Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus

DEGREE BSCE COURSE NO. CMPM

PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION COURSE CONSTRUCTION METHOD PROJECT
TITLE MANAGEMENT
YEAR LEVEL 4 TIME FRAME 24HRS WK 7-8/10- IM 5
NO. 11 NO.

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

A. Construction Methods and Operations

II. LESSON TITLE

A. Construction Methods and Operations

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

In this chapter we discuss about the Construction Methods and Operations includes Clearing
the site, Locating the structure, Earthmoving, stabilizing earth and structure, Setting Foundation,
Building Superstructure, Installing Utilities, Enclosing Frame superstructures, and finishing the project.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Discuss the construction project cycle from inception, planning, execution, testing and
certification.
2. Identify and interpret construction plans, working drawings, and revise contract documents,
estimates and technical specifications.

V. LESSON CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

CONSTRUCTION METHOD - The procedures and techniques utilized during construction.

Construction operations are generally classified according to specialized fields. These include
preparation of the project site, earth-moving, foundation treatment, steel erection, concrete placement,
asphalt paving, and electrical and mechanical installations. Procedures for each of these fields are
generally the same, even when applied to different projects, such as buildings, dams, or airports.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION METHOD

1. Traditional/Conventional Construction Method

2. Advanced/Modern Construction Method

TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION METHOD

Definition
Traditional construction refers to the methods and techniques employed for centuries to build houses
and other structures. In the United States, builders sometimes refer to traditional construction methods
as "brick-and-mortar." Some developers call traditional methods "stick by stick." This terminology refers
to the fact that traditional construction methods, from the early design to the building process, are
hands on.

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Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022

Materials
A variety of materials can be used in the traditional construction process, from concrete floor slabs to
brick walls. Concrete blocks are often used in building foundations or for load bearing walls due to their
high level of strength and durability. Similar to concrete blocks, lightweight aerated block, also known
as aircrete block, is available. Aerated block can also be used for building foundations and walls, but
has a higher level of insulation.

Advantage
The advantage of traditional construction techniques, particularly in housing construction, but also in
industrial building, is the level of uniqueness achieved. When working with an architect, a consumer
has choice and freedom to modify; the architect has the option of creativity. When more modern
construction techniques are utilised, most homes are built in a similar style. In the case of modular
homes, the components are fabricated at a factory to be constructed on site quickly. The use of
traditional construction techniques often results in a sturdier home of higher quality.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022

Disadvantages
The disadvantage of using traditional methods of construction for housing and other building is that the
process takes longer. The construction process is more involved and can require hiring higher-skilled
designers and builders. This can add significant construction costs; materials and labour are more
expensive.
MODERN CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Modern construction method is defined as those which provide an efficient product management
process to provide more products of better quality in less time. It has been defined in various ways: pre-
fabrication, off-site production and off-site manufacturing (OSM).

Modern methods of construction fall into the following categories:

1. Off-site Manufacture (OSM): The part of the production process that is carried out away from the
building site in factory conditions. Examples include:

a) Panel Building Systems: These comprise of walls, floors and roofs in the form of a pre-engineered
panels that are erected on site to form the box like elements of the structure that then require various
levels of finishing. The most common approach is to use open panels or frames which consist of
skeletal structure only with services, insulation, external cladding and internal finishing occurring on-site.

b) Volumetric (also known as Modular Construction): Units are used to form the structure of the building,
thereby enclosing the usable space. Typically, modular construction means that between 80 to 95 per
cent of the building-come-manufacturing process is completed at the factory and then delivered to the
site for final assembly. This process involves connecting the completed modules to each other on site.
Prefabricated modules are often referred as pods and are factory finished internally, complete with
mechanical and electrical services.
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Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022

c) Hybrid (also known as Semi-Volumetric): This method combines panellised and volumetric methods of
construction and frequently includes the use of pods. The hybrid approach can be used to bring flexibility
to the development and can also reduce uniformity of design.

d) Sub-Assemblies and Components: These methods, although predominantly traditional, utilise factory
fabricated sub assemblies or components. This includes floor or roof cassettes and pre-cast concrete
foundation assemblies.

