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Chapter 2

Relations and Functions

Equal ordered pairs Xqdy }IauPnSoI³ (Equal ordered pairs)

(a, b) = (p, q) if and only if a = p, b = q (a, b) = (p, q) BeWta¹o² a = p, b = q BIWw .

Example 2.1 DZnicWw 2.1

If (x + 1, y − 2) = (3, 1), find the values of x and y. (x + 1, y − 2) = (3, 1) Bbn² x, y I¾q]oSo·qI .

Solution: ]coincw
(x + 1, y − 2) = (3, 1), then (x + 1, y − 2) = (3, 1) BbXo\n²
x + 1 = 3 and x+1=3
y−2=1 y−2=1
Solving, CXo² \oÁqw,
x = 2, y = 3 x = 2, y = 3

Cartesian Product of Sets KWºjqtS In±½pgy° KqW\^dw

The cartesian product A × B is the set of all A FÁ KW¿otd Hcq AwKw BZyeqw B FÁ
ordered pairs whose first member comes from the KW¿otd Hcq AwKw c¾naXqw ec¿·eo[w
set A and second member comes from the set B. FkqXn° IkobqÁ FÈn hwJynuPnSoIjquSbqw
KW¿ot\ KWºjqtS In±½pgy° KqW\^dw
(Cartesian product) A × B FÁq ]lbnw .

Example 2.2 DZnicWw 2.2

If A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4}, find A × B A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4} F¹o² A × B

I¾q]oSo·qI.

Solution: ]coincw
A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)} A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)}

Note: IqloÃm:
If there are p elements in A and q elements in B, A FÁ KW¿o² p FBw AwKºjqw, B bo²
then there will be p × q elements in A × B q FBw AwKºjqanbn² A × B FÁ KW¿otd
AwKºjqtS FBw p × q Bboco·qw.

1
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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Example 2.3 DZnicWw 2.3

If A = {1, 2, 5, 7}, B = {2, 3, 4}, find n(A × B) A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4} F¹o² n(A × B)
I¾q]oSo·qI.
Solution: ]coincw
n(A) = p = 4, n(A) = p = 4,
n(B) = q = 3 n(B) = q = 3
n(A × B) = p × q = 4 × 3 = 12. n(A × B) = p × q = 4 × 3 = 12.

2.1 Relations 2.1 _ẳ (Relations)

A relation R from a non-empty set A to a A, B FÁoe fr\y KWºjÈn¿ c¾q KWºjqw , R
non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian FÁXm A × B bqtS D]KWeqanbn² R t\ A bo²
product A × B . \oÁqw B boud·qÉ Hcq _áw FÁq eojo·nw .

Example 2.4 DZnicWw 2.4

Consider the sets A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} FÁp KWº³

A = {1, 2, 3}, and B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. ]coKWo·qI. A FÁ KW¿o² \oÁm B
Define a relation R from A to B by boud·rÉ Hcq _áw NqetS tInSq¿oco·qÁq .
R = {(x, y) : y = 2x, x ∈ A, y ∈ B} R = {(x, y) : y = 2x, x ∈ A, y ∈ B}
Write R in roster form. R t\ ]½oIncpXobo² (uln$± u^nw) FkqXqI .
Solution: ]coincw:
Form the relation R, we have y = 2x R FÁ _á¿o² \oÁqw, y = 2x FÁm dõo·qw.

Value of Value of Whether y∈B

x-t eod y = 2x-t eod
x y = 2x y∈B BuWn?
1 y =2×1=2 Yes 1 y =2×1=2 AtX
2 y =2×2=4 Yes 2 y =2×2=4 AtX
3 y =2×3=6 Yes 3 y =2×3=6 AtX

If x in A and y in B, then (x, y) ∈ R x FÁXm A-bodqw, y FÁXm B-bodqw BtW¹o²,

Hence, R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)} (x, y) FÁXm R-td AwKanboco·qw.
AXo\n², R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)}

Note: IqloÃm:
In this relation, image of 1 in A is the element 2 ¤ _áw A\qhco»m A FÁ KW¿otd 1 tÂ
of set B, image of 2 in A is the element 4 of set B }]Xo_ow_anWm B FÁ KW¿otd 2 FÁm ]lbnw .
and image of 3 in A is the element 6 of set B. AXqu]ntd 2 t }]Xo_ow_anWm 4.

