EC-602

Antenna & Wave Propagation Lab

Laboratory Manual

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal

Submitted By
Name – Nitish Kumar
Class – EC VI ‘A’
Enrollment No. – 0176EC211024

Submitted to
Prof. Rajdeep Shrivastava

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Lakshmi Narain College of Technology & Excellence

INDEX
 EC-602
Antenna & Wave Propagation Lab
Laboratory Manual

Sl Name of the Experiment Experiment Submission Remark/Sign

No. Date Date

10

VISION OF THE INSTITUDE

 To become a pioneer institute in technical education and innovations to build competent technocrats and
leaders for the nation.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUDE

1. To enhance the academic environment with innovative teaching learning processes and modern
tools.

2. To Practice and nurture high standards of human values, transparency and accountability.

3. To Collaborate with other academic and research institutes as well as industries in order to
strengthen education and research.

4. To uphold skill development for employability and entrepreneurship for inter disciplinary research
and innovations.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To become reputed in providing technical education in the field of electronics and communication
engineering and produce technocrats working as leaders.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. To provide congenial academic environment and adopting innovative learning process.

2. To keep valuing human values and transparency while nurturing the young engineers.

3. To strengthen the department by collaborating with industry and research organization of repute.

4. To facilitate the students to work in interdisciplinary environment and enhance their skills for
employability and entrepreneurship.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSO)

PEO1: Recognize and apply appropriate experimental and scientific skills to solve real world problems to
create innovative products and systems in the field of electronics and communication engineering. PEO2:
To evolve graduates with ability to apply, analyze, design in Electronics & Communication Systems.
PEO3: Motivate graduates to become responsible citizens with moral & ethical values for the welfare of
Society.
PEO4: Inculcate the habit of team work with professional quality of leadership to become successful
contributors in industry and/ or entrepreneurship in view of Global & National status of technology.
 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSO)
PSO1: Analyze specific engineering problems relevant to Electronics & Communication Engineering by
applying the knowledge of basic sciences, engineering mathematics and engineering fundamentals.

PSO2: Apply and transfer interdisciplinary systems and engineering approaches to the various areas, like

Communications, Signal processing, VLSI and Embedded system, PCB Designing.

PSO3: Inculcate the knowledge of Engineering and Management principles to meet demands of industry
and provide solutions to the current real time problems.

PSO4: Demonstrate the leadership qualities and strive for the betterment of organization, environment
and societ

Lakshmi Narain College of Technology & Excellence , Bhopal

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
 Course Outcomes
Course- Antenna & Wave Propagation (EC-602)
CO-1. To study about potential and electromagnetic field.
CO-2. To study antenna fundamentals and network theorems.
CO-3. To learn or study about different types of antennas.
CO-4. To study about antenna aperture and slot.
CO-5. To study about designing of antennas for different radiation patterns and radio wave.

Antenna &Wave Propagation Lab Index (EC-602)

Sr. No. Date of Date of

List of Experiments Performing Submission Remark

1 To study Reciprocity Theorem.

2 To plot radiation pattern of Yagi -UDA 3

element folded dipole antenna.
3 To plot radiation pattern of Yagi -UDA 5
element folded dipole antenna.
4 To study radiation of field strength of
radiated wave.
5 Study of Log Periodic Antenna.

6 To plot radiation pattern of Folded Dipole

λ/2 antenna.
7 To plot radiation pattern of Rhombus
Antenna.
8 To plot radiation pattern of Broad Side
Array antenna.
9 To plot radiation pattern of Slot antenna.

10 To plot radiation pattern of Cut Paraboloid

Reflector Antenna.
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Experiment No. - 1

Aim: - To study Reciprocity Theorem.

Apparatus:-

Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting Wires.

Theory:-
Reciprocity theorem is the most powerful theorem in the circuit and field theory both.
It states that, If an emf is applied to the terminals of an antenna no. 1 and the current measurement at the
terminal of another antenna no. 2 then an equal current both in amplitude and phase will be obtained at the
terminals of antenna no. 1. If the same emf is applied to the terminals of antenna no. 2.

