Taylor Browne-Fandal

Dr.Harris

SMAT 103

09/14/2024

Unit 1C Quiz 1-10 (odd):

1. The three dots (...) represent:

- Answer: The other 46 states of the United States.

Explanation: The dots represent the rest of the U.S. states not explicitly mentioned.

3. Based on the Venn diagram, we conclude that:

- Answer: C is a subset of D.

Explanation: If all of C’s elements are within D, then C is a subset of D.

5. Suppose A represents the set of all apples, and B represents the set of all fruit. The

correct Venn diagram is:

- Answer: A is a subset of B.

Explanation: All apples are fruits, so the Venn diagram would show A completely inside B.

7. In the Venn diagram with an X, the X tells us that:

- Answer: Some working mothers are business executives.

Explanation: If the X is in the overlapping region, it indicates some working mothers are

also business executives.

9. The central region of the Venn diagram represents people who are:

- Answer: Male and Republican and athletes.

Explanation: The center of a Venn diagram with three sets (male, Republican, athlete)

represents individuals who are in all three groups.

Exercises 1C:

1. Set: A set is a collection of distinct objects, listed using braces `{ }`. For example, `{1, 2,

3}`.

2. Venn Diagram: A diagram that shows relationships between sets using overlapping

circles.

- Subset: One circle inside another.

- Disjoint Sets: Circles do not overlap.

- Overlapping Sets: Circles partially overlap.

3. Four Standard Categorical Propositions:

- A (Universal Affirmative): All S are P.

Example: "All dogs are mammals."

Venn Diagram: Circle S inside Circle P.

- E (Universal Negative): No S are P.

Example: "No cats are dogs."

Venn Diagram: No overlap between Circle S and Circle P.

- I (Particular Affirmative): Some S are P.

Example: "Some birds are pets."

Venn Diagram: Partial overlap between Circle S and Circle P.

- O (Particular Negative): Some S are not P.

Example: "Some cars are not electric."

Venn Diagram: Circle S partly outside Circle P.

4. Standard Form: To put a categorical proposition into standard form, rewrite it using clear

"All," "No," or "Some" statements. For example, "Every dog is friendly" becomes "All dogs

are friendly animals."

5. Three Overlapping Sets: Draw three circles that overlap in different areas. This shows all

possible intersections between the sets. You can display:

- Elements in all three sets (center overlap),

- Elements in two sets (two-way overlap),

- Elements unique to one set (non-overlapping parts).

6. Reading a Table and Venn Diagram: A table like Table 1.1 shows relationships between

sets and their elements. To convert it into a Venn diagram, you place the data (which

elements belong to which sets) into the appropriate overlapping or non-overlapping areas

of the circles.

DOES IT MAKE SENSE?

7. The people who live in Chicago form a subset of those who rent apartments in Chicago.

- Answer: False. Not all people who live in Chicago rent apartments. Many people own

homes, so the set of people who live in Chicago is not a subset of those who rent.

8. All jabbers are wocks, so there must be no wocks that are not jabbers.

- Answer: True. If all jabbers are wocks, that means the set of jabbers is a subset of wocks,

and there are no wocks outside of being jabbers.

9. I counted an irrational number of students in my statistics class.

- Answer: False. You cannot count an irrational number of students because the number

of students must be a whole number.

10. I surveyed my class to find out whether students rode a bike on campus or not. Then I
made a Venn diagram with one circle (inside a rectangle) to summarize the results.

- Answer: True. A Venn diagram with one circle inside a rectangle can represent those

who ride a bike (inside the circle) and those who don’t (outside the circle).

11. My professor asked me to draw a Venn diagram for a categorical proposition, but I

couldn't do it because the proposition was clearly false.

- Answer: False. You can still draw a Venn diagram for a false proposition. It can show

empty or disjoint sets, for instance.

12. I used a Venn diagram with three circles to show how many students on campus are

vegetarians, Republicans, and/or women.

- Answer: True. A three-circle Venn diagram is suitable for representing relationships

among three groups.

BASIC SKILLS & CONCEPTS

Classifying Numbers: 13-28

13. 888

- Answer: Natural number

Explanation: It's a positive whole number.

14. -23

- Answer: Integer

Explanation: It’s a negative whole number, which falls under integers.

