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Chapter 9

Sequences and Series

9.1 Sequences 9.1 u}fWoI³ (Sequences)

The sequence is the group or sequential Hcq }]uXyI }Ia¿oudn, \obaºjqtS
arrangement of numbers in a particular order or ASoÙn\¿oudn DÉ hwJyIjqtS }Ian\qKXanb
set of rules. }IapIcWanWm u}fWo (sequence).
For example, DZnicW¿o\m,
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, .... form a sequence. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, .... FÁp hwJyI³ Hcq u}fWo
(sequence) cr]pIco·qÁq.
The various numbers occurring in a sequence are u}fWobotd }Iaanbo ecqÁ hwJyItj ]Zº³
called its terms. We denote the terms of a FÁq eojo·qÁq. Hcq u}fWobotd ]Zºtj a1
sequence by a1 (first term), a2 (second term), a3 (HÁnw ]Zw), a2 (c¾nw ]Zw), a3 (arÁnw ]Zw ),...,
(third term),..., an (nth term),.... an (n-Bw ]Zw),....FÁoºt\ hrNoÃo·qÁq .
The nth term an is also called the general term n-Bw ]Zw, an t\ u}fWobqtS t]nXqenb ]Zw FÁm
of the sequence. ]lbnw.
In the above example, aqIjo² tInSq¿oco·qÁ DZnicW¿o²,
first term, a1 = 2 HÁnw ]Zw, a1 = 2
second term, a2 = 4 c¾nw ]Zw, a2 = 4
third term, a3 = 6 arÁnw ]Zw, a3 = 6

9.2 Series 9.2 A\q}Iaw (Series)

Let a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , be a given sequence. Then, a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an FÁ u}fWo ]coKWo·qI .
the expression a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an + ... a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an + ... FÁ cr]t¿
is called the series associated with the given XÁoco·qÁ u}fWoubnSm A\q_áo»qÉ A\q}Iaw
sequence. (series) FÁm ]lbnw.
n
The series a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an + ... is abbreviated X
n
X a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an + ... FÁ u}fWotb ak
as ak k=1
k=1 FÁm Nqcq·o FkqXneqÁXnWm.

Example 9.1 DZnicWw 9.1

Write the first five terms of each of the following NqetS XÁoco·qÁ u}fWoIjqtS n-Bw ]Zw
sequences defined by the following: XÁoco·qÁq. BZyt¿ AÕm ]ZºtjkqXqI .
(i) an = 2n + 5 (i) an = 2n + 5
2n−3 2n−3
(ii) an = 6
(ii) an = 6

1
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Chapter 9 Sequences and Series

