SOLUTION

THEORY
1. Define the following terms:
i) Molarity ii) Molality iii) Mole fraction iv) Reverse osmosis v) Van’t Hoff factor vi) Azeotropic
mixture vii) Ideal solution vii) Isotonic solution viii) Abnormal molar mass
2. Write the advantage and disadvantage of molarity/molality.
3. Give reason / Account for the following / Explain why –
i) Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water.
ii) At higher altitude people suffer from anoxia resulting inability to think.
iii) Elevation of boiling point of 0.1m KCl solution is twice than that of 0.1m glucose solution.
iv) The molecular masses of polymers are determined by osmotic pressure method and not by
measuring colligative properties.
v) Raoult’s law as special case of Henry’s law.
vi) Helium is used in diving apparatus.
4. a) State Henry’s law and mention two of its important application.
b) Why does solubility of a gas in a liquid decrease with rise in temperature.
c) Why is the solubility of ammonia greater than nitrogen in water.
d) Gas A is more soluble in water than gas B at the same temperature. Which one of the two gases
will have the higher value of KH and why?
5. a) State Raoult’s law in it’s general form in reference to solutions. Give examples of ideal and
nonideal solution. Write three differences between ideal solution and non ideal solution.
b) What is the similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law?
c) For a non ideal solution ΔHmix = -ve(exothermic). What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is
there?
d)→ Why does a solution of ethanol and cyclohexane show +ve deviation from Raoult’s law?
→Explain why a solution of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
e) What type of deviation arises for maximum boiling azeotropes and minimum boiling azeotropes?
f) Based on solute -solvent interaction, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in n-
Octane. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3OH and CH3CN.
g) Amongst the following, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water.
Phenol, toluene, formic acid, ethylene glycol, chloroform, pentanol.
h) What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by a solution of acetone and chloroform? Justify on
the basis of strength of intermolecular interaction that developed in the solution.
i) What is the difference between minimum boiling azeotropes and maximum boiling azeotropes. Give
example of each.
j) Derive the relation between relative lowering of vapour pressure and mole fraction of solute.
6. a) Explain the elevation of boiling point with the help of vapour pressure -temperature curve of a
solution. ( Similarly explain the depression of freezing point of a solution.)
b) Why is elevation of boiling point a colligative property?
7.a) What is ebullioscopic constant? Kb for water is 0.52KgK/mol. What does it mean?
b) What is cryoscopic constant? Kf for water is 1.86KgK/mol. What does it mean?
c) What is de-icing agent? How does it function?
d) What is antifreeze? Why it is advised to add ethylene glycol to water in a car radiator while driving in
hill stations?
8.a) Explain why red blood cells burst when they are placed in water but shrink in conc. Solution of
NaCl?
b) Why is 0.84% aq. Solution used as physiological saline?
c) Write the application of reverse osmosis.
d) Sea fishes cannot survive in pond water. Why?
e) For throat trouble why is it advised to gargle with salt water?
NUMERICALS
9. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 2963K , how many milimoles of N2 gas would dissolve in 1
Litre of water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987bar. KH of N2 is 76.42Kbar.
10. The vapour pressure of pure liquid A and B are 450 and 700 mm of Hg respectively at 350K. Find
out the composition of liquid mixture if the total vapour pressure is 600 mm of Hg. Also find the
composition of the vapour phase.
11. At 800C the vapour pressure of two pure liquid A and B 520and 1000 mm of Hg respectively. If
the solution boils at 800C and 1 atm pressure, what amount of A is present in the solution?
12. 12g of solid solute dissolved in 90g of water. At 1000C vapour pressure of the solution is 750mm
of Hg. Calculate the relative molar mass of the solute.
13. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 60g of glucose in 250 g of water. ( K f of water
given 1.86K Kg/mol.)
14. Calculate the mass of compound(molar mass= 256g/mol) to be dissolved in 75 g of benzene to
lowers its freezing point by 0.48 K. (Kf =5.12 K Kg/mol)
15. If 3.24 g Sulphur is dissolved in 40g benzene boiling point of the solution increased by 0.81 K.
Determine the formula of Sulphur. Kb for benzene = 2.53 K Kg /mol.
16. A 4% solution (W/W) of sucrose (molar mass=342 g/mol) in water has a freezing point of 271.15
K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water. (Freezing point of pure water =273.15 K) .
17. The vapour pressure of pure water is 23.75 mm of hg at 250C . What will be the vapour pressure
of 5% (w/w) glucose solution?
18. i)Calculate the boiling point of 1M aq solution of KCl ( density = 1.04g/mL) . Kb of water given 0.52K
Kg/mol.
ii) Calculate the boiling point of one molar aq. solution( density = 1.06g/mL) of KBr. (Kb for water =
0.52K Kg/mol).
19. 1.22 g Benzoic acid is dissolved separately in (i) 100 g acetone(Kb =1.7) and (ii) 100 g benzene (Kb
= 2.6) to prepare two separate solutions. The elevation of boiling points are 0.17 0C and 0.130C
respectively. Calculate the molar mass of benzoic acid in both the solutions. What conclusion will
you draw about the molecular structure of benzoic acid in acetone and benzene from the
obtained results?
20. 20 g of phenol in 1.0 Kg benzene has its freezing point lowered by 0.69 K. Calculate the
percentage of phenol that dimerises in the solution. Kf for benzene = 5.1K Kg/mol).
21. A solution of 15 g of urea per litre of solution in water is isotonic with a glucose solution.
Calculate the mass of glucose present in 1 litre solution.
22. 6 g of urea and 9 g of glucose are dissolved in 1L aq solution. Calculate the osmotic pressure of
the solution at 300K.
23. Calculate the freezing point of the solution when 1.9 g MgCl 2 was dissolved in 50 g of water,
assuming MgCl2 undergoes complete ionization. (Kf =1.86K Kg/mol).
24. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4 g MgSO4 was dissolved in 100 g of water, assuming
MgSO4undergoes complete ionization. Kb= 0.52 KKg/mol.
25. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 0.025g of K2SO4 in 2 L water
at 250C, assuming that it is completely ionized.
26. A decimolar solution of [K4Fe(CN)6 ] is 50% dissociated at 300 K. Calculate the value of van’t Hoff
factor.
27. 19.5 g CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression of freezing point is 1.0 0C.
Calculate van’t Hoff factor and dissociation constant of fluroacetic acid. (K f = 1.86 K Kg/mol).
28. Calculate the molality and molarity of 10% H2SO4 (by mass) solution if specific gravity of the solution
given 1.84g/mL.
29.Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i=2.47) dissolved in 2.5L of water such that its osmotic pressure is
0.75atm at 270C.
30. Calculate the pH of the 0.025M aq. solution of a monobasic weak acid (HX), if the depression of
freezing point is 0.060C. Given molarity of the solution = molality of the solution. Kf for water = 1.86 K
Kg/mol.
31. what mass of NaCl must be added in 65 g of water to lower the freezing point of water by 7.500C . (Kf
for water = 1.86 K Kg/mol).
32. A solution of glycerol(C3H8O3) on water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500 g of water.
The solution has boiling point at 1 atm pressure. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make the
solution? Kb= 0.512 K Kg/mol.
33. 30 g of urea is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution if
vapour pressure of pure water is 23.8 mm Hg at 298K.
34. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water has osmotic pressure
of 0.335 torr at 250C. Assuming the gene fragment is a non electrolyte, determine its molar mass.
35. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the expected freezing point of a solution prepared by
dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber’s salt (Na2SO4.10H2O) in 0.10 Kg of water. (Kf for water = 1.86K Kg/mol).

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