It is a fundamental property of antennas that the electrical characteristics of an antenna described in the next
section, such as gain, radiation pattern, impedance, bandwidth, resonant frequency and polarization, are the
same whether the antenna is transmitting or receiving. For example, the "receiving pattern" (sensitivity as a
function of direction) of an antenna when used for reception is identical to the radiation pattern of the antenna
when it is driven and functions as a radiator. This is a consequence of the reciprocity theorem of
electromagnetics. Therefore, in discussions of antenna properties no distinction is usually made between
receiving and transmitting terminology, and the antenna can be viewed as either transmitting or receiving,
whichever is more convenient.

A necessary condition for the aforementioned reciprocity property is that the materials in the antenna and
transmission medium are linear and reciprocal. Reciprocal (or bilateral) means that the material has the same
response to an electric current or magnetic field in one direction, as it has to the field or current in the opposite
direction. Most materials used in antennas meet these conditions, but some microwave antennas use high-tech
components such as isolators and circulators, made of nonreciprocal materials such as ferrite. These can be used
to give the antenna a different behavior on receiving than it has on transmitting, which can be useful in
applications like radar.

Mathematically:-
I1=I2 and Ɛ12=Ɛ21
Zm= mutual impulse
Zm=Z12=Z21=Ɛ12/I2=Ɛ21/I1
Ɛ12/I2=Ɛ21/I1

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Properties under Reciprocity-

The properties of transmitting and receiving antenna that exhibit the reciprocity are −
 Equality of Directional patterns.
• Equality of Directivities.
• Equality of Effective lengths.  Equality of Antenna impedances.

Equality of Directional patterns-

The radiation pattern of transmitting antenna1, which transmits to the receiving antenna 2 is equal to the
radiation pattern of antenna2, if it transmits and antenna1 receives the signal.

Equality of Directivities -

Directivity is same for both transmitting and receiving antennas, if the directivities are same whether calculated
from transmitting antenna’s power or receiving antenna’s power.

Equality of Effective lengths-

The value of maximum effective aperture is same for both transmitting and receiving antennas, is called
equality of effective lengths.

Result:-

Reciprocity theorem is verified.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Observation Tables:-

Degree Current(μA) dB = 20 log (I) Difference

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Experiment No. - 2

Aim: - To plot radiation pattern of Yagi -UDA 3 element folded dipole antenna.

Apparatus:-
Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting
Wires.

Theory:-

Yagi-Uda antenna is the most commonly used type of antenna for TV reception over the last few decades. It is
the most popular and easy-to-use type of antenna with better performance, which is famous for its high gain and
directivity the frequency range in which the Yagi-Uda antennas operate is around 30 MHz to 3GHz which
belong to the VHF and UHF bands. The theoretical impedance of this antenna is 75. This is a very important
antenna for unidirectional transmission. Yagi-UDA Antenna with folded or non-folded dipoles are widely used
antennas. Behind the dipole they have reflectors and in front they have directors 1-3-5-7-9, etc.

The figure depicts a clear form of the Yagi-Uda antenna. The center rod like structure on which the elements are
mounted is called as boom. The element to which a thick black head is connected is the driven element to which
the transmission line is connected internally, through that black stud. The single element present at the back of
the driven element is the reflector, which reflects all the energy towards the direction of the radiation pattern.
The other elements, before the driven element, are the directors, which direct the beam towards the desired
angle.

Yagi -UDA 3 Element Folded dipole antenna

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Procedure:-

1. Get the setup ready.

2. Mount Yagi -UDA 3 Element Folded dipole on the top of the transmitting mast.
3. Ensure the following settings:
◦ Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane. Keep the
distance around 100cm between them.
◦ Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive optimum/ maximum
radiations for the antenna under test,
◦ DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100uA reading and DPM at RF detector unit is set
for 70uA
◦ Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
4. Now start taking the readings at the interval 20 degrees and tabulate the degree v/s μA readings of RF
detector unit display.
5. Convert the noted micro Amp readings into dB using,

dB = 20 log (I)

6. Now plot the polar graph on the supplied polar graph paper as per the converted dB readings against
degrees of rotation.