Domain, Range and Co-domain a7dw, cwKw, hia7dw

The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in A FÁ KW¿o² \oÁqw B FÁ KW¿oud·qÉ
a relation R from a set A to a set B is called the Hcq _áanWm R F¹o² R td }IauPnSoIjotd
domain of the relation R. The set of all second HÁnat¿ AwKºjqtS KWt¿ R t a7dw
elements in a relation R from a set A to a set B is FÁqw, c¾nat¿ AwKºjqtS KWt¿ R t cwKw
called the range of the relation R. FÁqw eojo·qÁq.
The whole set B is called the codomain of the B FÁ KWt¿ _á¿ot hia7dw FÁnWm
relation R. ]lbqÁXm.

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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Example 2.5 DZnicWw 2.5

Let A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Define a A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
relation R from A to B by A bo² \oÁqw B boud·qÉ Hcq _áw NqetS
R = {(2, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3)} uN±·qÁq.
Find the domain and range and codomain of R. R = {(2, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3)}
¤ _á¿ot a7deqw cwKeqw hia7deqw
Solution:
FkqXqI.
Domain = {2, 4}
Range = {4, 1, 3} ]coincw:
Codomain = {1, 2, 3, 4} a7dw = {2, 4}
cwKw = {4, 1, 3}
hia7dw = {1, 2, 3, 4}

Example 2.6 DZnicWw 2.6

R is a relation on a set A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 14} by R = {(x, y) : 3x−y = 0, x, y ∈ A} FÁ _áw A =

R = {(x, y) : 3x − y = 0, where x, y ∈ A}. {1, 2, 3, ..., 14} FÁ KW¿o² \o±eNo»oco·qÁq .
Write the domain, range and codomain. AXot a7dw, cwKw, uIn-tUntabm° Ce
FkqXqI.
Solution: ]coincw:
Form the relation R, R FÁ _á¿o² \oÁqw,
3x − y = 0 =⇒ y = 3x 3x − y = 0 =⇒ y = 3x

Value of Value of Whether x, y ∈ A

x-t eod y = 3x-t eod
x y = 3x x, y ∈ A BuWn?
1 y =3×1=3 Yes 1 y =3×1=3 AtX
2 y =3×2=6 Yes 2 y =3×2=6 AtX
3 y =3×3=9 Yes 3 y =3×3=9 AtX
4 y = 3 × 4 = 12 Yes 4 y = 3 × 4 = 12 AtX
5 y = 3 × 5 = 15 No 5 y = 3 × 5 = 15 AÈ
6 y = 3 × 6 = 18 No 6 y = 3 × 6 = 18 AÈ
.. .. .. ..
. . No . . AÈ
14 y = 3 × 14 = 42 No 14 y = 3 × 14 = 42 AÈ

If both x and y are in A, then (x, y) ∈ R x, y Ce A-botd AwKºjtW¹o², (x, y) FÁXm

Hence, R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)} R-td AwKanboco·qw.
Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4} AXo\n², R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
Range = {3, 6, 9, 12} a7dw = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Co-domain= A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 14} cwKw = {3, 6, 9, 12}
uIn-tUntabm° = A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 14}

Arrow Diagrams Bucn Ub}Kw (Arrow diagram)

An arrow diagram is a visual representation of a Hcq KW¿o² \oÁqw atÊncq KW¿oud·qÉ
relation from a set to another set. _át¿ No}XpIco·n\q]ubnKo·qÁ Hcq
cpXobnWm Bucn Ub}Kw .

