Respiratory system

Allergy
Shatha Alqtashat
 Outcomes
• 1.Better Understanding of Allergy Types: Participants will learn about different types of allergies, their causes, and sympto ms.
• 2.Uses of Antihistamines: Understanding how antihistamines work, their different types, and how they can be effectively used
to alleviate allergy symptoms.
• 3.Allergic Rhinitis: Learning about the causes of allergic rhinitis, how it is diagnosed, and available treatment methods.
• 4.Nasal Decongestants: Knowing how nasal decongestants work, their benefits, and the risks of long-term use.
• 5.Drug Interactions: Understanding how antihistamines and decongestants interact with other medications and how to
manage these interactions safely.
• 6.Recent Developments in Treatment: Exploring new research and advancements in the treatment of allergies and allergic
rhinitis.
• 7.Prevention Strategies: Learning new strategies to prevent allergy attacks and reduce exposure to triggers.
• 8.Self-care Tips: Providing participants with tips on how to manage allergy symptoms on their own and live better with the
condition.
An allergy is an immune system response to a
foreign substance that's not typically harmful to
body. These foreign substances are called
allergens. such as dust mite, mold, and tree
weed and grass pollen, as well as food allergens
such as milk, egg, soy, wheat, nut or fish
proteins.
Immune system produces substances known as
antibodies. When we have allergies, immune
system makes antibodies that identify a
particular allergen as harmful, even though it
isn't. When we come into contact with the
allergen, our immune systems reaction can
inflame skin, sinuses, airways or digestive
system.
The severity of allergies varies from person to
person and can range from minor irritation to
anaphylaxis - a potentially life-threatening
emergency. While most allergies can't be cured,
treatments can help relieve allergy symptoms.
 We will discuss three topics:

Antihistamines Allergic Rhinitis Nasal Decongestant

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 Shatha Alqtashat

Anti Histamines
 Symptoms of allergy
•The symptoms depend on the method of exposure to the allergen - through air, skin, food, or insect
stings. In the case of exposure to air allergens, symptoms include itching in the eyes, nose, and
increased tear production, which can lead to sneezing and nasal congestion.
•Symptoms of skin allergies include redness and swelling in the affected area (itching may be associated
with a red rash).
•Food allergies can also cause stomach and intestinal disturbances such as vomiting and diarrhea, as
well as skin rashes.
•The patient may also feel a rise in body temperature.
•Some types of allergies cause the appearance of small red spots on the skin with itching. •
Symptoms can range from mild to severe, most of which disappear after a short period
of exposures
•Mild types can go unnoticed.
Antihistamines are used to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever
and other types of allergy. They work by preventing the effects of a
substance called histamine, which is produced by the body. Histamine
can cause itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.
 Anti Histamines
1)Antihistamines first generation
antihistamine:(Chlorpheniramine, Dimethindene
,Hydroxyzine, Cyproheptadine &promethazine.)
2)Second generation antihistamine:
(Loratadine, Cetirizine, Fexofenadine,
Bilastine, Desloratadine , Ketotifen and
Levocetirizine )
 First - generation H1 blockers Second - generation H1 blockers

•Short to intermediate acting •Long-acting

•Crosses the BBB •Poor penetration of the BBB

•Produces sedative effects •Less sedative effect

•Produces antimuscarinic action •No effect on muscarinic

receptors
•Generally cheaper
•Relatively more expensive
 First-Generation Antihistamines

• Uses:

• First-generation antihistamines are used to treat allergic reactions, itching

(pruritus), urticaria, and chronic allergic inflammation.
• The drops containing Dimethindene are used in children under one year old
to treat allergic symptoms.
• These medications are also used to prevent motion sickness, such as the drug
Promethazine.
• Due to the sedative effect, these medications assist with sleep, but their use
should be limited to short durations.
 First-Generation Antihistamines

Side effects Contraindications

• Drowsiness • Do not use this medication if you
have narrow-angle glaucoma,
• Dry mouth, nose, and throat
severe hypertension, acute peptic
• Headache ulcer, gastrointestinal obstruction,
• Unusual movements or urinary retention.
• Use with caution in patients with
heart problems.
• The sedative effect of this drug group can assist with sleep, but
their use should not extend for long periods due to potential side • Hydroxyzine is contraindicated
effects. The drops are effective for children under one year, and during pregnancy.
the most common side effect for children is drowsiness. If these
side effects are observed, especially if the child becomes unusually
sleepy or difficult to wake, the medication should be discontinued
immediately. Adults may also experience similar side effects.
 Pregnancy and Breastfeeding:
•Chlorpheniramine can be used during
pregnancy and breastfeeding, but other drugs in this
group should not be used during these periods.
 Dosage

. Chlorpheniramine: Dimethindene: Promethazine:

• •Adults: 4 mg every 4-6 hours • Adults: 2 mg every 4-6 hours
• Drops and syrups for children: can • Drops and syrups for children: can • Adults: 1 mg/kg once orally.
be used in children under one year be used in children under one year
old. Dosage is calculated based on old. Dosage is calculated based on • Children above 1 year: 1.1 mg/kg
weight, with one drop per weight, with one drop per once orally.
kilogram of body weight given kilogram of body weight given
every 6 hours. every 6 hours. Hydroxyzine:
•Adults: 25 to 100 mg orally 3 to 4
times daily.

•Children under 6 years: 50 mg orally

every 6 hours.
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Second Generation Antihistamine
This generation has proven to be more effective than the previous
one, with a longer duration of action in the body and fewer side
effects.
(high efficacy , non-sedating)

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 USES
•These drugs are used to relieve the symptoms of
seasonal and persistent allergies throughout the year, including
nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, coughing, and watery eyes.
•They are used to treat symptoms of urticaria (hives),
pruritus (itching), allergic rhinitis, and other allergic conditions.
•These drugs are used to treat coughs caused by allergies, which
often occur at night.
 •Headache

•Drowsiness
Side Effects
•Dry mouth

•Diarrhea

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 Notes
• Drowsiness may be caused by normal doses of Cetirizine
and is more likely at higher doses.

• Loratadine at a normal dose may cause drowsiness.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

This group of drugs should not

be used during pregnancy and
lactation unless prescribed by a
specialist. Loratadine can be used
after the third month of
pregnancy after consulting a
doctor.
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1.Cetirizine:
Dosage
•6 months to 5 years: 1 to 2.5 mg orally once a day according to the weight.
•6 years and older: 5 to 10 mg orally once a day.
•Adult Dose: 5 to 10 mg orally once a day.

2.Levocetirizine:

•6 months to 5 years: 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg orally once a day in the evening.

•6 to 11 years: 2.5 mg orally once a day in the evening.
•12 years and older: 5 mg orally once a day in the evening.

3.Loratadine:

•2 to 5 years: 5 mg orally once a day.

•6 years and older: 10 mg orally once a day.

4.Desloratadine:

•6 to 11 months: 1 mg orally once a day.

•12 months to 5 years: 1.25 mg orally once a day.
• •6 years and older: 5 mg orally once a day.

5.Fexofenadine:

•12 years and older: 120 mg orally once a day OR 180 mg orally once a day.
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 The difference between Loratadine and
Desloratadine:

• Both belong to the second generation of antihistamines and do not

cause drowsiness.
• The only difference is that Desloratadine is an active metabolite of
Loratadine and works faster.
• Desloratadine can be given to patients with liver disease as it does not
require metabolism in the liver through the CYP450 pathway to become
active.

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 REFERENCES
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https://www.medicinenet.com• Community pharmacy•
Hospital pharmacy•
https://www.planetayurveda.net/treatment-of-asthma-in-
ayurveda/•
https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/medications/asth
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htt.//kidengage.com/blog/2019/06/homoeopathy-can-cure-
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triggers/

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Thank you for listening
Any questions?!