Result:-

We have successfully plotted the radiation pattern of Yagi -UDA 3 element folded dipole antenna.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Observation table:-

Degree Current(μA) dB = 20 log (I) Difference

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Experiment No. - 3

Aim: - To plot radiation pattern of Yagi -UDA 5 element folded dipole antenna.

Apparatus:-
Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting
Wires.

Theory:-

Yagi-Uda antenna is the most commonly used type of antenna for TV reception over the last few decades. It is
the most popular and easy-to-use type of antenna with better performance, which is famous for its high gain and
directivity The frequency range in which the Yagi-Uda antennas operate is around 30 MHz to 3GHz which
belong to the VHF and UHF bands. The theoretical impedance of this antenna is 75. This is a very important
antenna for unidirectional transmission. Yagi-UDA Antenna with folded or non-folded dipoles are widely used
antennas. Behind the dipole they have reflectors and in front they have directors 1-3-5-7-9, etc.

The figure depicts a clear form of the Yagi-Uda antenna. The center rod like structure on which the elements are
mounted is called as boom. The element to which a thick black head is connected is the driven element to which
the transmission line is connected internally, through that black stud. The single element present at the back of
the driven element is the reflector, which reflects all the energy towards the direction of the radiation pattern.
The other elements, before the driven element, are the directors, which direct the beam towards the desired
angle.

Yagi -UDA 5 Element Folded dipole antenna

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Procedure:-

1. Get the setup ready.

2. Mount Yagi -UDA 5 Element Folded dipole on the top of the transmitting mast.
3. Ensure the following settings:
◦ Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane. Keep the
distance around 100cm between them.
◦ Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive optimum/ maximum
radiations for the antenna under test,
◦ DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100uA reading and DPM at RF detector unit is set
for 70uA
◦ Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
4. Now start taking the readings at the interval 20 degrees and tabulate the degree v/s μA readings of RF
detector unit display.
5. Convert the noted micro Amp readings into dB using,

dB = 20 log (I)

6. Now plot the polar graph on the supplied polar graph paper as per the converted dB readings against
degrees of rotation.

Result:-

We have successfully plotted the radiation pattern of Yagi -UDA 5 element folded dipole antenna.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Observation table:-

Degree Current(μA) dB = 20 log (I) Difference

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024
Experiment No. - 4

Aim: - To study radiation of field strength of radiated wave.

Apparatus:-
Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting
Wires.

Theory:-

The objective of this exercise is to study the variation in the radiation strength at a given distance from the
antenna. The detector will show a higher strength when it is nearer to the transmitting antenna and shall reduce
gradually with increasing distance.

In physics, field strength means the magnitude of a vector-valued field (e.g., in volts per meter, V/m, for an
electric field E). For example, an electromagnetic field results in both electric field strength and magnetic field
strength. As an application, in radio frequency telecommunications, the signal strength excites a receiving
antenna and thereby induces a voltage at a specific frequency and polarization in order to provide an input
signal to a radio receiver. Field strength meters are used for such applications as cellular, broadcasting, wi-fi and
a wide variety of other radio-related applications.

The space surrounding an antenna can be divided into three concentric regions: The reactive near-field (also
called the inductive near field), the radiating near-field (Fresnel region) and the far-field (Fraunhofer) regions.
These regions are useful to identify the field structure in each, although the transitions between them are
gradual, and there are no precise boundaries.

The far-field region is far enough from the antenna to ignore its size and shape: It can be assumed that the
electromagnetic wave is purely a radiating plane wave (electric and magnetic fields are in phase and
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation). This simplifies the mathematical analysis of the
radiated field.