2. Non Off-site Manufacture: This approach encompasses building techniques and structural systems
that cannot be placed in the category of off-site manufacture. The main characteristic of these methods
is that of innovation. This could be through an innovative non OSM building technique or through the
use of a method of construction that has been used in other industries, but not house building. By way
of illustration, examples of non OSM include:

a) Tunnel Form: Tunnel form is evolving into one of the most frequently used methods of cellular
construction as its cost effectiveness, productivity and quality benefits are being realized on a variety of
developments. Tunnel form is particularly suitable for repetitive cellular projects such as hotels,
apartment blocks and student accommodation. Structures of up to 40 or more storeys in height can
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022
be built using his technique. Tunnel form simplifies the construction process by making possible a
smooth and quick operation that can result in costs being reduced by 15 per cent and time savings
of up to 25 per cent.

b) Thin-Joint Masonry: Thin-joint masonry is a quick, clean and accurate method that aircrete blocks, which
are manufactured to extremely precise standards in terms of size and shape, and a thin layer of mortar.
Thin joint combines reduced build times with greater flexibility of aircrete construction, such as ease of
handling, working and finishing. It can also result in cost savings, facilitate improved build quality and
reduce wastage.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT - is the application of knowledge, skills and techniques to execute projects
effectively and efficiently. It’s a strategic competency for organizations, enabling them to tie project
results to business goals — and thus, better compete in their markets.

Project management processes fall into five groups:

 Initiating
 Planning
 Executing
 Monitoring and Controlling
 Closing

Importance of Project Management

 Provides structure that promotes success.

 Saves: money, time, & resources
 Promotes good communication.
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022
 Keeps the focus on goals and outcomes.

PROJECT is a collection of linked activities, carried out in an organized manner with a clearly defined
start point and finish point, to achieve some specific results that satisfy the needs of an organization as
derived from current business plan.

A project is defined, whether it is in construction or not, by the following characteristics:

- A defined goal or objective.
- Specific tasks to be performed.
- A defined beginning and end.
- Resources being consumed.

Major Types of Construction Projects

In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding
construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quite different. The broad spectrum
of constructed facilities may be classified into four major categories, each with its own characteristics.

1. Residential housing construction includes houses and high-rise apartments. During the development
and construction of such projects, the developers usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge,
making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and
sale of the completed structures. Residential housing designs are usually performed by architects and
engineers, and the construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural,
mechanical, electrical and other specialty work.

2. Institutional and commercial building encompasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as
schools and universities, medical centers and hospitals, sports facilities, shopping centers, warehouses
and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels. The owners of such buildings
may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select
competent professional consultants and arrange the financing of the constructed facilities themselves.
Specialty architects and engineers are often engaged for designing a specific type of building, while the
builders or general contractors undertaking such projects may also be specialized in only that type of
building.

3. Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects with a high degree of
technological complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal-fired or
nuclear power plants. The owners usually are deeply involved in the development of a project, and
prefer to work with designers-builders such that the total time for the completion of the project can be
shortened. They also want to pick a team of designers and builders with whom the owner has
developed good working relations over the years.

4. Infrastructure and heavy construction includes projects such as highways, tunnels, bridges, pipelines,
drainage systems and sewage treatment plants. Most of these projects are publicly owned and
therefore financed either through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a
high degree of mechanization, which has gradually replaced some labor intensive operations.

Construction Projects Participants

A. The Owner

The owner is the individual or organization for whom a project is to be built under a contract. The owner
owns and finances the project. Depending on the owners’ capabilities, they may handle all or portions
of planning, project management, design, engineering, procurement, and construction. The owner
engages architects, engineering firms, and contractors as necessary to accomplish the desired work.
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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022

Two types of owner

1. Public owners are public bodies of some kind ranging from agencies from the country level to the
municipal level. Most public projects or facilities are built for public use and not sold to others.

2. Private owners may be individuals, partnerships, corporations. Most private owners have facilities or
projects built for their own use or to be sold, operated, leased, or rented to others.