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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Example 2.7 DZnicWw 2.7

Draw the arrow diagram of the following relation: NqetS tInSq¿oco·qÁ _á¿ot Bucn Ub}Kw
R = {(2, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3)} ecbm·qI.
R = {(2, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3)}
Solution: ]coincw:

Total number of relations: _áºjqtS FBw (Number of relations)

The total number of relations that can be A FÁ KW¿o² p FBw AwKºjqw B bo² q
defined from a set A with p elements to a set B FBw AwKºjqanbn² A bo² \oÁqw B boud·qÉ
with q elements is 2pq _áºjqtS FBw 2pq Bboco·qw.

Example 2.8 DZnicWw 2.8

Let A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 4, 6}. Find the number of A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 4, 6} FÁnbn² A bo² \oÁqw
relations from A to B. B boud·m F}X _Ẳ D¾m?

Solution: ]coincw:
p = number of elements in A = 2. p = A botd AwKºjqtS FBw = 2.
q = number of elements in B = 3. q = B botd AwKºjqtS FBw = 3.
Therefore, the number of relations from A into B A bo² \oÁqw B boud·qÉ _áºjqtS FBw
= 2pq = 22×3 = 26 . = 2pq = 22×3 = 26 .

Example 2.9 DZnicWw 2.9

Let A = {x : x is a prime number < 6}, and A = {x : x, 6-² Iqlenb Hcq AõnPy hwJy}
B = {5, 6} B = {5, 6}
(a) Write A in roster form (a) A uln$± u^nao² FkqXqI
(b) Write A × B (b) A × B FkqXqI
(c) Write the number of possible relations from (c) A-bo² \oÁqw B-boud·m hn[yanb
A to B loudg°hot FBw FkqXqI.
Solution: ]coincw:
(a) A = {2, 3, 5} (a) A = {2, 3, 5}
(b) A×B = {(2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6)} (b) A×B = {(2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6)}
(c) p = number of elements in A = 3. (c) p = A botd AwKºjqtS FBw = 3.
q = number of elements in B = 2. q = B botd AwKºjqtS FBw = 2.
Therefore, the number of relations from A A bo² \oÁqw B boud·qÉ _áºjqtS
into B = 2pq = 23×2 = 26 . FBw = 2pq = 23×2 = 26 .

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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

2.2 Functions 2.2 GIZº³ (Functions)

A relation from a set A to a set B is said A FÁ KW¿o² \oÁqw B FÁ
to be a function if every element of set A has one KW¿oud·qÉ Hcq _á¿o² A botd FÈn
image in set B and no element in A is connected AwKº³·qw B bo² Hcq }]Xo_ow_w D¾nIqIbqw
to more than one image in B. ¨ucn AwK¿o\qw HÁod[oIw }]Xo_ow_º³
CÈnXoco·qIbqw tNbmXn² B _át¿ A bo²
\oÁqw B boud·qÉ Hcq GIZw (function) FÁq
eojo·nw.
The function f from A to B is denoted by A bo² \oÁq B boud·qÉ Hcq GIZanWm f
f : A → B. If y is the image of x with respect to F¹o² CXot\ f : A → B FtÁkqXnw. ¤ GIZw
the function f , then we write f (x) = y. A\qhco»m x FÁ AwK¿ot }]Xo_ow_anWm y
F¹o² f (x) = y FÁnWm FkqXqÁXm.

Example 2.10 DZnicWw 2.10

Find the values of f (−2), f (0), f (6) from the NqetS tInSq¿oco·qÁ GIZw ]coufn[o»m
following function defined by f (−2), f (0), f (6) FÁoe I¾q]oSo·qI.
f = {(−2, 5), (−1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 2), (6, 37)} f = {(−2, 5), (−1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 2), (6, 37)}

Solution: ]coincw:
f (−2) = 5, f (0) = 1, f (6) = 37 f (−2) = 5, f (0) = 1, f (6) = 37

