Presented by Harshit Ojha

Science And Society

Introduction
cience is the greatest collective endeavour. It contributes to ensuring a
longer and healthier life, monitors our health, provides medicine to cure
our diseases, alleviates aches and pains, helps us to provide water for
our basic needs - including our food, provides energy and makes life more fun,
including sports, music, entertainment and the latest communication
technology. Last but not least, it nourishes our spirit

• Though modern science is of relatively recent origin in human history, it has

made very rapid progress and transformed outwardly the manner of our
living. It is said that our life outwardly has changed more in the last one
hundred years than it did earlier in thousands of years. And this is largely
because of the scientific knowledge accumulated over the last three
centuries, and its application in the form of technology. The impact of
science on society is very visible; and the results of progress in agriculture,
medicine and health care, telecommunications, transportation,
computerisation and so on, are part of our daily living

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 Presented by Harshit Ojha
• Despite this progress in science, and the consequent development of
technology and industry, with the attendant comforts as well as power, in no
part of the world are human beings happy and at peace with themselves,
living without violence. It was hoped that the development of science would
usher in an era of peace and prosperity, but that has been belied. On the
contrary, if we look at the level of violence throughout the world during
successive ten-year periods since 1900, in every decade, in every country,
the crime-graph continues to go up. What we see on the one hand is greater
economic prosperity, but on the the other, greater violence, sorrow, anxiety
along with acute ecological imbalances and new diseases.

• Science must respond to societal needs and global challenges. Public

understanding and engagement with science, and citizen participation
including through the popularisation of science are essential to equip citizens
to make informed personal and professional choices. Governments need to
make decisions based on quality scientific information on issues such as
health and agriculture, and parliaments need to legislate on societal issues
which necessitate the latest scientific knowledge. National governments
need to understand the science behind major global challenges such as
climate change, ocean health, biodiversity loss and freshwater security

• To face sustainable development challenges, governments and citizens alike

must understand the language of science and must become scientifically
literate. On the other hand, scientists must understand the problems policy-
makers face and endeavour to make the results of their research relevant and
comprehensible to

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 Presented by Harshit Ojha

mproved Our Living Standard - Science has made our living standard to
raise from a normal level to a luxurious one. Today we have been provided
with a lot of facilities. Earlier there were limited means of transportation and
today we have a bike or car in every house. The time of radio has been
transformed by televisions, home theatres, laptops, mobiles, etc.

• Involved in Our Daily Routines - The use of television, geysers, refrigerators,

fan, telephone, gas stove, etc. are brought into the use of human beings
which are incredible discoveries of science. Without these technologies, we
cannot imagine our life. They have become our necessities

• Facilitated Communication - People can easily send messages and emails.

The technology has enhanced in such a way that a person sitting in one
country can easily contact people in other countries. This also has been a
boon for trade and businesses which in turn helps in boosting the economy
of the nation.

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 Presented by Harshit Ojha
• Aid in Learning and Teaching - The science era has brought various changes.
There are smart classes instead of a board, chalk, and duster. The distance
learning program is an aid for the students of remote areas who are unable to
Access

• Useful in Medical Science and Treatment - There are cures and medicines
available for different incurable diseases. Different machines are developed
for diagnosing various diseases that could not be easily diagnosed earlier.
Science has made such things possible that were considered impossible at a
time. It is because of science that there are medicines and cures available for
chronic diseases

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 Presented by Harshit Ojha

Science, As A Social
Enterprise
cience is inherently a social enterprise-in sharp contrast to a popular
stereotype of science as a lonely, isolated search for the truth. With few
exceptions, scientific research cannot be done without drawing on the
work of others or collaborating with others. It inevitably takes place within a
broad social and historical context, which gives substance, direction, and
ultimately meaning to the work of individual scientists, uses accepted
principles of ethics and conduct

• The object of research is to extend human knowledge of the physical,

biological, or social world beyond what is already known. But an individual's
knowledge properly enters the domain of science only after it is presented to
others in such a fashion that they can independently judge its validity. This
process occurs in many different ways. Researchers talk to their colleagues
and supervisors in laboratories, in hallways,
and over the telephone. They trade data
and speculations over computer networks.
They give presentations at seminars and
conferences. They write up their results and
send them to scientific journals, which in
turn send the papers to be scrutinised by
reviewers. After a paper is published or a
finding is presented, it is judged by other
scientists in the context of what they
already know from other sources.
Throughout this continuum of discussion
and deliberation the ideas of individuals are
collectively judged, sorted, and selectively
incorporated into the consensual but ever
evolving scientific worldview. In the process, individual knowledge is
gradually converted into generally accepted "SOCIAL" knowledge

• Science is organised into content disciplines for specialisation, yet the there
are many new integrated fields (ex. Oceanography

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Science: A Bane to
society
ue to various scientific inventions, the jungle tracts has been destroyed
thus creating harm to the ecological balance.Today though the vehicles
have reduced the distance for us, the pollution it causes cannot be
overlooked.Has lessened the amount of physical exercises there by increasing
several ailments and posture diseases, as well as addiction to social Media.