B. The Design Professionals

1. Architect: An architect is an individual who plans and design buildings and their associated
landscaping. Architects mostly rely on consulting engineers for structural, electrical, and mechanical
work.
2. Engineer: The term engineer usually refers to an individual or a firm engaged in the design or other
work associated with the design or construction. Design engineers are usually classified as civil,
electrical, mechanical depending upon their specialty. There are also scheduling, estimating, cost, and
construction engineers.

a. The structural engineer acts as an advisor to the architect on all structural problems such as
stability of the structure, suitability of materials proposed, structural feasibility of the proposed
design and sizes of structural members for a construction project. In addition, the structural
engineer performs structural design and supervises his or her specialist area of the construction
project during production on site.

b. The services engineers (plumbing, electrical, heating and ventilating, air conditioning, sanitation,
lifts and escalators and so on) contribute to the building design process to ensure that thermal and
visual comfort are achieved effectively. For this reason, they analyze the client's requirement and
priorities and advise the architect on the most appropriate design solution. They prepare diagrams
of their proposals or services layout of the proposed construction project on the separate drawings

c. The quantity surveyor is responsible for the study of the economies and financial implications of a
construction project and, hence, he or she would be the appropriate construction professional to
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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022
advise client/architect on matters relating to the economies and cost of a proposed construction
project.

C. Engineering-Construction Firm: An engineering-construction firm is a type of organization the

combines both architect/engineering and construction contracting. This type of company has the ability
of executing a complete design-build sequence.

D. The Construction Professionals

The Constructions Professional are the parties that responsible for constructing the project. In
traditional management where the owner, design professional, and contractors are separate
companies, the contractor would be termed a Prime Contractor. The Prime Contractor is responsible for
delivering a complete project in accordance with the contract documents. In most cases, the prime
contractor divides the work among many specialty contractors called subcontractors.

E. The Project Manager

The Project Manager is the individual charged with the overall coordination of the entire construction
program for the owner. These include planning, design, procurement, and construction. Among his/her
duties:
 Clear definitions of the goals of the project.
 Investigate alternative solutions for the problems.
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022
 Develop a detailed plan to make the selected program reality.
 Implement the plan and control the project.

F.

Owner/Client

Project
Manager

Design Construction Facility

Professionals Professionals Management

Conceptual Advanced Detailed

Construction Termination Operational
Design Development Design

Construction Manager

The construction manager is a specialized firm or organization which administrates the on-site erection
activities and the consulting services required by the owner from planning through design and
construction to commissioning. The construction manager is responsible for design coordination, proper
selection of materials and methods of construction, contracts preparation for award, cost and
scheduling information and control.

Differences between Project Manager and Construction Manager

The main difference between these two roles is the level of authority. The construction manager directly
oversees the day-to-day construction activities, while the project manager might supervise the
construction manager. The project manager has more authority and responsibility than a construction
manager typically does because he leads and motivates a team of managers or workers. The project
manager oversees a project from inception to completion, while the construction manager is involved
with just the construction phase.

PLANNING
“If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.” – Benjamin Franklin

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022
The pre-construction phase or pre-planning stage, establishes and determine the direction and success
of any construction project.

Four Basic Rules in Pre-construction Phase

1. The construction superintendent should be included in the consultation at the very start of the planning
stage.
2. Make a job breakdown into components. This will simplify the whole program.
3. Prepare a construction plan that will be consulted constantly.
4. Take advantage of new tools, which have demonstrated in saving time, money or confusion.

For Whom and What are we Planning for?

1. We are planning for the owners of the company when we plan to achieve a profit by operating at the
minimum capacity, utilizing the available resources.
2. We are planning for the employees when we plan to create or maintain jobs.

Planning Functions has Four Different Dimensions, namely:

1. Planning is a philosophy
2. Planning is integration
3. Planning is a process
4. Planning is a collection of procedures.

Planning is a Philosophy. Looking ahead is a way of thinking, a concern about the future effects of
today’s action. Planning involves a state of the mind that recognizes the need for orderliness and the
value of direction.

Planning is integration. Both long and short range plans provides a unified structure to give purpose to
the organizational units involved..

Planning is a process. Goals and objectives are the most obvious consequence of the planning
process. A winning plan includes:
• The strategy that defines how much has to be done to achieve the objectives.
• The sequence of events that satisfies those strategies and
• The assignment that lead to the accomplishment of the events.

Planning is a collection of procedures. All companies make plans ahead to some extent and apply
their own methods of doing so.

THE PROJECT MANAGER

The central figure in a project is the project manager. He bears the ultimate responsibility for the
success or failure of the project. His role in the construction is one of an organizer, a person who is
capable of working through others to accomplish the objectives of the project.

