2023 IEEE International Student's Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science

Design Approaches and Performance Analysis of

Electric Vehicle using MATLAB/Simulink
Dileep Kumar Kohar
School of Electronics Akshaya K Pati Sarita Nanda
KIIT Deemed to be University School of Electronics School of Electronics
Bhubaneswar, India KIIT Deemed to be University KIIT Deemed to be University
2023 IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS) | 979-8-3503-9874-8/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SCEECS57921.2023.10063009

[email protected] Bhubaneswar, India Bhubaneswar, India

[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— The advancement in technology increases the a large rechargeable battery. Fuel cell vehicles split electrons
challenge for the EV manufacturers to increases the range and from hydrogen molecules to produce electricity to run the
reliability. For designing, testing and simulation of EVs, the motor. All these three types of EVs have their own advantages
virtual platform plays an efficient role over real designing and and weaknesses. Still, the demand for EVs in all over the
testing. This paper presents the design and simulation world is increasing day by day due to the high cost of fossil
approaches of Electric Vehicle (EV) for evaluating virtual fuel & high maintenance cost of the conventional vehicles.
performance of the vehicle with the given drive cycle. For Which is also a very good thing for the environment and living
efficient design, it should be simulated by using a suitable beings on the earth. According to a Wikipedia report, the
simulator. There are many simulators like
International Energy Agency said in 2021 that governments
MATLAB/SIMULINK, Proteus, GT-Suite and ANSYS
should do more to meet climate goals, including policies for
SIMPLORER available for the design and simulation of EVs.
From most of the available simulators, MATLAB/SIMULINK heavy electric vehicles [2-3]. Electric vehicle sales may
is mostly used in many industries and by the researchers for increase from 2% of global share in 2016 to 30% by 2030
design, simulation and performance evaluation of the EVs. In [4][5]. As of July 2022 global EV market size was $280
this article, a detailed analysis of the design and simulation are billion and it is expected to grow to $1 trillion by 2026 [6].
discussed step-by-step approach. The step-by-step approaches Much of this growth is expected in markets like North
will be very much helpful to the designer and researcher to America, Europe and China [5]. Due to this high demand and
analyze the characteristic of EV under different operating development of EVs in all over the world, the research and
conditions. development on EVs are very required. Before developing a
real-time prototype, an accurate simulator is very much
Keywords: Electric Vehicle, MATLAB/ SIMULINK, Drive helpful to the engineer to analyze the performance of the
Cycle, State Of Charge (SOC), Regenerative Braking System developed system. Many simulators like ANSYS, EMwork,
(RBS), Battery Management System (BMS). MATLAB/SIMULINK based tools are widely used in
literature. Among the software tools, the MATLAB is user
I. INTRODUCTION friendly. But, as per of author’s knowledge, the detailed
The transport sector of all over the world is an evolving simulation design and analysis process of EVs by using
part of the development with rapid advancement and MATLAB/SIMULINK are has not been explored in literature.
upgradation in technology. This evolution in the vehicle field In this simulation study PMSM motor is used. The PMDC
introduced Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the market. In this motor have high priorities like less pollution, less fuel
modern world of developing & emerging of technologies in consumption and more power to volume ratio which make it
all the sectors, the rapid growth of a country and an more preferable for EV application [10-11].
organization is seeing. The transport sector of a country plays In this article, a step-by-step approach for modeling,
very important role to make the development easy and rapid. designing, testing and simulation of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Due to high demand of goods transport in each sector of all are explained using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The complete
over the world, the use of fossil fuel have been increase due design of EV system is consisting of different stages such as
to which CO2 emission have also increased. According to vehicle body design, motor design with torque sensor and
Wikipedia, 15% of global CO2 emissions are attributed to the inertia, motor controller design, different drive cycle design,
transport sector [1]. Keeping these things in mind and due to driver controller design and battery design. In this paper, the
limitation of fossil fuel, scientists and engineers tried to invent simulation approaches for designing of all the stages of the
alternative sourced vehicle rather than fossil fuel. Electric EV system are presented. To simulate all the stages, different
Vehicle (EV) first came into existence in the late 19th century, parameters of TATA NEXON EV are considered. For
when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor
complete performance analysis of EV system, estimation of
vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of
different parameters of battery management system (BMS) is
operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline vehicle
also required. All the required block for design of EV system
of the time. Since that day, lots of experiments and
is shown in Figure 1.
improvements have been done by the scientists, engineers and
researchers to achieve vehicle and motor durability, high
power and torque, and high range in single charge.
Over time passed, different types of EVs were introduced
into the market like battery Electric Vehicle, Plug-In Hybrid,
and Fuel Cell Vehicles. Battery electric vehicles are powered
by electricity stored in a battery pack. Plug-in hybrids Fig. 1. Block Diagram For EV Design.
combine a gasoline or diesel engine with an electric motor and

