Draw its
projections.
 d’ c’
c1’ d1’ e1’ b1’ e’b’
a1’
a’

75

4’
3’ 2’
31’ 11’ 5’ 1’ 60° Y
X 41’ 21’ 51’
e1 51 5 e
41
4 d
d1
11
1 a
30

c1 a1
31 3 c
b1 21 2 b
SCALE:-1:1
 d’ c’
c1’ d1’ e1’ b1’ e’b’
a1’
a’

75

4’
3’ 2’
31’ 11’ 5’ 1’ 60° Y
X 41’ 21’ 51’
e1 51 5 e
41
4 d
d1
11
1 a
30

c1 a1
31 3 c
b1 21 2 b
SCALE:-1:1