The reward of the job of project manager comes from:

1. The benefits of being associated with a successful project.
2. The personal satisfaction of seeing it through to its conclusion
3. The challenge of the job, and working with other people.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022
Project construction management is a unique one-time operation with on major objective – to
accomplish an specified tasks in a limited time framework.

The project manager’s mission is to plan, coordinate, control and accomplish. His achievement can
probably be traced to his success in managing people – to lead other people towards the
accomplishment of organizational objectives.

THE WORKSHEET
The initial move to get the project under way is for the Project Manager to convene a preliminary
discussion on the documents, and to gather more information as may be available at the early stage.

What Project Manager needs to know are:

1. The logical construction sequence that must be followed.
2. The quantity and delivery dates of various materials to be used.
3. How much and what kind of manpower will be needed.
4. When to start and complete the job on time.

The first step in construction pre-planning is to prepare a graph and plotting the anticipated date of
delivery of all major equipment at the site.

The worksheet represents a plans of action presented graphically by a critical sequence of functions of
subsidiary activities contained within a compact period of time.

TIMETABLE
The project manager should conduct one or more informal sessions with key personnel assigned to the
project. During the session, the preliminary construction program or worksheet is reviewed to determine
whether engineering work and procurement of materials can be accomplished at the rate and in the
sequence as programmed in the schedule.

The sequence of construction activities will serve as a running list of individual job components, with
notations to work activities with greater importance and priority over the others.

Specifications for equipment and materials, which are in the development, should be processed
according to their importance or urgency in the overall project. design and drafting effort can be
organized, to produce those drawings that are necessary at the early stage of the construction program
for field installation or to complement an urgent purchase of materials..

At this early stage of construction development, it is essential and timely for the procurement committee
to place orders for long term delivery of items at an early phase of the project.

One important function of the construction planner is the preparation of accurate manpower estimates
assigned to each function. This can be done on the basis of manpower category of the works like:
working on foundations and underground facilities or by craft such as carpenters, plumber, tile setter,
electrician, laborers or by group methods.

PRELIMINARIES AND SITE MANAGEMENT

After a contract is awarded, the contractor has to:

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022
1. Determine the key personnel to supervise the work.
2. Make provisions for the equipment to be used.
3. Determine the location and methods of construction of temporary facilities.

The layout of these structures should be planned carefully, in anticipation of its removal during the
excavation of the permanent works more particularly, the storage and its contents, which might cause
disorganization and delays.

The job should be adequate, but not excessively staffed, to ensure efficient execution of the work.

The construction site should be maintained in strict tidiness and in an orderly routine because it has a
psychological effect on the staff and workers, which promote conscientious service.

In carrying out the construction work, idle time and unnecessary cost should be avoided. Time saving
devices such as telephone, loudspeakers, signal posts, traffic control, sign board location and other
economy measures should be installed immediately upon commencement of the work.

The contractor should procure sufficient copies of the plan and specification to distribute among his
supervisory staff. Likewise, the subcontractors and consultant should be furnished with the plans and
specifications so that, there is no excuse for mistake and delay.

Preliminaries in Organizing a Construction Job

The main objectives in the preliminaries of organizing an construction job are:
1. To secure the necessary licenses and building permits. Prepare a time and progress
chart.
2. Have an access to the site or a temporary roadway.
3. Construction of boarding, fences, and temporary shed.
4. Construction of temporary field offices for the staff.
5. Arrangement for canteen facilities.
6. Cleaning and leveling the site.
7. Demolition of existing structures.
8. Arrangement for temporary water and electric supply.
9. Allotment and preparation of storage space for use of contractor and subcontractors.

Organization of the Work

This consist of making proper assignments and sequence of the works in a systematic order
aimed at making the best use of labor, materials and time. This is a responsibility of the contractor
under the direction of the supervising Architect or Engineer.

There are two independent but related spheres of control and responsibility that exist in the project
construction, namely:
1. The owner
2. The contractor
Each has their own duties to perform in the interest of their employer – the owner. Most of their
respective duties and responsibilities were stipulated and defined in the contract.
The contractor is generally responsible to the owner for the following duties:
1. Providing and making access roads with due regards to convenience of construction.

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2. Erection of site office in a central position to facilitate checking of all site activities
3. Erection of store shed of adequate capacity to ensure;
a. Protection of materials against damage.
b. Protection of materials against deterioration.
c. Prevent materials from wastage and stealing.
4. Construction of temporary quarters for labor with due regard to site works, amenities and
hygienic conditions.
5. Appointment of supervisory staff possessing technical knowledge and capable of controlling the
work and labor.
6. Early arrangement for construction equipment.