(iii) an = (−1)n−1 5n+1 (iii) an = (−1)n−1 5n+1

Solution: ]coincw:
(i) Here, nth term, an = 2n + 5 (i) CeotS n−Bw ]Zw, an = 2n + 5
Put n = 1, first term a1 = 2(1) + 5 = 7 n = 1, HÁnat¿ ]Zw a1 = 2(1) + 5 = 7
n = 2, second term a2 = 2(2) + 5 = 9 n = 2, c¾nat¿ ]Zw a2 = 2(2) + 5 = 9
n = 3, third term a3 = 2(3) + 5 = 11 n = 3, arÁnat¿ ]Zw a3 = 2(3) + 5 = 11
n = 4, fourth term a4 = 2(4) + 5 = 13 n = 4, \ndnat¿ ]Zw a4 = 2(4) + 5 = 13
n = 5, fifth term a5 = 2(5) + 5 = 15 n = 5, AÕnat¿ ]Zw a5 = 2(5) + 5 = 15
Therefore, AXo\n², BZyt¿ AÕm ]Zº³
the first five terms are 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 FÁoebnWm.
2n − 3 2n − 3
(ii) Here, nth term, an = (ii) CeotS n−Bw ]Zw, an =
6 6
2(1) − 3 1 2(1) − 3 1
Put n = 1, first term a1 = =− n = 1 HÁnat¿ ]Zw a1 = =−
6 6 6 6
2(2) − 3 1 2(2) − 3 1
n = 2, second term a2 = = n = 2, c¾nat¿ ]Zw a2 = =
6 6 6 6
2(3) − 3 1 2(3) − 3 1
n = 3, third term a3 = = n = 3, arÁnat¿ ]Zw a3 = =
6 2 6 2
2(4) − 3 5 2(4) − 3 5
n = 4, fourth term a4 = = n = 4, \ndnat¿ ]Zw a4 = =
6 6 6 6
2(5) − 3 7 2(5) − 3 7
n = 5, fifth term a5 = = n = 5, AÕnat¿ ]Zw a5 = =
6 6 6 6
Therefore, AXo\n², BZyt¿ AÕm ]Zº³
1 1 1 5 7 1 1 1 5 7
the first five terms are − , , , , − , , , , FÁoebnWm.
6 6 2 6 6 6 6 2 6 6
(iii) Here nth term, an = (−1)n−1 5n+1 (iii) CeotS n−Bw ]Zw, an = (−1)n−1 5n+1
Put n = 1, first term n = 1, HÁnat¿ ]Zw
a1 = (−1)1−1 51+1 = 1 × 52 = 25 a1 = (−1)1−1 51+1 = 1 × 52 = 25
n = 2, second term n = 2, c¾nat¿ ]Zw
a2 = (−1)2−1 52+1 = (−1) × 53 = −125 a2 = (−1)2−1 52+1 = (−1) × 53 = −125
n = 3, third term n = 3, arÁnat¿ ]Zw
a3 = (−1)3−1 53+1 = 1 × 54 = 625 a3 = (−1)3−1 53+1 = 1 × 54 = 625
n = 4, fourth term n = 4, \ndnat¿ ]Zw
a4 = (−1)4−1 54+1 = (−1) × 55 = −3125 a4 = (−1)4−1 54+1 = (−1) × 55 = −3125
n = 5, fifth term n = 5, AÕnat¿ ]Zw
a5 = (−1)5−1 55+1 = 1 × 56 = 15625 a5 = (−1)5−1 55+1 = 1 × 56 = 15625
Therefore, the first 5 terms are AXo\n², BZyt¿ AÕm ]Zº³
25, −125, 625, −3125, 15625 25, −125, 625, −3125, 15625 FÁoebnWm.

9.3 Geometric Progression 9.3 haKqWoX u}fWo (Geometric

(G.P.) Progression)
A sequence which starts from a non-zero ]rPyaÈn¿ Hcq hwJybo²\oÁm XqSºo
number and is repeatedly multiplied by a non-zero ]rPyaÈn¿ Hcq hwJytIn¾m ep¾qw, ep¾qw
number is called a geometric progression. KqWo»m Io½qÁ u}fWotb haKqWoX u}fWo FÁm
]lbnw.

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Chapter 9 Sequences and Series

In other words, atÊncq cpXobo² ]l¼n²,

A sequence a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , ... is called geometric FÈn ]Zºjqw ]rPyaÈn¿, a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , ... FÁ
ak+1
progression, if each term is non-zero and =r u}fWo Hcq haKqWoX u}fWobnIWta¹o² k ≥ 1
ak ak+1
(constant), for k ≥ 1. BIquÄn³ = r (ÙochwJy) Bboco·Ww .
ak
Here, r is called the common ratio of the geometric CeotS, r t\ haKqWoX u}fWobqtS t]nXqKqWoXw
progression. FÁq eojo·nw.
By letting a1 = a, we obtain a geometric a, r FÁoe bYn}Iaw HÁnw ]Zeqw ,
progression, t]nXqKqWoXeqanb Hcq haKqWoX u}fWotb
a, ar, ar2 , ar3 , ...., a, ar, ar2 , ar3 , ....,
where a is called the first term and r is called the FÁ cpXobo² FkqXnw.
common ratio of the G.P.

The nth term (general term) of G.P. is ¤ u}fWobqtS n−Bw ]Zw (t]nXq ]Zw )
BWm,
an = arn−1 an = arn−1

Sum to n terms of a G .P. haKqWoX u}fWobotd n ]ZºjqtS XqI

Let the first term of a G.P. be ‘a0 and the common a, r FÁoe bYn}Iaw HÁnw ]Zeqw ,
ratio be ‘r0 and let t]nXqKqWoXeqanb Hcq haKqWoX u}fWobqtS
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + ... + arn–1 BZyt¿ n ]ZºjqtS XqI
the sum to first n terms of G.P. Sn = a + ar + ar2 + ... + arn–1
Then, FÁoco·t½,

n a (rn − 1)

 a (r − 1)

; if r 6= 1 r 6= 1 F¹o², Sn =
Sn = r−1 r−1

 na ; if r = 1 r = 1 F¹o², Sn = na

Sum of infinte terms of a G .P. A\Ðanb haKqWoX u}fWobotd ]ZºjqtS

XqI
Let the first term of a G.P. be ‘a0 and the a, r FÁoe bYn}Iaw HÁnw ]Zeqw ,
common ratio be ‘r0 and let t]nXqKqWoXeqanb Hcq A\Ðanb haKqWoX
S∞ = a + ar + ar2 + ... + arn–1 + ... u}fWobqtS ]ZºjqtS XqI
the sum of infinte terms of a G .P. S∞ = a + ar + ar2 + ... + arn–1 + ...
Then, FÁoco·t½,

a a
S∞ = ; if |r| < 1 |r| < 1 F¹o², S∞ =
1−r 1−r

Example 9.2 DZnicWw 9.2

Find the 10th and nth terms of the G.P. 5, 25, 125, ... FÁ haKqWoX u}fWobqtS 10-Bw
5, 25, 125, .... ]Zeqw n-Bw ]Zeqw InWqI.
Solution: ]coincw:
a2 25 a2 25
Here a = 5 and r = = = 5. CeotS, a = 5, r = = = 5.
a1 5 a1 5
nth term an = a × rn−1 = 5 × 5n−1 = 5n n-Bw ]Zw, an = a × rn−1 = 5 × 5n−1 = 5n
Thus, 10th term, a10 = 510 10-Bw ]Zw, a10 = 510

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Chapter 9 Sequences and Series

Example 9.3 DZnicWw 9.3

Which term of the G.P., 2, 8, 32, ... up to n terms 2, 8, 32, ... FÁ haKqWoX u}fWobqtS F}Xnat¿
is 131072? ]ZanWm 131072?
Solution: ]coincw:
Let 131072 be the nth term of the given G.P. 131072 t\ n-Bw ]ZantbSq·nw.
a2 8 a2 8
Here a = 2 and r = = = 4. CeotS, a = 2, r = = = 4.
a1 2 a1 2
nth term an = a.rn−1 n-Bw ]Zw, an = a.rn−1
Therefore, 131072 = 2(4)n−1 AXo\n², 131072 = 2(4)n−1
131072 131072
= (4)n−1 = (4)n−1
2 2
65536 = 4n−1 65536 = 4n−1
But, 65536 = 48 ]u¸, 65536 = 48 BWm.
This gives, 48 = 4n−1 AXnbXm, 48 = 4n−1
So that n − 1 = 8 =⇒ n = 8 + 1 = 9. AXo\n², n − 1 = 8 =⇒ n = 8 + 1 = 9.
Hence, 131072 is the 9th term of the G.P. AXqtIn¾m 9-Bat¿ ]Zw BWm 131072.

Example 9.4 DZnicWw 9.4

In a G.P., the 3rd term is 24 and the 6th term is Hcq haKqWoXu}fWobqtS 3−Bw ]Zw 24, 6−Bw
192. Find the 10th term. ]Zw 192 Bbn² 10-Bw ]Zw I¾q ]oSo·qI .
Solution: ]coincw:
nth term an = a × rn−1 . n-Bat¿ ]Zw, an = a × rn−1 .
Here, CeotS,

third term, a3 = ar2 = 24 (9.1) arÁnat¿ ]Zw, a3 = ar2 = 24 (9.1)

sixth term, a6 = ar5 = 192 (9.2) Blnat¿ ]Zw, a6 = ar5 = 192 (9.2)
Dividing equation(9.2) by equation(9.1), (9.1) FÁ haenIyw tIn¾m (9.2) FÁ
we get haenIyt¿ ico·quÄn³,

a6 ar5 192 a6 ar5 192

= 2 = = 2 =
a3 ar 24 a3 ar 24
3 3
r =8 r =8
r=2 AXqtIn¾m, r = 2 FÁm dõo·qw.

Substituting r = 2 in (9.1), we get haenIyw (9.1)² r = 2 FÁ eod \²IquÄn³,

24 24
a(2)2 = 24 =⇒ a = =6 a(2)2 = 24 =⇒ a = =6
4 4
Hence a10 = a.r9 = 6.(2)9 = 3072. AXqtIn¾m, a10 = a × r9 = 6 × (2)9 = 3072.

Example 9.5 DZnicWw 9.5

Find the sum of first n terms and the sum of first 2 4

1+ + +... FÁ haKqWoX u}fWobqtS BZyt¿
5 terms of the geometric series 3 9
n ]ZºjqtSbqw, BZyt¿ 5 ]ZºjqtSbqw XqII³
2 4
1+ + + ... InWqI.
3 9

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Chapter 9 Sequences and Series

Solution: ]coincw:
a2 2/3 2 a2 2/3 2
Here a = 1, and r = = = CeotS, a = 1, r = = =
a1 1 3 a1 1 3
Therefore, sum to n terms n ]ZºjqtS XqI

n 
1 1 − 32

n  
1 1 − 23 a(1 − rn )

a(1 − rn ) Sn = =
Sn = =
1−r 1 − 23 1−r 1 − 32
n  n 
n
1 − 23
 n  
 
1 − 32


2

2 = =3 1−
= 1 =3 1− 1 3
3
3 3

Sum of first 5 terms BZyt¿ 5 ]ZºjqtS XqI

"  5 #    "  5 #   
2 32 2 32
S5 = 3 1 − =3 1− S5 = 3 1 − =3 1−
3 243 3 243
   
211 211 211 211
=3 = =3 =
243 81 243 81

Example 9.6 DZnicWw 9.6

3 3 3 3
How many terms of the G.P. 3, , , ... are needed 3, , , ... FÁ haKqWoX u}fWobqtS F}X
2 4 2 4
3069 3069
to give the sum ? ]ZºjqtS XqIbnWm ?
512 512
Solution: ]coincw:
a2 3/2 1 3069 a2 3/2 1 3069
Here a = 3, r = = = , and Sn = CeotS, a = 3, r = = = , Sn =
a1 3 2 512 a1 3 2 512

a(1 − rn ) a(1 − rn )
Sn = Sn =
1−r 1−r
 n    n    
1 1
   
1 1
3 1− 3 1− 3 1− 3 1−
3069 2 2n 3069 2 2n
= = = =
512 1 1 512 1 1
1− 1−
2 2  2 2
1

1
=6 1− n =6 1− n
2 2
3069 1 3069 1
=1− n =1− n
512 × 6 2 512 × 6 2
1 3069 1 1 3069 1
=1− = =1− =
2n 512 × 6 1024 2n 512 × 6 1024

2n = 1024 = 210 , which gives n = 10. 2n = 1024 = 210 , AXqtIn¾m, n = 10.

Example 9.7 DZnicWw 9.7

13 HcqhaKqWoX u}fWobqtS BZyt¿ arÁm

The sum of first three terms of a G.P. isand 13
12 ]ZºjqtS XqI -Dw, AebqtS KqW\^dw −1 Dw
their product is −1. Find the common ratio and 12
the terms. Bbn² t]nXqKqWoXeqw ]Zºjqw It¾¿qI .

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Chapter 9 Sequences and Series

Solution: ]coincw:
a a
Let , a, ar be the first three terms of the G.P. BZy arÁm ]Zº³ , a, ar FÁoco·t½. F¹o²
r r
Then
a 13 a 13
+ a + ar = (9.3) + a + ar = (9.3)
r 12 r 12
and a
a × a × ar = −1 (9.4)
× a × ar = −1 (9.4) r
r
From equation (9.4), a3 = −1 =⇒ a = −1 haenIyw (9.4) \oÁm, a3 = −1 =⇒ a = −1
Substituting a = −1 in (9.3), we have ¤ eod, haenIyw (9.3) ² tInSq¿n²

(−1) 13 (−1) 13
+ (−1) + (−1)r = + (−1) + (−1)r =
r 12 r 12
−1 − r − r2 13 −1 − r − r2 13
= =
r 12 r 12
2
12(−1 − r − r ) = 13r 12(−1 − r − r2 ) = 13r
12r2 + 25r + 12 = 0 12r2 + 25r + 12 = 0 FÁm dõo·qw.

√ √
−b ± b2 − 4ac −b ± b2 − 4ac
If ax2 +bx+c = 0 then, x = ax2 +bx+c = 0 F¹o², x =
2a 2a

Solving 12r2 + 25r + 12 = 0, we get 12r2 + 25r + 12 = 0 t ]coincw I¾n²

p p
−(25) ± (25)2 − 4(12)(12) −(25) ± (25)2 − 4(12)(12)
r= r=
2(12) 2(12)
√ √ √ √
−(25) ± 625 − 576 −25 ± 49 −(25) ± 625 − 576 −25 ± 49
= = = =
24 24 24 24
−25 ± 7 −25 + 7 −25 − 7 −25 ± 7 −25 + 7 −25 − 7
= = or = = or
24 24 24 24 24 24
−18 −32 −18 −32
= or = Atȹo²
24 24 24 24
−3 −4 −3 −4
= or = Atȹo²
4 3 4 3
−3 −3
Thus, if r = the three terms of G.P. are: r= Bbn² ]Zº³:
4 4
(−1) (−1)
, (−1), (−1)(−3/4) , (−1), (−1)(−3/4) Bboco·qw .
−3/4 −3/4
4 3 4 3
i.e.; , −1, i.e.; , −1,
3 4 3 4

Example 9.8 DZnicWw 9.8

Find the sum of the sequence 7, 77, 777, 7777, ... to 7, 77, 777, 7777, ... FÁ u}fWobqtS n ]ZºjqtS
n terms. XqI InWqI.
Solution: ]coincw:

Sn = 7 + 77 + 777 + 7777 + ... to n terms Sn = 7 + 77 + 777 + 7777 + ...n ]Zº³ etc .

= 7[1 + 11 + 111 + 1111 + ... to n terms] = 7[1 + 11 + 111 + 1111 + ...n ]Zº³ etc .
7 7
= [9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 + ... to n terms] = [9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 + ...n ]Zº³ etc]
9 9

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Chapter 9 Sequences and Series

7 7
= [(10 − 1) + (102 − 1) + (103 − 1) + ... = [(10 − 1) + (102 − 1) + (103 − 1) + ...
9 9
... to n terms] ... to n ]Zº³ etc]
7 7
10 + 102 + 103 + 104 + ... to n terms 10 + 102 + 103 + 104 + ...n ]Zº³ etc



= =
9 9
−(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ... to n terms)] −(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ...n ]Zº³ etc)]
7 10(10n − 1 10(10n − 1)
    
7
= −n = − (n)
9 10 − 1 9 10 − 1
7 10(10n − 1) 7 10(10n − 1)
   
= −n = −n
9 9 9 9

Geometric Mean (G .M.) haKqWoXan[yw (Geometric mean)

The geometric mean
√ of two positive numbers a and a, b FÁoe c¾m √
A[ohwJyIjntW¹o² AebqtS
b is the number ab. haKqWoXan[yw ab Bboco·qw.
For example, √ DZnicW¿o\m, √
the geometric mean of 2 and 8 is 2 × 8 = 4. 2, 8 FÁp hwJyIjqtS haKqWoXan[yw 2 × 8 = 4
FÁm dõo·qw.

Relationship Between A.M. and G.M. hanÐcan[yeqw (A.M) haKqWoXan[yeqw

(G.M.) XÅodqÉ _áw.
Let A and G be A.M. and G.M. of two given A, G FÁoe bYn}Iaw a, b FÁp
positive real numbers a and b, respectively. c¾m A[ohwJyIjqtS hanÐcan[yeqw
Then, haKqWoXan[yeqantWÁm IcqXqI. F¹o²

a+b √ a+b √
A= , G= ab A= , G= ab
2 2

Note: A.M ≥ G.M IqloÃm: A.M ≥ G.M

Example 9.9 DZnicWw 9.9

If A.M. and G.M. of two positive numbers a and a, b FÁp A[ohwJyIjqtS hanÐcan[yeqw
b are 10 and 8, respectively, find the numbers. haKqWoXan[yeqw bYn}Iaw 10, 8 FÁoebnbn²
hwJyI³ I¾q]oSo·qI.
Solution: ]coincw:
Given that
a+b a+b
A.M = = 10 (9.5) A.M. = = 10 (9.5)
2 2
√ √
G.M = ab = 8 (9.6) G.M. = ab = 8 (9.6)
From (9.5) and (9.6), we get (9.5), (9.6) FÁp haeIyºjo² \oÁm,

a + b = 10 × 2 = 20 (9.7) a + b = 10 × 2 = 20 (9.7)

ab = 82 = 64 (9.8) ab = 82 = 64 (9.8)
Putting the value of a and b from (9.7), (9.8) in (9.7), (9.8) FÁp haenIyºjqw
the identity (a − b)2 = (a + b)2 − 4ab, (a − b)2 = (a + b)2 − 4ab FÁ haenIyeqw
we get D]ubnKo»m a bqtSbqw b bqtSbqw eod I¾q

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Chapter 9 Sequences and Series

]oSo·nw.
(a − b)2 = 202
− 4(64) = 400 − 256 = 144 (a − b)2 = 202 − 4(64) = 400 − 256 = 144
√ √
a − b = 144 = 12 (9.9) a − b = 144 = 12 (9.9)

Adding (9.7) and (9.9), we obtain haenIyº³ (9.7), (9.9) FÁoebqtS XqI
InWquÄn³
a + b = 20 a + b = 20
a − b = 12 a − b = 12

2a + 0 = 32 2a + 0 = 32
Hence, a = 16 a = 16 FÁm dõo·qw.
Substitute the value of a in equation (9.7), we get (9.7) haenIy¿o² a bqtS eod \²IquÄn³
16 + b = 20 =⇒ b = 20 − 16 = 4 16 + b = 20 =⇒ b = 20 − 16 = 4
Thus, the numbers a and b are 16, 4 respectively. AXo\n², a, b FÁp hwJyI³ 16, 4 Bboco·qw.

Example 9.10 DZnicWw 9.10

Insert three numbers between 1 and 256 so that 1, 256 FÁp hwJyI³·oSbo² arÁm hwJyI³
the resulting sequence is a G.P. D³tÃSq¿o Hcq haKqWoX u}fWo cr]pIco·qI .
Solution: ]coincw:
Let G1 , G2 , G3 be three numbers between 1 and 1 \qw 256 \qw CSbodqÉ arÁm hwJyI³ BWm
256. Then 1, G1 , G2 , G3 , 256 becomes the first five G1 , G2 , G3 FÁm IcqXqI. F¹o² 1, G1 , G2 , G3 , 256
terms of a G.P. FÁXm Hcq haKqWoX u}fWobqtS BZy AÕm
hwJyI³ Bboco·qw.
Here first term, a = 1 and AXo\n², HÁat¿ ]Zw, a = 1,
5th term, a5 = 256 5−Bat¿ ]Zw, a5 = 256
a5 = a.r4 =⇒ 256 = 1 × r4 a = a.r4 =⇒ 256 = 1 × r4
5

=⇒ r = 4 =⇒ r = 4
Hence, AXo\n²,
2nd term, G1 = ar = 1 × 4 = 4 2−Bat¿ ]Zw, G1 = ar = 1 × 4 = 4
3rd term, G3 = ar2 = 1 × 42 = 16, 3−Bat¿ ]Zw, G3 = ar2 = 1 × 42 = 16,
4thterm, G4 = ar3 = 1 × 43 = 64. 4−Bat¿ ]Zw, G4 = ar3 = 1 × 43 = 64.
Thus, we can insert 4, 16, 64 between 1 and 256 so AXqtIn¾m, haKqWoXu}fWo 1, 4, 16, 64, 256
that the resulting sequences are in G.P BIqÁq.

GVHSS KADAPPURAM 8