15. 3/4

- Answer: Rational number

Explanation: It is a fraction and can be expressed as the ratio of two integers.

16. -0.5
- Answer: Rational number

Explanation: It’s a decimal that can be expressed as a fraction (−1/2).

17. 3.414

- Answer: Real number

Explanation: It’s a decimal number, which is part of real numbers.

18. 0

- Answer: Whole number

Explanation: 0 is a whole number, as it is not positive or negative.

19. π (pi)

- Answer: Irrational number

Explanation: Pi is a non-repeating, non-terminating decimal, so it’s irrational.

20. √2

- Answer: Irrational number

Explanation: The square root of 2 is a non-repeating, non-terminating decimal.

21. -45.12

- Answer: Real number

Explanation: It’s a decimal number, so it fits into the real numbers.

22. √98

- Answer: Irrational number

Explanation: The square root of 98 cannot be expressed as a fraction.

23. 0/4

- Answer: Rational number

Explanation: 0 divided by any number is 0, which is a rational number.

24. -34/19.2

- Answer: Real number

Explanation: Since it's a decimal, it's part of the real numbers.

25. -123/79

- Answer: Rational number

Explanation: It’s a fraction, so it's rational.

26. -923.66

- Answer: Real number

Explanation: It's a decimal number, which is part of real numbers.

27. π/129

- Answer: Irrational number

Explanation: Pi is irrational, so dividing it by a number won’t make it rational.

28. 93,145,095

- Answer: Natural number

Explanation: It’s a positive whole number, so it's part of the natural numbers.

Set Notation: 29-36

29. The dates of July

- Answer: {1, 2, 3, ..., 31}

Explanation: July has 31 days, so the set includes all numbers from 1 to 31.

30. The odd numbers between and including 23 and 35

- Answer: {23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35}

31. The states that share a border with Mississippi

- Answer: {Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee}

32. Every third number between 6 and 25, beginning with 6

- Answer: {6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24}

33. The perfect squares between 10 and 40

- Answer: {16, 25, 36}

Explanation: The squares of 4, 5, and 6 are between 10 and 40.

34. The states that begin with the letter K

- Answer: {Kansas, Kentucky}

35. Even numbers between 2 and 35 that are multiples of 3

- Answer: {6, 12, 18, 24, 30}

Explanation: These numbers are even and divisible by 3.

36. The vowels of the English alphabet

- Answer: {A, E, I, O, U}

Venn Diagrams for Two Sets: 44

- Teachers and women: The two circles would overlap, since some teachers are women but

not all.

- Cage fighters and red-headed people: The circles might have very little overlap, as there is

no necessary connection between being a cage fighter and having red hair.

- Shirts and clothing: Shirts are a subset of clothing, so one circle (shirts) would be

completely inside the other (clothing).

- Airliners and automobiles: These would be disjoint sets, as airliners and automobiles

don’t overlap.

- Poets and plumbers: These circles might overlap slightly, as some poets may also be
plumbers, but they are mostly separate.

Venn Diagrams for Two Sets: 42-43

42. Women and American presidents

- Explanation: The two sets do not overlap, as there have been no women who have

served as American presidents.

- Venn Diagram: Two separate circles (no overlap).

43. Teenagers and octogenarians

- Explanation: These are disjoint sets because a person cannot be both a teenager and an

octogenarian (someone in their 80s).

- Venn Diagram: Two separate circles (no overlap).

44. Novels and mysteries

- Explanation: Some novels are mysteries, but not all novels are mysteries, and not all

mysteries are novels (e.g., short stories).

- Venn Diagram: Two circles with some overlap.

Categorical Propositions: 52

For each categorical proposition, I will:

1. Rephrase the statement in standard form.

2. State the subject and predicate sets.

3. Draw a Venn diagram.

4. Answer the question based on the diagram.

1. All kings are men.

- Standard form: All kings are men.

- Subject: Kings

- Predicate: Men

- Venn Diagram: Two circles with the "kings" circle completely inside the "men" circle.

- Question: Can you conclude that some men are not kings?

- Answer: Yes. Based on the Venn diagram, most men are outside the set of kings.

2. No carrots are fruit.

- Standard form: No carrots are fruit.

- Subject: Carrots

- Predicate: Fruit

- Venn Diagram: Two separate circles (no overlap between carrots and fruit).

- Question: Is it possible that some carrots are fruit?

- Answer: No, the diagram shows that no carrots are fruit.

3. Some surgeons are fishermen.

- Standard form: Some surgeons are fishermen.

- Subject: Surgeons

- Predicate: Fishermen

- Venn Diagram: Two circles with some overlap between surgeons and fishermen.

- Question: Can you conclude that some fishermen are not surgeons?

- Answer: Yes. Based on the Venn diagram, some fishermen exist outside the set of

surgeons.

4. Every fish can swim.

- Standard form: All fish are swimmers.

- Subject: Fish
- Predicate: Swimmers

- Venn Diagram: The "fish" circle is completely inside the "swimmers" circle.

- Question: Can you conclude that some swimmers are not fish?

- Answer: Yes, some swimmers are outside the set of fish.

5. Monks don't swear.

- Standard form: No monks are swearers.

- Subject: Monks

- Predicate: Swearers

- Venn Diagram: Two separate circles (no overlap between monks and swearers).

- Question: Is it possible that some swearers are monks?

- Answer: No, the diagram shows that no monks swear.

6. Some days are Tuesdays.

- Standard form: Some days are Tuesdays.

- Subject: Days

- Predicate: Tuesdays

- Venn Diagram: Two circles with some overlap between days and Tuesdays.

- Question: Can you conclude that some days are not Tuesdays?

- Answer: Yes, most days are not Tuesdays.

7. Some sharpshooters are not men.

- Standard form: Some sharpshooters are not men.

- Subject: Sharpshooters

- Predicate: Men

- Venn Diagram: Two circles with some sharpshooters outside the "men" circle.
- Question: Is it possible that at least one sharpshooter is a man?

- Answer: Yes, some sharpshooters could be men, based on the overlap in the Venn

diagram.

8. Some shortstops are blonds.

- Standard form: Some shortstops are blonds.

- Subject: Shortstops

- Predicate: Blonds

- Venn Diagram: Two circles with some overlap between shortstops and blonds.

- Question: Can you conclude that there are red-headed shortstops?

- Answer: No, the diagram does not provide any information about red-headed

shortstops.

Venn Diagrams for Three Sets: 53-58

53. Women, Republicans, and chefs

- Explanation: The Venn diagram will have three overlapping circles. Some individuals may

be in all three sets, some in only two, and others in just one.

- Description: Each region will represent:

- Women who are chefs, Republicans, or both.

- Republicans who are chefs or women.

- Chefs who are women or Republicans.

- The center represents individuals who are women, Republicans, and chefs.

54. Hockey players, figure skaters, and men

- Explanation: Three overlapping circles, some individuals may fall into all three sets or

just one or two.

- Description: The diagram will show:

- Men who are hockey players, figure skaters, or both.

- Figure skaters who are men or hockey players.

- Hockey players who are men or figure skaters.

55. Poets, playwrights, painters

- Explanation: Three overlapping circles representing those who are poets, playwrights,

and painters.

- Description: It will show:

- Poets who are playwrights or painters.

- Playwrights who are poets or painters.

- Painters who are poets or playwrights.

- The center represents people who are all three.

56. Oceans, bodies of saltwater, and bodies of freshwater

- Explanation: Oceans are a subset of bodies of saltwater, and bodies of saltwater and

freshwater are disjoint sets.

- Description: The "oceans" circle will be inside the "bodies of saltwater" circle, and the

"bodies of freshwater" circle will be disjoint from both.

57. Words that begin with "t," nouns, and words with fewer than 5 letters

- Explanation: Three overlapping sets representing these categories.

- Description: The diagram will show:

- Words beginning with "t" that are nouns or have fewer than 5 letters.

- Nouns that start with "t" or have fewer than 5 letters.

- Words with fewer than 5 letters that start with "t" or are nouns.
58. Teachers, swimmers, and tall people

- Explanation: Three overlapping circles representing teachers, swimmers, and tall

people.

- Description: It will show:

- Teachers who are swimmers or tall.

- Swimmers who are teachers or tall.

- Tall people who are swimmers or teachers.

Two-Way Tables: 59-60

59. Handedness: Men and Women

- Explanation: Create a two-way table based on the given percentages.

- Solution:

| | Left-Handed | Right-Handed | Total |

|------------------|----------------|-----------------|-----------|

| Men | 18 (12% of 150) | 132 (88% of 150) | 150 |

| Women | 18 (9% of 200) | 182 (91% of 200) | 200 |

| Total | 36 | 314 | 350 |

60. 2016 Presidential Election Voting Data

- Explanation: Create a two-way table based on the exit polls for white and black women

and men.

- Solution:

| | Trump Vote | Other Vote | Total |

|------------------|----------------|----------------|-----------|

| White Women | 32% | 68% | 100% |

| Black Women | 4% | 96% | 100% |

| White Men | 62% | 38% | 100% |

| Black Men | 13% | 87% | 100% |

Unit 2A:

Quick Quiz 2A: 1-10 (odd)

1. b: Divide a distance by a time.

2. a: Divided by.

3. b: Multiplied by.

4. a: Divide the price of gas by the car’s gas mileage.

5. b: A square 3 miles on a side.

6. c: Feet³.

7. c: 1760^3 yards³.

8. c: 144 square inches.

9. The price is most likely to be quoted in:

• a: Euros per kilogram.

10. If the current exchange rate is $1.058 per euro, then:

• b: 1 euro is worth more than $1.

Exercises 2A: 13-18 (all a, b, c), 27-66 (Multiples of 3)

13

1. 3/4x1/2 = ⅜

2. 2/3x3/5 = 6/15 = ⅖

3. 1/2+3/2 = 4/2 = 2

4. 2/3+⅙ = 4/6 + ⅙=⅚

5. 2/3x1/4 = 2/12 = ⅙

6. 1/4+⅜ = 2/8 + ⅜ = ⅝

7. 5/8-¼ = ⅝ - 2/8 = ⅜

8. 3/2x2/3 = 6/6 = 1

14

1. 1/3 + 1/5 = 8/15

15

16

17

2. 10/3 x 3/7 = 10/7

3. ¾ - 1/8 = 5/8

4. 1/2+2/3+3/4= ¼

5. 6/5+4/15= 1 7/15

6. 3/5x2/7= 6/35

7. 1/3+13/6= 2 ½

8. 3/5x10/3x3/2= 3

1. 3.5=7/2

2. 0.3=3/10

3. 0.05=5/100

4. 4.1= 41/10

5. 2.15= 43/20

6. 0.35= 7/20

7. 0.98= 49/50
8. 4.01= 401/100

1. 2.75= 11.4

2. 0.45= 9/20

3. 0.005= 1/200

4. 1.16=29/25

5. 6.5=13/2

6. 4.123=4123/1000

7. 0.0003=3/10000

8. 0.034=17/500

1. ¼=0.25

2. 3/8=0.375

3. 2/3=0.667

4. 3/5=0.6

5. 13/2=6.5

6. 23/6=3.833

7. 103/50=2.06

8. 42/26=1.615

18

1. 1/5=0.2

2. 4/9=0.444

3. 4/11=0.364

4. 12/7=1.714

5. 28/9=3.111
6. 56/11=5.091

7. 102/49=2.082

8. 15/4=3.75

27-32

1. Average speed on a bike ride:

• Mathematically: \frac{\text{miles}}{\text{hours}}

• In words: miles per hour

2. Per mile price of an airline ticket:

• Mathematically: \frac{\text{dollars}}{\text{miles}}

• In words: dollars per mile

3. Flow rate of a showerhead:

• Mathematically: \frac{\text{cubic inches}}{\text{seconds}}

• In words: cubic inches per second

4. Price of a bottle of French perfume:

• Mathematically: \text{euros}

• In words: euros (since multiplying euros per milliliter by milliliters gives the

total price in euros)

5. Cost of a car trip:

• Mathematically: \frac{\text{dollars}}{\text{mile}}

• In words: dollars per mile

6. Number of bagels produced by a bakery:

• Mathematically: \text{bagels}

• In words: bagels (since the production rate in bagels per baker per hour is
multiplied by the number of bakers and hours)

33-40

1. Total cost of 1.2 cubic yards of soil at $24 per cubic yard

• Solve: Multiply the cost per cubic yard by the number of cubic yards.

24 \times 1.2 = 28.8

• Explain: You are purchasing 1.2 cubic yards of soil at $24 per cubic yard. To

find the total cost, multiply the price per unit by the quantity.

• Process: Multiply $24 by 1.2, resulting in $28.80.

2. Time to fill a 400-gallon hot tub with a hose filling at 4.5 gallons per minute

• Solve: Divide the total volume of the hot tub by the flow rate.

\frac{400}{4.5} = 88.89 minutes.

• Explain: To determine how long it takes to fill the tub, divide the total number

of gallons by the number of gallons the hose fills per minute.

• Process: Perform the division, yielding about 88.9 minutes.

3. Cost for 2.5 ounces of gold at $1,200 per ounce

• Solve: Multiply the cost per ounce by the number of ounces.

1200 \times 2.5 = 3000

• Explain: You are buying 2.5 ounces of gold, each priced at $1,200 per ounce.

Multiply the price by the quantity to get the total cost.

• Process: Multiply 2.5 ounces by $1,200 to get $3,000.

4. Monthly earnings working 24 8-hour days at $10.30 per hour

• Solve: Multiply the hourly wage by the total number of hours worked in the

month.
10.30 \times (24 \times 8) = 10.30 \times 192 = 1,977.60

• Explain: To find your monthly earnings, multiply the hourly wage by the total

hours worked in the month (24 days × 8 hours per day).

• Process: Multiply 10.30 by 192 to get $1,977.60.

5. Mortality rate from cancer in 2016 (595,700 deaths in a population of 321 million) in units

of deaths per 100,000 people

• Solve: Set up a proportion to find the number of deaths per 100,000 people.

\frac{595,700}{321,000,000} \times 100,000 = 185.6 deaths per 100,000 people.

• Explain: To calculate the mortality rate, divide the number of deaths by the

total population, then multiply by 100,000 to express it per 100,000 people.

• Process: Divide 595,700 by 321 million, then multiply by 100,000, resulting in

185.6 deaths per 100,000 people.

6. Population density of Manila (1.8 million people in 16.6 square miles)

• Solve: Divide the population by the area.

\frac{1,800,000}{16.6} = 108,433.73 people per square mile.

• Explain: Population density is found by dividing the total population by the

total area in square miles.

• Process: Perform the division, resulting in about 108,433 people per square

mile.

7. Cost to drive 30 miles if gas is $2.55 per gallon and your car gets 32 miles per gallon

• Solve: Divide the distance by the miles per gallon, then multiply by the price

per gallon.

\frac{30}{32} \times 2.55 = 0.9375 \times 2.55 = 2.39

• Explain: To find the cost, divide the miles driven by the car’s fuel efficiency to

get the number of gallons needed, then multiply by the price per gallon.

• Process: Multiply 0.9375 gallons by $2.55, yielding $2.39.

8. Salary per game for a pitcher with a 7-year contract averaging $30.7 million annually,

assuming 30 games per season

• Solve: Divide the annual salary by the number of games played in a season.

\frac{30,700,000}{30} = 1,023,333.33 per game.

• Explain: To find how much the pitcher earns per game, divide the annual

salary by the number of games played in a season.

• Process: Perform the division, resulting in about $1,023,333 per game.

41-44

1. Candy Store Problem

Student solution:

0.11 \div 7.70 = 0.014

“It will cost 0.014 cents.”

Note:

The student’s solution is incorrect because they divided the weight by the price per pound,

which is not how you calculate the total cost. You should multiply the weight by the price

per pound to find the cost.

Correct solution:

0.11 \times 7.70 = 0.847

To the nearest cent, the cost is $0.85.

2. Bike Riding Problem

Student solution:

5 \div 3 = 1.7

“I ride 1.7 miles.”

Note:

The student’s solution is incorrect because they divided the speed by the time, when they

should have multiplied the speed by the time to calculate the distance traveled.

Correct solution:

5 \times 3 = 15

You will ride 15 miles in 3 hours.

3. Flour Price Comparison Problem

Student solution:

“The price of the large bag is 50 divided by $11, equaling $4.55 per pound, which is much

more than the 39 cents per pound for the small bag.”

Note:

The student’s solution is incorrect because they reversed the division. To find the price per

pound, divide the total cost by the weight.

Correct solution:

For the large bag:

\frac{11}{50} = 0.22 per pound.

For the small bag:

The small bag costs 0.39 per pound.

The large bag is cheaper, costing 22 cents per pound, compared to 39 cents per pound for

the small bag.

4. Coke Calories Problem

Student solution:

“1,500 times 140 equals 210,000. You will have to drink 210,000 Cokes to meet your daily

calorie need.”

Note:

The student’s solution is incorrect because they multiplied the daily calorie need by the

calories per Coke instead of dividing. You need to divide the total daily calorie requirement

by the number of calories per Coke to find how many Cokes are needed.

Correct solution:

\frac{1,500}{140} \approx 10.71

You would need to drink about 11 Cokes to meet your daily calorie need.

45-52

1. Convert 32 feet to inches

• Conversion factor: 1 foot = 12 inches

• 32 \times 12 = 384 inches

2. Convert 16 feet to yards

• Conversion factor: 1 yard = 3 feet

• \frac{16}{3} = 5.33 yards

3. Convert 35 minutes to seconds

• Conversion factor: 1 minute = 60 seconds

• 35 \times 60 = 2,100 seconds

4. Convert 17 years to days (neglecting leap years)

• Conversion factor: 1 year = 365 days (without leap years)

• 17 \times 365 = 6,205 days

5. Convert 4.2 hours to seconds

• Conversion factors: 1 hour = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds

• 4.2 \times 60 \times 60 = 15,120 seconds

1. Conversion factor:

1 hour = 3,600 seconds.

2. Calculation:

\frac{17,200 \text{ miles per hour}}{3,600 \text{ seconds per hour}} = 4.78 \text{ miles per

second}

The Space Station’s orbital speed is 4.78 miles per second.

7. Convert 4 years to hours (neglecting leap years)

1 year = 365 days (neglecting leap years)

1 day = 24 hours

Calculation:

4 \times 365 \times 24 = 35,040 \text{ hours}

So, 4 years is 35,040 hours.

8. Convert 45,789 inches to miles

Given:

1 mile = 1760 yards

1 yard = 3 feet

1 foot = 12 inches

Step-by-step conversion:

1. Convert inches to feet:

\frac{45,789}{12} = 3,815.75 \text{ feet}

2. Convert feet to yards:

\frac{3,815.75}{3} = 1,271.92 \text{ yards}

3. Convert yards to miles:

\frac{1,271.92}{1,760} = 0.723 \text{ miles}

So, 45,789 inches is approximately 0.723 miles.

53-66

53. Conversion factor between square feet and square inches:

• 1 square foot = 144 square inches.

54. Area of a yard (20 yards by 12 yards):

• Area = 2,160 square feet.

55. Area of a 3.5-acre lot in square feet:

• Area = 152,460 square feet.

56. Area of a football field (100 yards by 60 yards):

• Area = 54,000 square feet.

57. Conversion factor between cubic meters and cubic centimeters:

• 1 cubic meter = 1,000,000 cubic centimeters.

58. Cubic yards of concrete for sidewalk (4 ft wide, 150 ft long, 0.5 ft deep):

• Volume = 11.11 cubic yards.

59. Air circulated per minute in cubic yards:

• Volume = 12.96 cubic yards.

60. Water circulated by a hot tub pump in cubic inches:

• Volume = 6,048 cubic inches.

61. Dinner cost in U.S. dollars (82 British pounds):

• Cost = $102.50.

62. Hotel rate in U.S. dollars (45,000 yen):

• Rate = $346.15.

63. 320 euros to U.S. dollars:

• Amount = $352.

Additional Currency Conversions:

64. Value of 2,500 pesos in U.S. dollars:

• Amount = $125 (assuming 1 peso = 0.05 USD).

65. Price of gasoline in U.S. dollars per gallon (1.5 euros/liter):

• Price = $5.68 per gallon (assuming 1 euro = 1.25 USD).

66. Price of strawberries in U.S. dollars per pound (28 pesos/kg):

• Price = $6.36 per pound (assuming 1 peso = 0.05 USD).