Example 2.11 DZnicWw 2.11

A function f is defined by f (x) = 2x − 5. Write f FÁ GIZ¿ot \o±eN\w

down the values of f (0), f (7) and f (−3). f (x) = 2x − 5 FÁnWm .
F¹o² f (0), f (7), f (−3) FÁoe I¾q]oSo·qI .
Solution:
f (0) = 2 × (0) − 5 = −5 ]coincw:
f (7) = 2 × (7) − 5 = 9 f (0) = 2 × (0) − 5 = −5
f (−3) = 2 × (−3) − 5 = −11 f (7) = 2 × (7) − 5 = 9
f (−3) = 2 × (−3) − 5 = −11

Example 2.12 DZnicWw 2.12

Examine each of the following relations given below NqetS tInSq¿oco·qÁ ¨ucn _áeqw
and state in each case, giving reasons whether it is ]coufn[o»m GIZanuWn FÁm FkqXqI.
a function or not? (i) R = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2)}
(i) R = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2)} (ii) R = {(2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
(ii) R = {(2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
Solution: ]coincw:
(i) Since 2, 3, 4 are the elements of domain of R (i) 2, 3, 4 FÁ AwKº³t·Ènw ¨tcn
having their unique images, this relation is a }]Xo_ow_w an}XanWqÉXm. AXo\n²
function. ¤ _át¿ GIZanbo IW·n·nw .
(ii) Since the same first element 2 corresponds to (ii) 2 FÁ AwK¿o\m HÁod[oIw
two different images (3 and 4), this relation }]Xo_ow_º³ (3 Dw 4 Dw) DÉXo\n²
is not a function. ¤ _áw Hcq GIZaÈ.

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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

2.3 Functions and their Graphs 2.3 GIZºjqw AebqtS }Kn^qw

(i) Identity Function (i) A\\y GIZw (Identity Function)
The function defined by f : R → R, f (x) = x t\ A\\y GIZw
f : R → R, f (x) = x for each x ∈ R FÁnWm eojo·qÁXm.
is called the identity function. Hcq hwJybqtS }]Xo_ow_w AuX
hwJyXtÁbnWm FÁqÉXnWm ¤
In this function, each element of set R has an
GIZ¿ot }]uXyIX.
image on itself.

Domain = R a7dw = R
Range = R cwKw = R
Codomain = R hia7dw = R

(ii) Constant Function (ii) hwJyn GIZw (Constant Function)

The function defined by f : R → R, f (x) = k, (k Hcq Ùoc
f : R → R, f (x) = k where k is a constant hwJy) FÁ cr]¿odqÉ GIZºjnWm
and each x ∈ R is called the constant hwJynGIZº³.
function. FÈn hwJyIjquSbqw }]Xo_ow_w Hcq
ÙochwJy (k) XtÁbnIqÁq FÁqÉXnWm
In this function, all elements of set R has only
¤ GIZ¿ot }]uXyIX.
one image k.
For example, Consider the function DZnicW¿o\m, f : R → R, f (x) = 3, FÁ
f : R → R, f (x) = 3. GIZw ]coKWo·qI. ¤ GIZw A\qhco»m
Here, image of all elements of set R is 3. FÈn hwJyIjquSbqw }]Xo_ow_w 3 BWm.

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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Domain = R a7dw = R
Range = {3} cwKw = {3}
Codomain = R hia7dw = R

(iii) Modulus Function (iii) uIedeod GIZw (Modulus Function)

The function f : R → R defined by f : R → R, f (x) = |x| t\ uIedeod
f (x) = |x| is called modulus function. GIZw FÁq eojo·qÁq. ¤ GIZt¿ NqetS
This can also be written as follows: tInSq¿oco·qÁ cpXobo² anÊo FkqXnw .