The Engineer or Architect on behalf of the owner is also responsible for the following duties:
1. As representative of the owner
a. Act as an interpreter of the plan
b. As guardian and arbiter between the owner and contractor
2. Maintain site records and documents like:
a. Layout plans
b. Contract documents
c. Time and progress chart
d. Work diary
e. Contractor’s order book
f. Records of tests
g. Progress report

Planning Program and Progress Chart

The most important part of the works organization are:
1. The preparation of comprehensive time and progress chart for the execution of the work.
2. The periodic revision of the chart as circumstances demand, and the regular comparison of
progress chart made with the program.

The project manager is required to prepare an approved time and progress chart, which is generally
part of the main contract documents.
1. The time and progress chart must show an analysis of the chief elements and types of
construction involved in the project.
2. The scheduled dates of commencement and completion of every stage of the main contract and
subcontracts.

Without proper program, the construction work can be disorderly managed. The time and progress
charts serves as the coordination and control of all the work under the different subdivisions of the
contract.

Likewise, because of a clear definition of the dates, all parties concerned have assume their tasks
making much easier for the contractor to finish the job on time.

MATERIAL SUPPLY
The buying of materials is an important activity in all construction works. The contractor has to
determine his material requirements and scheduled the sequence of its deliveries. There are items
which requires time for the preparation of shop drawings and fabrication before installation. Hence, the
list of material requirements from the bill of quantities should be made without delay.
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A purchasing program for construction materials should be prepared according to its priority. In the
absences of this purchasing program, the materials are likely to arrive at the site either too soon with
consequence of prolonged storage and possible deterioration or too late deliveries which cause undue
delay of the work. The purchasing program will facilitate the withdrawal of materials and ensure prompt
delivery by the supplier because of the planned schedule of deliveries. Purchase order form should
contain all the information such as: 1. Description of the materials
2. Quantities required
3. Time and place of delivery
4. Unit price
5. Amount

FINANCIAL ANG BUDGETING

Money is a universal lubricant, which keeps a business enterprise dynamic. Without sufficient financing,
a business cannot get started. And without adequate budgeting, a business once started cannot reach
its full potential.

The business must have sufficient capital structure to sustain its growth. It also need a sound profit plan
or budget to support and control its day to day operations. Thus, a healthy construction company is
one, which has sufficient resources and the capability of controlling its cash flow.

Construction business requires sufficient funds to cover the operation to maintain equipment, purchase
of materials and supplies, to pay salaries and wages, to cover storage fees, transportation and reserve
for other services.

Profit Motive. In a competitive construction business, the profit motive is a predominant factor of
considerations for upon it may rest the justification for and in fact the very survival of the company. No
one feels secure about investing in or doing business within a venture that appears to be skidding
downward.

The Budget. The budget is the long term responsibility of management to use investment that will yield
the largest possible profit and it is the function of budgeting to plan that profit profile.

BUDGET PREPARATION
The preparation of budget estimate in each department is a committee proposition. This is
under the principle of participation as a means toward cooperation. Participation in the preparation of a
budget serves to familiarize the personnel with the problems involved.

With their knowledge of the problems and the feeling of being part in setting the goal and limitation of
the department, the personnel give more effective consideration and cooperation on the budget
preparation.

PROCUREMENT PROCESS
In project construction, the importance of the procurement liability for getting the right materials
delivered from the suppliers to the site on time, cannot be taken for granted. In general, the purchasing
agent is made responsible for maintaining the following major procurement factors:
1. Quality of the materials
2. Quantity of the materials
3. Time of delivery
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IM No.:CMPM – 1S -2021-2022
4. Price of the materials

LESSON 4.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this module, you will be able to:
✓ Define construction.
✓ Analyze the importance of construction phase.
✓ Identify and define the different construction methods.

CONSTRUCTION
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.

The construction phase is important because the quality of the completed project is highly dependent
on the workmanship and management of construction. The quality of construction depends on the
completeness and quality of the contract documents that are prepared by the designer and three
factors: laborers who have the skills necessary to produce the work, field supervisors who have the
ability to coordinate the numerous activities that are required to construct the project in the field, and
the quality of materials that are used for construction of the project. Skilled laborers and effective
management of the skilled laborers are both required to achieve a quality project.

The construction phase is also important because a majority of the total project budget and schedule is
expended during construction.

DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION METHODS

1. Temporary Facilities – construction offices, accommodation buildings, warehouses, comfort rooms;

utilities such as water and electricity, access way, etc.

2. Clearing and Grubbing – consist of clearing, grubbing, removing and disposing all vegetation and
debris as designated in the contract, except those objects that are designated to remain in place or are
to be removed. The work shall also include the preservation from injury or defacement of all objects
designated to remain.

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3. Layout and Staking – Staking activities shall be included in the construction schedule to be submitted
by the contractor. The Engineer shall or architect shall set initial reference lines, horizontal and vertical
control points, and shall furnish the data for use in establishing control for the completion of each
element of the work.

4. Excavation – This process involves removing of wide and shallow rocks, sand and topsoil, as well as
other materials from a building site or area within a site to form an open face, hole or cavity using tools,
or machinery.

5. Backfill and Compaction – The process of refilling an excavated hole.

6. Earth fill – This is composed of natural earth materials that can be placed and compacted by
construction equipment operated in a conventional manner.

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7. Gravel Bedding

8. Damp proofing – This is a type of moisture control applied to building walls and floors to prevent
moisture from passing into the interior spaces.

9. Rebar Installation – This occurs when the formwork is in place and prior to the placement of the
concrete within the formwork.

10. Formworks – It is the structure, usually temporary, used to contain poured concrete and to mold it to
the required dimensions and support until it is able to support itself.

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11. Electrical Rough-ins – This refers to the rough installation of the electrical wiring, boxes, fixture
mounts, breaker panel, and sub panels.

12. Plumbing Rough-ins – The process of installing vents, sewers, connections and waterlines.

13. Concrete Pouring

14. CHB Laying – This is also called masonry. Masonry is the term for building structures by laying
individual units (brick, stone, concrete block) and binding them using cement mortar and rebar.

15. Plastering – The process of covering rough surfaces of walls, columns, ceilings and other building
components with a thin of plaster to make the surface smooth and durable.

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16. Waterproofing – The process that ensures a structure or object is able to keep out 100% of any water
that comes into contact with it. It preserves the strength and durability of concrete surfaces in a building.

17. Skim Coating – A texturing technique that is used to make a wall smooth or to repair damaged drywall.
It is a quick, long-erm solution for repairing minor cracks, filling a joint or leveling an existing flat
surface.

18. Painting

19. Ceiling Installation

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20. Tile Setting

21. Electrical Fixture Installation

22. Plumbing Fixture Installation

23. Window Installation

24. Door Installation

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25. HVAC Installation

LESSON 4.2 PROJECT CLOSE OUT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this module, you will be able to:
✓ Define the activities during project close out
✓ Identify the importance of project close out

SYSTEM TESTING AND START-UP

For heavy industrial plant projects, inspection of construction is performed throughout the project; however the
owner’s representative generally requires inspection of vessels before closure and the testing of major
equipment upon installation.

FINAL INSPECTION
Inspection of construction work is performed throughout the duration of a project. Before completion of
the entire project, various equipment, electrical systems and mechanical systems may be completed
and ready for testing and acceptance in accordance with the contract documents.

The start of project close out begins near the end of a project, when the contractor requests a final
inspection of the work. Prior to the request, a punch list is prepared listing all items still requiring
completion or correction. To develop this punch list, the field inspection personnel must carefully
review their daily inspector’s log to note all work items which have been entered that require corrective
actions. The final walk-through inspection should include representatives of the owner, contractor, and
the key design professionals (the architect, as well as the civil, electrical and mechanical engineers,
etc.) who have worked on the project. The project manager should schedule and conduct the final walk-
through inspection.

Acceptance of the work and final payment to the contractor must be done in accordance with the
specifications in the contract documents. Substantial completion of a project is the date when
construction is sufficiently complete in accordance with the contract documents so the project can be
used for the purposes it was intended. This means that only minor items remain to be finished and that
the project is complete enough to be put in use. The contractor may issue a Certificate of Substantial
Completion with an attached list of all work remaining to be done to complete the project. Approval of
the Certificate of Substantial Completion, with the attached deficiency list, certifies acceptance of the
work that is completed. Generally final payment, including the release of all retention, is withheld for
thirty to forty days after completion of all deficiencies. Before final payment, the contractor is to submit
final paperwork: warranties, lien releases, and other documents required under the contract.

GUARANTEE AND WARRANTIES

Generally, the contract requires the contractor to guarantee all material, equipment, and work to be of
good quality and free of defects in accordance with the contract documents for a period of one year
after completion of construction.
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Individual pieces of equipment often have warranties that extend from one to five years after
installation. Operating instructions, manuals, spare parts and warranty certifies must be supplied to the
owner. The project manager must ensure that all warranties are compiled and supplied to the owner
before final payment to the contractor.

LIEN RELEASES
Material suppliers, subcontractors or workers who have furnished materials, equipment or performed
work on a project for which payment has not been made may file a lien against the property. The
unpaid party has a right to fil a lien even though the owner has paid the general contractor the full
contract amount. Consequently, the owner may be forced to pay for some of the contract twice if the
general contractor fails to pay ist subcontractors, material suppliers or employees.

RECORD AND AS-BUIT DRAWINGS

Revisions and changes to the original drawings are almost certain for any project. At least one set of
the original contract documents that were issued for bidding purposes must be kept in a reproductible
form. In addition, there must be a thorough documentation of all changeorders during construction.

A common contract requirement is that the contractor must develop an as-built copy of all
specifications, drawings, addenda, change orders, and shop drawings. The as-built drawings show
dimensions and details of work that were not performed exactly as they were originally shown. These
documents show all the changes to the original contract bid documents and are provided to the owner
upon completion of the projects.

LESSON 4.3 TERM OF REFERENCE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this module, you will be able to:
✓ Define term of reference.
✓ Understand the documents included I term of reference.

TERM OF REFERENCE
Term of reference is a formal document that is used to describe a project before a full project charter is
produced. It sets the scope of what needs to be done on a particular piece of work. The TOR document
includes:

Background. The overall aims of the work and any references that the team should take into account
when commencing the work.
Objectives. What is this piece of work going to achieve? What problem is it going to solve?
Scope. This section briefly covers what is in scope and out of the scope of the work. Bullet points in this
section should cover areas like:
• Technical systems involved
• The business processes that will be affected
• What hardware or software is required
• Where the project will take place
• What parties will be involved
• Who will be affected and which teams will specifically be out of scope
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Constraints. This short section documents any project constraints such as timescales, the available
budget, the resources, etc.
Assumptions. These are the things that you don’t know yet for certain but that will have an impact.
Roles and Responsibilities. Who is on the team? In this section, document the names of the people
who will be carrying out the work.
Deliverables. What is the work going to deliver? Make a list – it doesn’t have to be too detailed at this point.
Format. Ideally, you should aim to get your TOR on a couple of pages. There is no need for a fancy
cover page or appendices. As long as the TOR clearly explains what is also out of scope, then it will do
its job.

LESSON 4.4 REVISED IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT 9184,
OTHERWISE AS THE GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT REFORM ACT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this module, you will be able to:
✓ Learn about the RA 9184
✓ Understand how RA 9184 works specially In government projects. (See RA 9184

Copy)

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. Modules posted in Google Classroom/ Group Chat
2. Research additional videos in You Tube

VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)

VIII. ASSIGNMENT

IX. REFERENCES

A. Book/Printed Resources
1. Sathyanarayanan Rajendran and Mandi Kime; Construction Project Safety Management Best Practices
Handbook
2. Andrew Baldwin and David Bordoli; A Handbook for Construction Planning and Scheduling
3. Garold D. Oberlender, Ph. D., RE. Professor of Civil Engineering Oklahoma State University, Second
Edition; Project Management for Engineering and Construction
4. Robert. L. Peurifoy, P.E.Late Consulting EngineerAustin, Texas, Clifford J. Schexnayder, P.E.,
Ph.D.Eminent Scholar Emeritus Del E. Webb School of ConstructionArizona State University Tempe,
Arizona , A viad Shapira, D.Se. Associate Professor Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Technion-Israel Institute of; Seventh Edition; Construction Planning,Equipment, and Methods
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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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B. e-Resources:
1. https://www.scribd.com/user/344961011/Geraldine-Galing
2. https://www.scribd.com/presentation/238639000/Preparation-of-Bidding-Documents

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