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 This paper is organized as follows: The overview of All the data are taken from TATA MOTOR and TATA
MATLAB/SIMULINK software for design of EV perspective NEXON EV. The EV parameters like vehicle system
is given in Section II. The details of a reference value, parameter, parameter acting on the vehicle, and battery ant
specifications, and standard parameters used for the designing motor parameters are are listed below in Table 1, 2 and Table
of Electric Vehicles are discussed in Section III. The step-by- 3, respectively.
step approaches for designing all the required blocks and
components for a complete EV system Simulation are TABLE I. VEHICLE SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
described in Section IV. The simulation, analysis of results of
each block are discussed in Section V. Future research work Parameters Values Units
and conclusion are discussed in Section VI and VII, Full Body Mass (M) 1470 kg
respectively. No. of wheels per axle (n) 2 -
Frontal Area (A) 2.91 m2
II. MATLAB/SIMULINK SOFTWARE FOR EV Gear Ratio (G) 6 -
SIMULATION Differential Gear Ratio 1:1 -
MATLAB is a programming platform designed Wheel Size R 16 215 / 60 LRR -
specifically for engineers and scientists to analyze and design Vehicle Gradeability 35 %
systems and products that transform our world. SIMULINK
is a block diagram environment used to design systems with
multi-domain models, simulate before moving to hardware,
and deploy without writing code. It solves static, frequency-
domain, and time-varying magnetic and electric fields. And it
provides a graphical editor, customized block libraries, and
solvers for modeling and simulating the dynamic systems. It
is integrated with MATLAB, enabling you to incorporate
MATLAB algorithms into models and export simulation
results to MATLAB for further analysis. SIMULINK also
offers specialized design interfaces for electrical, electronics Fig. 3. Different Forces Acting On a Vehicle.
and mechanical components & equipment. In this paper, the
steps for the EV design process are highlighted. The
The different forces acting on a vehicle are shown in Fig. 3
SIMULINK also can be co-simulated with other tools like
and the respective values used in this Model designing are
ANSYS, MotorSolve and many more. An overview for
opening of SIMULINK is shown in Fig. 2. listed in Table 2.

TABLE II. PARAMETERS ACTING ON VEHICLE

Parameters Values Units

Drag Coefficient 0.15 -
Coefficient Of Rolling Resistance 0.01 -
Gradient Angle (α) 5 °
Air Density (ρ) 1.225 kg/ m3
Acceleration Due to gravity 9.81 m/s2
Rolling Resistance Force (Frr) 144.207 N
Fig. 2. MATLAB/SIMULINK Software Overview. Air Drag Force (Fdr) 272.07 N
Gradient Resistance Force (Fgr) 1256.84 N
SIMULINK can be opened after running the Matlab Software
Acceleration Force (Fac) 4083.219 N
in the computer and by clicking the SIMULINK block seen in
the Matlab overview section as shown in Fig. 2. For the design Total Force 5756.336 N
of any setup, different desired blocks to be added together for
the simulation. Similarly, for EV designing mainly six blocks After having the necessary data it will be very easy for the
are required as shown in Fig. 1, and to implement each block designer to design a EV Model in SIMULINK platform. In
different components are required. So a library browser block TATA NEXON EV the type of battery used are Lithium
is given in the SIMULINK where all the required components Polymer or Lithium ion, motor type is three phase Permanent
can be taken. Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) and the respective
values are also mentioned in TABLE III.
III. SPECIFICATIONS AND PARAMETERS USED IN THIS EV
DESIGN TABLE III. BATTERY AND MOTOR SPECIFICATION
For the designing of any vehicle some reference data at Parameters Values Units
standard operating conditions is required. In this study, Battery Voltage 320 Volt
TATA MOTORS [7] specification and other design
Battery Capacity 30.2 kWh
parameters are considered for the simulation. All the
Motor Torque 245 Nm
specifications and parameters used in this EV design are
Motor Power 129 (95) PS (kW)
taken from a specific model TATA NEXON EV [8]. The
Rated Speed Of Motor 3800 rpm
specifications of this vehicle are collected from the TATA
Motors website and individual vehicle brochures files. All Acceleration 0 to 100 Km 10 Sec
the desired parameters are filtered for this simulation study. Vehicle Range Per Charge 312 Km

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 IV. DESIGNING APPROACHES OF EV IN SIMULINK
For a complete designing of EV system, mainly six blocks
are required as shown in Fig. 1. Here step by step approaches
for simulation of all the blocs are discussed.
A. STEP 1: Drive Source Setup
After opening and running the MATLAB/SIMULINK
Software an untitled SIMULINK file will pop-up. The first
block of the EV system is drive cycle. So the design process
should be started from the drive Source design, for that a
drive cycle Block from Library Browser to be selected. The
drive cycle block is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 6. Driver Controller

The longitudinal driver block is a proportional-integral(PI)

type driver controller. There are three input and three output
ports. Here VelRef port for drive cycle as input and VelFdbk
port for feedback as PI controller type is used. As grade is not
required for now so it is marked as 0 by adding a constant
block as shown in Fig.7.
The acceleration command signal is given to a Controlled
voltage source which deliver the signal to the Controlled
PWM Voltage block which is connected to a H-Bridge. So
that depending on the acceleration given by the driver the
Fig. 4. Drive Cycle Source Setup. Controlled PWM Voltage will give the signal to the H-
bridge converter to run the motor according to that and vehicle
For the drive cycle source setup, drive cycle is the basic will move. Similarly, the deceleration command is also given
required block, after double clicking on that different to the H-bridge converter so that the motor can slow down or
available drive cycles will be open, or by installing the drive stop and motor will act like a generator where regenerative
cycle if not installed previously. A new drive cycle source braking will happen. All the references are electrically
can also be added to library by using different types of grounded along with a solver configuration which defines
source format like excel file, slider, data sheet, etc as drive solver settings to use for simulation. The complete driver
cycle source. In this paper, three different types of drive cycle control design process is shown in Fig. 7.
sources are taken as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. Different Types of Drive Cycle Sources.

Fig. 7. Driver Control Design.
The first drive cycle source is already available source in the
SIMULINK library, the second source uses a excel data sheet The PWM frequency used in the controlled PWM voltage is
and the third one is manual type of drive cycle source where 4000 Hz, and input voltage 0V for 0% duty cycle and 1V for
100% duty cycle in the input scaling, where output voltage
a slider is given inside it as an accelerator. A multi port switch
amplitude is taken as 5V.
is used to deliver a single Drive Cycle data at a time. For that
a constant block is connected to change the input source by STEP 3: Motor Controller Design
changing the constant form 1-3 as three drive cycle sources
Electric Vehicle motor is the main device for vehicle
connected to the multi-port switch as shown in Fig. 5. movement. So motor controlling is very important for proper
B. STEP 2: Driver Control Design vehicle running and regenerative braking in a efficient way.
Here H-bridge converter is taken from SIMULINK library to
After design of the drive cycle source, a driver control block
control the motor and for regeneration of electric power
to be designed by selecting the longitudinal driver as shown
during deceleration. The PWM input port is connected with
in Fig. 6.
output PWM of controlled PWM voltage block, brake input
port is connected with the signal coming from driver
controller and the references are electrically grounded. Its
positive and negative output port will be connected with the

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 motor. The H-Bridge and its parameters are shown in Fig. 8 A bus selector is connected with the battery to keep the record
and Fig. 9, respectively. of battery SoC during charging and discharging. For the
observation of real time data, the required display & scope is
connected with the bus selector block. The battery setup with
the complete battery management system (BMS) is shown in
Fig. 10. .
D. STEP 5: Motor Design & Parameters Setting
In the TATA NEXON EV a 3-phase PMSM Motor is taken
[7]. But here we will be using Permanent Magnet DC Motor
of same rating. The positive and negative terminal of the
motor is connected with the H-Bridge, the stator is connected
with a mechanical rotational reference where the rotor of the
motor is connected with the gear shaft of the vehicle body. In
between a torque sensor is used to measure the torque
produced by the motor. The complete Motor design setup is
shown in Fig. 11 and the specifications of the motor is shown
in Fig. 12.
Fig. 8. Motor Controller Design.

Fig. 11. Motor Setup Design.

Fig. 9. H-Bridge Parameters Setting.

C. STEP 4: Battery Setup Design

After the motor controller design, the battery setup is to be
designed. Here a 320V Lithium-Ion battery is considered. The
rated capacity of 95kWh, initial State of Charge (SoC) as 100%
and the battery response time is 0.1second. Here a current
sensor is connected with the H-Bridge and then with the
battery. A controlled current source block is connected with
the battery so that it can be used as both source and storage
during regenerative braking. Fig. 12. PMDC Motor Specifications

E. STEP 6: Vehicle Body Design

Vehicle Body is the very basic, main and important part
for a vehicle. A vehicle body consists of lots of different parts
but the main are Vehicle Frame, Chassis, Wheel & Power
transmission part. Here first we will select Vehicle Body from
Simulink Library or by searching Vehicle Body on the
workspace as shown in Fig. 13. Then we will Set all the
required parameters in Vehicle body as shown in Fig. 14.

Fig. 10. Battery Setup Design

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 Fig. 15. Final EV Model Designed in Simulink.

The above-discussed steps are to be followed for the design

of a Electric Vehicle with Regenerative Braking System (RBS)
Fig. 13. Vehicle Body Setup Design. and Battery Management System (BMS) using DC Powered
Battery and PMDC Motor.
V. STEPS FOR SIMULATION AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
After designing the Vehicle blocks, result analysis is
required, for that a Powergui block from the library as a
Continuous Solver is added as shown in Fig. 15. The Multi-
Port Switch should be kept at a constant value of 1 as drive
cycle 1 is Artemis Motorway 150 Kmph (1068 seconds), so
the SIMULINK model run-stop time will be kept to 1068
second. After running the model for 1068s with Artemis
Motorway drive cycle, the distance travelled by the vehicle
is 8.252 Km (Fig. 17.) and the State of Charge of Battery as
71.77 % (Fig. 18) can be measured. The performance of the
vehicle with the given drive cycle is shown in Fig. 16. The
blue color line is given drive cycle and the red color line is
vehicle speed chasing the given drive cycle.

Fig. 14. Vehicle Body Parameters Setting.

The wind velocity and road inclination is given as physical

constant block with constant value 0, 1 and 0, 1. The vehicle
velocity is taken as output port for feedback. The no.of tire per
axle is two, connected with the front and rear of the vehicle
body. The rotor of the motor is connected with a simple gear
of ratio 6, which is connected with an inertia block of 0.01
kgm2 inertia. With the inertia the simple gear is connected
with differential of 1:1 ratio which is connected with the Rear
Wheels for the Power transmission as shown in Fig. 15.
Fig. 16. Vehicle Speed and Drive Cycle v/s Time.
The Wheels are taken here are magic formula tires from
SIMULINK library parameterized by load-dependent magic
formula coefficients.which specification is like: Tire nominal
vertical load: 3500 N, Rolling Radius: 0.3 m, Tire inertia: 1
kgm2, initial velocity: 0 rad/s, Rolling Resistance Constant
Coefficient: 0.022, Velocity Threshold: 0.001 m/s & Advance
Threshold Velocity: 0.1 m/s.
The final SIMULINK model of complete EV system is
discussed in this section. After the completion of designing of
all the six main blocks, all the blocks to be added together as
shown in Fig. 15. Some more necessary component have been Fig. 17. Distance Travelled v/s Time.
added like integrator, divider with constant 3600 second to The results can be analyzed by observing the performance of
calculate the distance travelled by the vehicle, gain constant designed model along with the given drive cycle.
of 3.6 as element-wise multiplication, and required display In this paper the vehicle efficiency is observed by comparing
and scope for distance travelled, torque, and drive cycle and
vehicle performance with the given drive cycle. Here
speed, as shown in Fig. 15.
“Artemis Motorway 150 kmph (1068 Seconds)” drive cycle
is given to the vehicle, the Blue color line indicates drive
cycle and the Red color line indicates vehicle speed following
the given drive cycle. During the simulation Sometime the

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 vehicle is not able to follow exactly the drive cycle due to VI. FUTURE RESEARCH WORK
inertia of motion during the sudden drop in the speed of According to continuing research, the use of SIMULINK
vehicle which is also common in real life also. The time delay model is not restricted to virtual simulation only, considering
of the vehicle performance is taken from the given Fig. 20 in the parameters and values further it can be used to design a
which sometime vehicle is lagging with given drive cycle as prototype model. This was a battery powered electric vehicle
55 seconds out of total time (1068 Seconds). So the vehicle further it can be elaborated into hybrid Vehicle. Researchers
performance for the given drive cycle can be analyzed as; also can use this paper for actual motor designing and
1068 − 55 performance analysis. A 3-phase inverter and 3-phase ac
Efficiency (η ) = ×100 = 94.85% motor can also can be used for the better observation. The
1068 (1) work carried out here will be very helpful for beginners to
design an EV Model and the necessary parameters can be vary
as per designer requirements.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a complete step-by-step approach for designing
of EV using MATLAB/SIMULINK has been discussed. The
performance of the designed model is observed quite
efficient around 95% efficiency along with the given drive
cycle. Here, the detailed parameters for simulating the model
with the components specification have been highlighted. All
the parameters of the complete EV designing, simulation
Fig. 18. State of Charge v/s Time. parameters, and result analysis part in SIMULINK have been
presented. The step-by-step approaches will help researchers,
students, and beginners in this field for the EV designing and
performance analysis using MATLAB/SIMULINK
Software.

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