• Environmental Degradation - The gaseous pollutants like smoke, dust, NOx,

SOX, generated from industrial areas and vehicles, effluents discharged from
the factories are posing a great threat to our
environment. They are degrading the quality of air,
water, soil. These developed inventions are a gift
of science but are totally a curse if they are
causing harm to our environment. Many lost their
lives in the leakage of Chernobyl Nuclear power
plant and due to the Methyl Iso cyanate (MIC) gas
leakage in Bhopal a few years back. This was due
to the so the Disasters.atom bomb was also the
invention of science called scientific
advancements. This is because of human failure to
anticipate.

•Development of Life Ending Weapons - Science

and its technologies utilized in a negative way can
create biological weapons that can cause the
destruction of the whole world. Technologies can
also be used to develop modern weapons that may
be dangerous for human existence. The atom
bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during
World War 2 has its devastating effects existing till
date

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 Presented by Harshit Ojha

cience and
scientific spirit

he nature of science refers to the underlying tendencies and unspoken

assumptions that guide the action of scientists, as individuals and as
part of a larger cultural group, in shaping the knowledge that science
produces. Scientific inquiry refers to actions involved in scientists' pursuit of
knowledge. The ultimate purpose of science is to understand and explain the
physical world using empirical methods. Empirical Methods-means knowledge
is grounded in observations and experimentation and not opinions and
sensations

• Spirit of science is one of the limportant components of science education

theory it not only directly affects the level of science education, but also
indirectly affects the selection, education and evaluation of solentric
researchers, and the development of science and technology in a country
region. Although more than a century noo, the researchers began to discuss
the topic of spint of sclerite, however, to date, the research of the definition,
attribute, structural model and its characteristics of the spint of science has
not yet made a breakthrough. Based on the detailed literature review, the
related theoretical analysis and the research of the structural model of the
scientific spirit, this s paper puts forward the new definition, the attribute and
the establishment of the structural model of the spirit of science, and
analyses the match the situation from new structural model of the spint of
science and the scientific nature published by the American Society for the
Advancement of Science in fields such as Artificial Intelligence(Al). The
results of this study are of great significance for raising the level of scientific
education and cultivating future scientific researchers, enhancing their
motivation.

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 Presented by Harshit Ojha

Conclusion
cience and society are deeply interconnected, with each influencing the
other in profound ways. Throughout history, scientific advancements
have reshaped societies by driving technological progress, improving
healthcare, enhancing communication, and providing solutions to complex
challenges. The innovations that science brings not only improve the quality of
life but also transform the economic, social, and political landscapes. For
example, breakthroughs in medicine, such as vaccines and antibiotics, have
drastically reduced mortality rates and increased life expectancy. Similarly,
technological advancements, from the industrial revolution to the digital age,
have revolutionised industries, altered labor markets, and shaped global
economies.However, the relationship between science and society is not one-
directional. Society plays a crucial role in shaping scientific research by
influencing the priorities, ethics, and funding of scientific endeavours. Public
opinion, political decisions, and cultural values often dictate which areas of
science receive attention and resources. For instance, societies with a strong
emphasis on sustainability have pushed for scientific research in renewable
energy, climate change, and conservation efforts. Similarly, the ethical
concerns raised by society, such as those surrounding genetic modification or
artificial intelligence, often shape the boundaries of scientific
exploration.Moreover, science and society must navigate complex challenges
together, such as climate change, public health crises, and the ethical
dilemmas posed by emerging technologies. These challenges require
collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and the public to ensure that
scientific advancements align with societal values and contribute to the greater
good. Public understanding of science is crucial in this regard, as an informed
society is better equipped to engage with and support responsible scientific
progress. Initiatives to improve science education, promote scientific literacy,
and foster dialogue between scientists and the public are essential for
maintaining this balance.In conclusion, the relationship between science and
society is one of mutual influence and interdependence. While science has the
power to transform societies, it is society that guides the direction of scientific
inquiry and ensures that its benefits are equitably shared. By fostering a
collaborative and ethical approach to scientific advancement, societies can
harness the power of science to address global challenges and improve
human well-being. The future of this relationship will depend on continued
efforts to align scientific progress with the needs and values of society,
ensuring that both evolve in harmony.

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 Presented by Harshit Ojha

Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project, many people have
provided me with heart pledged support and I want to
thank all the people who have been concerned with this
project. I would like to thank my Physics teacher
Shekhar Jha Sir me to complete the project.

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 Presented by Harshit Ojha

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Siliguri

Certificate
This is to certify that the GS Project on Science And Society
has been submitted by the candidate Harshit Ojha for class
12 in the year 2024. It is further certified that this project is
the individual work of the candidate.

Teacher in-charge
signature: date:

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