−x, x < 0 
−x, x < 0
f (x) = f (x) =
x, x ≥ 0 x, x ≥ 0

Domain = R a7dw = R
Range = [0, ∞) cwKw = [0, ∞)
Codomain = R hia7dw = R
(iv) Signum Function (iv) holw GIZw (Signum Function)
 |x|
The function f: R → R defined by x , x 6= 0
|x| f : R → R, f (x) =
f (x) = x , x 6= 0 0, x = 0
0, x = 0 FÁXot\bnWm holw GIZtaÁm ]lbqÁXm .
is called signum function. ¤ GIZt¿ NqetS tInSq¿oco·qÁ
cpXobo² anÊo FkqXnw.
This can also be written as follows:

 −1, x < 0

 −1, x < 0
f (x) = 0, x = 0 f (x) = 0, x = 0
1, x > 0

1, x > 0


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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Domain = R a7dw = R
Range = {−1, 0, 1} cwKw = {−1, 0, 1}
Codomain = R hia7dw = R

(v) Greatest Integer Function (v) e° ]r±BhwJyn GIZw

The function f : R → R defined by (Greatest Integer Function)
f (x) = [x], x ∈ R f : R → R, f (x) = [x] FÁXnWm
is called greatest integer function. ¤ GIZ¿ot \o±eN\w. x t\·n³
tNlquXn Xqdyuan Bb ]r±BhwJyIjo²
It assumes the value of the greatest integer,
GÊeqw edqXot\bnWm [x] FÁXqtIn¾m
less than or equal to x.
hrNoÃo·qÁXm.

Domain = R
a7dw = R
Range = Z (Set of Integers)
cwKw = Z (]r±BhwJynKWw)
Codomain = R
hia7dw = R

(vi) Polynomial Functions (vi) _iq]Z GIZº³ (Polynomial

Functions)
(a) Consider the function (a) f : R → R, f (x) = x2
f : R → R, f (x) = x2 FÁ GIZw ]coKWo·qI.

Domain = R a7dw = R
Range = [0, ∞) cwKw = [0, ∞)
Codomain = R hia7dw = R

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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

(b) Consider the function (b) f : R → R, f (x) = x3

f : R → R, f (x) = x3 FÁ GIZw ]coKWo·qI.

Domain = R a7dw = R
Range = R cwKw = R
Codomain = R hia7dw = R
(vii) Rational Functions (vii) õoÁI GIZº³ (Rational Functions)
Consider the function f : R → R, f (x) = x1
f : R → R, f (x) = x1 FÁ GIZw ]coKWo·qI.

Domain = R − {0} a7dw = R − {0}

Range = R − {0} cwKw = R − {0}
Codomain = R hia7dw = R

Example 2.13 DZnicWw 2.13

 
 2, x > 0  2, x > 0
Let f (x) = 0, x = 0 f (x) = 0, x = 0 Bbn²
−3, x < 0 −3, x < 0
 

(a) Draw the graph of the function (a) f (x)-t }Kn^m ecbm·qI.
(b) Write domain and range of the function f . (b) f -t tUntabm° , ulÕm FkqXqI.

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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Solution: ]coincw:
(a) (a)

2 f(x)=2 2 f(x)=2

f(x)=0 f(x)=0
f(x)= −3 −3 f(x)= −3 −3

(b) Domain = R, (b) tUntabm° = R,

Range = {2, 0, −3} ulÕm = {2, 0, −3}

Example 2.14 DZnicWw 2.14

Draw the graph of the function f : R → R defined f : R → R ² \o±eNo·týo½qÉ f (x) = |x| FÁ

by f (x) = |x|. ^wKmgt }Kn^m ecbm·qI.
Solution: ]coincw:
Value of x Value of f (x) = |x| x-t eod f (x) = |x|-t eod
0 f (x) = | 0 | = 0 0 f (x) = | 0 | = 0
1 f (x) = | 1 | = 1 1 f (x) = | 1 | = 1
−1 f (x) = | − 1| = 1 −1 f (x) = | − 1| = 1
2 f (x) = | 2 | = 2 2 f (x) = | 2 | = 2
−2 f (x) = | − 2| = 2 −2 f (x) = | − 2| = 2

3 3
2 2
1 1

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3

Example 2.15 DZnicWw 2.15

Draw the graph of the function f : R → R defined f : R → R ² \o±eNo·týo½qÉ f (x) = |x| + 1

by f (x) = |x| + 1. FÁ ^wKmgt }Kn^m ecbm·qI.