Procedure:-

1. Mount the Folded dipole as per previous excrement.

2. Keep the detector unit at a distance of approx. 1 ft. from the transmitting antenna and align it. Adjust
level of RF Generator & Detector unit so that the reading is 40μA.
3. Note the above reading for 1 ft. distance.
4. Remove the detector to 2 ft. away. 5. Note the reading for 2 ft. distance.
6. Similarly take the readings for3, 4, 5, ft. 7. Plot a graph of readings with
distance and see whether it is linear or non-linear.
Result:-

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

We have successfully study radiation of field strength of radiated wave.

Observation table:-

Distance Current(μA)

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Experiment No. - 5

Aim: - Study of Log Periodic Antenna.

Apparatus:-
Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting
Wires.

Theory:-

Driven array is a family of half wave dipole antennas in which signal is applied to all the elements in parallel.
This family included popular type of antennas such as

a. End fire array

b. Co-linear array
c. Broad side array
d. Log periodic antenna

Log Periodic Antenna:

The main feature of this antenna is frequency independence for both radiation resistance and pattern. The
radiation pattern may be unidirectional or bidirectional. Bandwidth of 10:1 is easily achievable.

The array consists of number of dipoles of different lengths and spacing, and fed from a two wire line which is
transposed between each adjacent pair of dipoles. The array is fed from narrow end and maximum radiation is
in this direction. See next figure.
If a graph is drawn of antenna input impedance v/s frequency, a repetitive variation will be noticed. If plotted
against log of frequency instead of frequency, then variation is periodic consisting of identical cycles. All other
properties of antenna undergo similar variation especially radiation pattern. It is this behaviour of antenna,
which has given, log periodic name.

This is a horizontally polarised antenna. Typical radiation pattern is shown in next figure.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Log Periodic antenna

Procedure:-

1. Get the setup ready.

2. Mount Log Periodic antenna on the top of the transmitting mast.
3. Ensure the following settings:
◦ Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane. Keep the
distance around 100cm between them.
◦ Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive optimum/ maximum
radiations for the antenna under test,
◦ DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100uA reading and DPM at RF detector unit is set
for 70uA
◦ Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
4. Now start taking the readings at the interval 20 degrees and tabulate the degree v/s μA readings of RF
detector unit display.
5. Convert the noted micro Amp readings into dB using,

dB = 20 log (I)

6. Now plot the polar graph on the supplied polar graph paper as per the converted dB readings against
degrees of rotation.

Result:-
We have successfully study Log Periodic Antenna.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Observation table:-
Degree Current(μA) dB = 20 log (I) Difference

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Experiment No. - 6

Aim: - To plot radiation pattern of Folded Dipole λ/2 antenna.

Apparatus:-
Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting Wires.
Theory:-

A folded dipole is an antenna, with two conductors connected on both sides, and folded to form a cylindrical
closed shape, to which feed is given at the center. The length of the dipole is half of the wavelength. Hence, it is
called as half wave folded dipole antenna.

Frequency range-

The range of frequency in which half wave folded dipole operates is around 3KHz to 300GHz. This is mostly
used in television receivers.

Radiation Pattern-

The radiation pattern of half-wave folded dipoles is the same as that of the half-wave dipole antennas. The
following figure shows the radiation pattern of half-wave folded dipole antenna, which is Omni-directional
pattern.
Half-wave folded dipole antennas are used where optimum power transfer is needed and where large
impedances are needed.

Applications-

The following are the applications of half-wave folded dipole antenna −

• Mainly used as a feeder element in Yagi antenna, Parabolic antenna, turnstile antenna, log periodic
antenna, phased and reflector arrays, etc.
• Generally used in radio receivers.
• Most commonly used in TV receiver antennas.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Folded Dipole λ/2 antenna

Procedure:-

1. Get the setup ready.

2. Mount Folded Dipole λ/2 antenna on the top of the transmitting mast.
3. Ensure the following settings:
◦ Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane. Keep the
distance around 100cm between them.
◦ Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive optimum/ maximum
radiations for the antenna under test,
◦ DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100uA reading and DPM at RF detector unit is set
for 70uA
◦ Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
4. Now start taking the readings at the interval 20 degrees and tabulate the degree v/s μA readings of RF
detector unit display.
5. Convert the noted micro Amp readings into dB using,

dB = 20 log (I)

6. Now plot the polar graph on the supplied polar graph paper as per the converted dB readings against
degrees of rotation.

Result:-

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024
We have successfully plotted the radiation pattern of Folded Dipole λ/2 antenna.

Observation table:-

Degree Current(μA) dB = 20 log (I) Difference

Experiment No. - 7

Aim: - To plot radiation pattern of Rhombus Antenna.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Apparatus:-
Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting
Wires.

Theory:-

The Rhombus Antenna is an equilateral parallelogram shaped antenna. Generally, it has two opposite acute
angles. The tilt angle, θ is approximately equal to 90° minus the angle of major lobe. Rhombic antenna works
under the principle of travelling wave radiator. It is arranged in the form of a rhombus or diamond shape and
suspended horizontally above the surface of the earth.

Frequency range-

The frequency range of operation of a Rhombus antenna is around 3MHz to 300MHz. This antenna works in
HF and VHF ranges.

Radiation Pattern-

The radiation pattern of the rhombic antenna is shown in the following figure. The resultant pattern is the
cumulative effect of the radiation at all four legs of the antenna. This pattern is uni-directional, while it can be
made bi-directional by removing the terminating resistance.

The main disadvantage of rhombic antenna is that the portions of the radiation, which do not combine with the
main lobe, result in considerable side lobes having both horizontal and vertical polarization.

Applications-

The following are the applications of half-wave folded dipole antenna −

• Used in HF communications
• Used in Long distance sky wave propagations
• Used in point-to-point communications

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Rhombus antenna

Procedure:-

1. Get the setup ready.

2. Mount Rhombus antenna on the top of the transmitting mast.
3. Ensure the following settings:
◦ Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane. Keep the
distance around 100cm between them.
◦ Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive optimum/ maximum
radiations for the antenna under test,
◦ DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100uA reading and DPM at RF detector unit is set
for 70uA
◦ Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
4. Now start taking the readings at the interval 20 degrees and tabulate the degree v/s μA readings of RF
detector unit display.
5. Convert the noted micro Amp readings into dB using,

dB = 20 log (I)

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

6. Now plot the polar graph on the supplied polar graph paper as per the converted dB readings against
degrees of rotation.

Result:-

We have successfully plotted the radiation pattern of Rhombus antenna.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Observation table:-

Degree Current(μA) dB = 20 log (I) Difference

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Experiment No. - 8

Aim: - To plot radiation pattern of Broad Side Array antenna.

Apparatus:-
Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting
Wires.

Theory:-

The antenna array in its simplest form, having a number of elements of equal size, equally spaced along a
straight line or axis, forming collinear points, with all dipoles in the same phase, from the same source together
form the broad side array.

Frequency range-

The frequency range, in which the collinear array antennas operate is around 30 MHz to 3GHz which belong to
the VHF and UHF bands.

Radiation Pattern-

The radiation pattern of this antenna is bi-directional and right angles to the plane. The beam is very narrow
with high gain.

The above figure shows the radiation pattern of the broad side array. The beam is a bit wider and minor lobes
are much reduced in this.

Applications-

These generally find applications in overseas broadcasting systems.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Broad Side Array antenna

Procedure:-

1. Get the setup ready.

2. Mount Broad Side Array antenna on the top of the transmitting mast.
3. Ensure the following settings:
◦ Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane. Keep the
distance around 100cm between them.
◦ Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive optimum/ maximum
radiations for the antenna under test,
◦ DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100uA reading and DPM at RF detector unit is set
for 70uA
◦ Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
4. Now start taking the readings at the interval 20 degrees and tabulate the degree v/s μA readings of RF
detector unit display.
5. Convert the noted micro Amp readings into dB using,

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

dB = 20 log (I)

6. Now plot the polar graph on the supplied polar graph paper as per the converted dB readings against
degrees of rotation.