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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Solution: ]coincw:
Value of x Value of f (x) = |x| + 1 x-t eod f (x) = |x| + 1-t eod
0 f (x) = | 0 | + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 0 f (x) = | 0 | + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
1 f (x) = | 1 | + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 1 f (x) = | 1 | + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
−1 f (x) = | − 1| + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 −1 f (x) = | − 1| + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
2 f (x) = | 2 | + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 2 f (x) = | 2 | + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
−2 f (x) = | − 2| + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 −2 f (x) = | − 2| + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3

3 3
2 2
1 1

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3

Example 2.16 DZnicWw 2.16

Draw the graph of the function f : R → R defined f : R → R ² \o±eNo·týo½qÉ f (x) = |x − 1|

by f (x) = |x − 1|. FÁ ^wKmgt }Kn^m ecbm·qI.
Solution: ]coincw:
Value of x Value of f (x) = |x − 1| x-t eod f (x) = |x − 1|-t eod
0 f (x) = | 0 − 1| = 1 0 f (x) = | 0 − 1| = 1
1 f (x) = | 1 − 1| = 0 1 f (x) = | 1 − 1| = 0
−1 f (x) = | − 1 − 1| = 2 −1 f (x) = | − 1 − 1| = 2
2 f (x) = | 2 − 1| = 1 2 f (x) = | 2 − 1| = 1
3 f (x) = | 3 − 1| = 2 3 f (x) = | 3 − 1| = 2

3 3
2 2
1 1

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3

GVHSS KADAPPURAM 11
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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Example 2.17 DZnicWw 2.17

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and R is a relation defined A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} BtWÁoco·t½. A bo² \oÁm

from A to A by A boudbm·m \o±eNo·týo½qÉ
R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1} R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1} FÁ loudg°
]coKWo·qI.
(a) Depict this relation using an arrow diagram. (a) R t Bucn Ub}Kw ecbm·qI.
(b) Write the domain of R (b) R t tUntabm° FkqXqI.
Solution: ]coincw:
(a) Form the relation R, y = x + 1 (a) R FÁ _á¿o² \oÁqw, y = x + 1

Value of Value of Whether x, y ∈ A

x-t eod y = x + 1-t eod
x y =x+1 x, y ∈ A BuWn?
1 y =1+1=2 Yes 1 y =1+1=2 AtX
2 y =2+1=3 Yes 2 y =2+1=3 AtX
3 y =3+1=4 Yes 3 y =3+1=4 AtX
4 y =4+1=5 Yes 4 y =4+1=5 AtX
5 y =5+1=6 Yes 5 y =5+1=6 AtX
6 y =6+1=7 No 6 y =6+1=7 AÈ

If both x and y are in A, then (x, y) ∈ R x, y Ce A-botd AwKºjntW¹o², (x, y)

Hence, FÁXm R-td AwKanboco·qw. AXo\n²,
R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)} R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}

(b) Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (b) tUntabm° = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Example 2.18 DZnicWw 2.18

Graph of the function f : R → R is given below: Xntk tInSq¿oco·qÁ }Kn^m f : R → R FÁ

^wKmguÂXnWm.
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 −1
−2 −2

GVHSS KADAPPURAM 12
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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

(a) Write the value of f (2) (a) f (2) -t eod FkqXqI.
(b) Write the range of f (x) (b) f (x) -t ulÕm FkqXqI.
(c) Identify the function and choose the correct (c) ^wKmg° Xoco»lo¼m fcobq¿cw
answer. Xoct¼Sqt¿kqXqI.
(A) |x + 1| (B) |x − 1| (A) |x + 1| (B) |x − 1|
(C) |x| + 1 (B) |x| − 1 (C) |x| + 1 (B) |x| − 1
Solution: ]coincw:
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 f (2) 2 f (2)
1 1

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 −1
x =2 x =2
−2 −2
(a) Value of f (2) = 3 (a) f (2) = 3
(b) Range of f (x) = [1, ∞) (b) ulÕm = [1, ∞)
(c) Given function is |x| + 1. (c) XÁoco·qÁ ^wKmg° |x| + 1 BWm.
Correct answer is Option (C) fcobq¿cw ¨]mg° (C)

Example 2.19 DZnicWw 2.19

Find the domain of the function x2 + 3x + 5

x2 + 3x + 5 f (x) = 2 FÁ GIZ¿ot a>dw
f (x) = 2 x − 5x + 4
x − 5x + 4 I¾q]oSo·qI.
Solution: ]coincw:
Find all values of x such that denominator = 0. uOZw (Uou\naou\ʱ) ]rPyanIqÁ Xc¿o² x tÂ
Consider, x2 − 5x + 4 = 0 eod I¾q]oSo·qI.
Then, AXnbXm, x2 − 5x + 4 = 0 Bbn²
p
−(−5) ± (−5)2 − 4(1)(4)
p
x= −(−5) ± (−5)2 − 4(1)(4)
2(1) x=
√ 2(1)
5± 9 5±3 √
= = 5± 9 5±3
2 2 = =
2 2
5+3 5−3 5+3 5−3
= , = ,
2 2 2 2
= 4, 1 = 4, 1
The function f is defined for all real numbers ¤ eodI³t·nkotI _n·obqÉ FÈn x tÂ
except at x = 4 and x = 1. eodI³·qw f (x) t eod I¾q]oSo·n° Ikobqw .
Hence the domain of f is R − {4, 1}. AXo\n², a>dw = R − {4, 1}

GVHSS KADAPPURAM 13
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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Example 2.20 DZnicWw 2.20

1 1
The domain of the function f (x) = is .......... f (x) = FÁ GIZ¿ot tUntabm°..........
x−1 x−1
(A) {1} (B) R (C) R − {1} (D) R − {0} (A) {1} (B) R (C) R − {1} (D) R − {0}
Solution: ]coincw:
Find all values of x such that denominator = 0. uOZw (Uou\naou\ʱ) ]rPyanIqÁ Xc¿o² x tÂ
Consider, x − 1 = 0 Then, x = 1 eod I¾q]oSo·qI.
The function f is defined for all real numbers AXnbXm, x − 1 = 0 Bbn² x = 1.
except at x = 1. ¤ eodbmt·nkotI _n·obqÉ FÈn x-tÂ
Hence, the domain of f is R − {1}. eodI³·qw f (x) t eod I¾q]oSo·n° Ikobqw .
Correct option is (C). AXo\n², a>dw = R − {1}
fcobq¿cw ¨]mg° (C)

Example 2.21 DZnicWw 2.21

Write the relation R = {(x, x3 ) : x FÁXm 10-u\·³ IqleqÉ

R = {(x, x3 ) : x is a prime number < 10}, AõnPy hwJy},
in roster form. FÁ _á¿ot\ uln$± cr]¿otdkqXqI.
Solution: ]coincw:
Prime numbers < 10 are: 2, 3, 5, 7 10-² IqleqÉ AõnPy hwJyIjnWm : 2, 3, 5, 7

Value of x Value of x3 x-t eod x3 -t eod

2 23 = 8 2 23 = 8
3 33 = 27 3 33 = 27
5 53 = 125 5 53 = 125
7 73 = 343 7 73 = 343

Therefore, R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)} AXo\n², R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)}

Example 2.22 DZnicWw 2.22

Find the domain andpthe range of the real function

p
f (x) = (x − 1) FÁ GIZ¿ot a7deqw
f defined by f (x) = (x − 1). (tUntabm° ), cwKeqw (ulÕm) I¾q]oSo·qI .
Solution:
p ]coincw: p
f (x) = (x − 1) is defined for all (x − 1) ≥ 0. f (x) = (x − 1) FÁ GIZ¿ot eodI³
That is, for x ≥ 1. I¾q]oSo·Wta¹o² (x − 1)-t eod ]rPyuan
Hence, domain of f is [1, ∞) AXo² IrSqXudn Bboco·Ww.
As √ x ≥ 1, we have x − 1 ≥ 0 AXnbXm, (x − 1) ≥ 0.
or x − 1 ≥ 0 Atȹo² x ≥ 1.
or f (x) ≥ 0 AXqtIn¾m, f -t tUntabm° = [1, ∞)
√
Therefore the range of f is the set of all real (x − 1) ≥ 0 =⇒ x − 1 ≥ 0 =⇒ f (x) ≥ 0.
numbers greater than or equal to 0 AXqtIn¾m, f -t ulÕm = [0, ∞)
i.e., the range of f = [0, ∞)

GVHSS KADAPPURAM 14
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Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

Example 2.23 DZnicWw 2.23

Find the domain andpthe range of the real function

p
f (x) = (9 − x2 ) FÁ GIZ¿ot a7deqw
f defined by f (x) = (9 − x2 ). (tUntabm° ), cwKeqw (ulÕm) I¾q]oSo·qI .
Solution:
p ]coincw: p
f (x) = (9 − x2 ) is defined for all (9 − x2 ) ≥ 0. f (x) = (9 − x2 ) FÁ GIZ¿ot eodI³
That is, 9 ≥ x2 I¾q]oSo·Wta¹o² (9 − x2 ))-t eod ]rPyuan
That is, x2 ≤ 9 =⇒ −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 AXo² IrSqXudn Bboco·Ww.
Hence, domain of f is [−3, 3] AXnbXm, (9 − x2 ) ≥ 0.
Atȹo² 9 ≥ x2 =⇒ x2 ≤ 9 =⇒ −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
As x ∈ [−3, 3], f (x) ∈ [0, 3] AXqtIn¾m, f -t tUntabm° = [−3, 3]
Therefore the range of f = [0, 3] x ∈ [−3, 3] =⇒ f (x) ∈ [0, 3]
AXqtIn¾m, f -t ulÕm = [0, 3]

2.4 Algebra of Real Functions 2.4 ucJpb GIZºjqtS _pPKWoXw

Let f : A → R and g : A → R be any two real f : A → R, g : A → R FÁoe c¾q ucJpb
functions. Then, GIZºjnbn²
(i) (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x), x ∈ A (i) (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x), x ∈ A
(ii) (f − g)(x) = f (x) − g(x), x ∈ A (ii) (f − g)(x) = f (x) − g(x), x ∈ A
(iii) (kf )(x) = cf (x), x ∈ A, k (a real number) (iii) (kf )(x) = cf (x), x ∈ A, k (Hcq ucJpb
hwJy)
(iv) (f g)(x) = f (x) × g(x), x ∈ A
  (iv) (f g)(x) = f (x) × g(x), x ∈ A
(v) fg (x) = fg(x)
(x)
, x ∈ A, g =
6 0  
(v) fg (x) = fg(x)
(x)
, x ∈ A, g =
6 0

Example 2.24 DZnicWw 2.24

Let f (x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x + 1 be two real f (x) = x2 , g(x) = 2x + 1 FÁoe c¾q ucJpb
functions. Find,   GIZº³
  Bbn² (f + g)(x), (f − g)(x), (f g)(x),
f
(f + g)(x), (f − g)(x), (f g)(x), fg (x) g (x) FÁoe InWqI.

Solution: ]coincw:
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1
(f − g)(x) = f (x) − g(x) = x2 − (2x + 1) (f − g)(x) = f (x) − g(x) = x2 − (2x + 1)
(f g)(x) = f (x) × g(x) = x2 (2x + 1) (f g)(x) = f (x) × g(x) = x2 (2x + 1)
x2
 
x2 f f (x)
 
f f (x)
(x) = = , 2x + 1 6= 0 (x) = = , 2x + 1 6= 0
g g(x) 2x + 1 g g(x) 2x + 1

GVHSS KADAPPURAM 15