Result:-

We have successfully plotted the radiation pattern of Broad Side Array antenna.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Observation table:-

Degree Current(μA) dB = 20 log (I) Difference

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Experiment No. - 9

Aim: - To plot radiation pattern of Slot antenna.

Apparatus:-
Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting
Wires.

Theory:-

A type of antenna with an opening cut of certain dimensions in a metallic conductor which is excited using a
two-wire transmission line or coaxial cable is known as a slot antenna.

Frequency range-

These antennas operate in the frequency ranging between 300 MHz to 30 GHz.

Radiation Pattern-

The radiation pattern of the Slot antenna is Omni-directional, just like a half-wave dipole antenna.

Applications-

The following are the applications of Slot antenna −

• Usually for radar navigational purposes

• Used as an array fed by a wave guide

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Slot antenna

Procedure:-

1. Get the setup ready.

2. Mount Slot antenna on the top of the transmitting mast.
3. Ensure the following settings:
◦ Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane. Keep the
distance around 100cm between them.
◦ Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive optimum/ maximum
radiations for the antenna under test,
◦ DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100uA reading and DPM at RF detector unit is set
for 70uA
◦ Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
4. Now start taking the readings at the interval 20 degrees and tabulate the degree v/s μA readings of RF
detector unit display.
5. Convert the noted micro Amp readings into dB using,

dB = 20 log (I)

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024
6. Now plot the polar graph on the supplied polar graph paper as per the converted dB readings against
degrees of rotation.

Result:-
We have successfully plotted the radiation pattern of Slot
antenna.

Observation table:-

Degree Current(μA) dB = 20 log (I) Difference

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024
Experiment No. - 10

Aim: - To plot radiation pattern of Cut Paraboloid Reflector Antenna.

Apparatus:-
Detector, Antenna, Antenna Trainer Kit, Connecting
Wires.

Theory:-

A type of reflector which has a reflecting surface having the shape of a paraboloid that is used to collect and re-
radiated the electromagnetic energy is known as Parabolic Reflector. It is regarded as the simplest and popular
form of reflector antenna.

These are known as microwave antennas as exhibit a wide range of use at microwave frequencies in terms of
communication.

Frequency range-

The operating range offered by it is generally above 1 MHz. Thus, shows suitability in radio and wireless
applications.

Radiation Pattern-

In parabolic antennas, virtually all the power radiated is concentrated in a narrow main lobe along the antenna's
axis. The residual power is radiated in sidelobes, usually much smaller, in other directions. Because in parabolic
antennas the reflector aperture is much larger than the wavelength, due to diffraction there are usually many
narrow sidelobes, so the sidelobe pattern is complex.

Applications-

The high directive gain offered by these antennas makes it suitable for various applications like:

• Satellite communication
• TV signal broadcasting
• Wireless communication
• Radio astronomy
• Parabolic microphones and

• Lighting devices such as car headlights

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024

Cut Paraboloid Reflector Antenna

Procedure:-

1. Get the setup ready.

2. Mount Cut Paraboloid Reflector Antenna on the top of the transmitting mast.
3. Ensure the following settings:
◦ Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal plane. Keep the
distance around 100cm between them.
◦ Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive optimum/ maximum
radiations for the antenna under test,
◦ DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100uA reading and DPM at RF detector unit is set
for 70uA
◦ Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
4. Now start taking the readings at the interval 20 degrees and tabulate the degree v/s μA readings of RF
detector unit display.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Student Name – Nitish Kumar Enrollment No.:- 0176EC211024
5. Convert the noted micro Amp readings into dB using,

dB = 20 log (I)

6. Now plot the polar graph on the supplied polar graph paper as per the converted dB readings against
degrees of rotation.

Result:-
We have successfully plotted the radiation pattern of Cut Paraboloid Reflector
Antenna.

Observation table:-

Degree Current(μA) dB = 20 log (I) Difference

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & EXCELENCE, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING