A certain water heater operutes

steady flow conditionons

under
Example 5.7 313.93 kJIkg. The wateris
at 75°Ctemperature, enthalpy
recenving 4.2 kg/s ofwater heater at temperature 100.2°
steam which is supplied
to the
heated by mixing with
leaves the heaterasliquid water at temperature
andenthalpy 2676 kJ/kg. Themixture
How much steam must be supplied the heater
to
100°C and enthalpy 419 kJ/kg.
per hour? LO5.3]

Solution By mass balance across the control surface (Fig. 5.19)

WtWW3
By energy balance

wh+ V2 Z8d&+W2
W1
Water

w h+ V +Z38+ &W
2 dT
-C.S.

By the nature of the process, there is no shaft W2-

Water heater
Steam
work. Potential and kinetic energy terms are
assumed to balance zero. The heater is assumed to
be insulated. So the steady flow energy equation
reduces to
T
wh t w h , = w,h Mixture

4.2x 313.93+ w,x 2676- (4.2 +

w,)419 Fig. 5.19

w-0.196 kg/s = 705 kg/h

heal
Example 5.8 Air at temperature of 15°C passes through a"he
a
exchanger al a velocity of 30 m/s where its temperature is raised to 800°C. I then
rature
enters aturbine with the same velocity of 30 m/s and
expands until the tenp s to u
falls to 650°C. On leuving the turbine, the air is taken at a velocity of o teis
nozzle where it expands until the
temperature hasfallen to S00°C.Jnedhage. nger
2 kg/s, calculate (a) the rate of heat ransfer to the air in the
(b) the power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss ana ( nea e elocil"
elocity

at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss. Take the enthalpy of ar
where C is the specific heat equal to 1.005 kJ/kg K and t the temperut
ure.
is LO .41
5.3,5.4)
 oooocgooss First Law Applied to Flow Processes 123

Solution
As shown in Fig. 5.20, writing the S.EE.E. for the heat cxchanger and

eliminating the terms that are not relevant.

Heat exchanger

WT

Turbine
15°C. t2 =800°C
V30 m/s. V2 = 30 m/s
650 C, Va =60 m/s Nozzle
500°C, V4 = ?

Fig. 5.20

w a1h2+2s+K+W12
wh, +21-2 wh
12 wh-h)=wel%-1)
2 x 1.005 (800 - 15)
= 2.01x 785
= 1580 kJ/s

nergy equation for the turbine gives

w
2
whtw ,W 2

V-Vi +(h, - h) =Wy/w

2

(30- 60]x 10
+1.005 (800 -650) W/w
2

=-1,35+ 150.75
W
= 149.4 kJ/kg

W149.4x 2 kJ/s
298.8 kW
Writ C
Cnergy equation for the nozzle

h +h
+h2 2
 2 10
(650 500)x2 x
VVI1.005
301.50x I0'm/s*
30.15 x I0' + 0.36x 10
30.51 x 10" m/s2

velocity at exit from the 102zle

V,554 m/s

the gas enters

at the rate of 5 kg/s with n

Example 5.9 In a gas furbine turbine wilh a velocity

the
of S0 mand enthalpy of 900
s
kJ/kg and leaves
elocin 400 kJ/kg. The loss of heat from
the gases to the
of 150 m s and enthalpy of R 0.285 kJ/kg and = 1.004kJ/kek K c,
=

surroundings is 25 kJkg. Assume gas for

conditions to be at 100 kPa
and 27°C. Determine the power output
and the inlet
diameter of the inlet pipe.
LO 5.3
of the turbine and the
the C.V. (Fig. 5.21) gives
Solution Steady flow energy equation for
C.V.

Q
W

Turbine

Fig.5.21

h dt
dW
dt

W
dt
=w (-h, )+
dt

5 900-400+ 50-150 x10

2 25x5
2325 kW
Using ideal gas equation of state at pipe inlet,
PV R T,
 ooooocooos F'irst Law Applied to Flow Proccsses 125

volume flow rate at inlet X0.285x 300 x 10

100x 10
4275 m'/s
4.275
Inlet arca,
50

0.086 m Di
D0.3.3 m or 33 em

MExample 5.10 The air

speed of a turbojet engine in flight is 270 m/s.
hicnt iemperature
air is
15°C. Gas -

temperature
Corresponding enthalpy values for air and gas are,of outlet of nozzle is
kg Fucl-air ratio is 0.0190. Chemical energy of respectively 2600 and

wing 1o
the fuel is 44.5 MJ/kg.
incomplete combustion 5 percent of the chemical is not
ieascd in the reacion. Heat loss from the engine is 21 kJ/kg of energy
he velocin of the exhaust jet. air: Calculate
LO 5.3]
Solution Energy equation for the turbojet engine (Fig. 5.22)
gives

wh + 2 +w,E+=w h E
260+270
n x10-3)
270 X10
2
+0.0190x44500-21

= 1.0190|912+-Vx10 +0.05.019
x 44500
2 1.019

260 +36.5 +845 21 =1.019 9124 g X10 -+42

15610 m/s
VV3.12 x 100 m/s
Velocity of exhaust gas, V =
560 m/s
Fuel
W E
Q
2 2) C.S

Air 1)
3
W.
Wg
(3) Exhaust
E 5 . 1 Air enters a compressor operating at stendy state at a preSsure of T bar, atempe
of 200 R and a velocity of 6 m/s through an inlet with an area of 0.1 m2 A
the pressure is 7 bar, the temperature is 450 K and the velocity is 2 me t
transfer firom the compressor to the surroundings occurs at the rate of 180 kl/
Hea
Employing the ideal gas model, calculate the power input to the compressor. T.
min
- 1.005 kJ/kgk.
Take

Hint:
LO 5.3
P,= 1 bar P, 7 bar
T,290K T, 450 K +O Wcv=?
6 m/s V 2 m/s
A0.11m -180 kJ/min
irst find the mass flow rate, w = 41 = AP
where for air, RT
R=R8.3143 kJ
= 0.287
Fig. 5.26
28.96 kgK
Then use the steady flow energy equation

- + wh+h)+ +g(Z-Z^)
180
60 tww 1.005(290450)+46-2
2 x103+0
-119.4 kW
5.2 Air enters an insulated diffuser
0.7 bar, a
operating at steady state with a pressu of
temperature of 5.7°C and a velocity of 200 m/s. At the exit the
is I bar.
The
exit flow area is 20%
presuergy
effects
greater than the inlet flow area. Potential
can be neglected. Determine the air exit temperature
c1.005kJ/kgK andR =0.287 kJ/kgk. and the velocIty.
LO 5.3,5.4
Hint: In the S.F.E.E.

- t whth)+
x10+g(Z, -Z,)
0, 0,2, -Z,
,-7)+ 1o

W A 4 1.2 4
V2
N
V2-1.2 and
and , - RIR 0.287 x (273 57) m
V 1.2
0.7 x 100 kg
and v=0.287xT, m'
100
From the above kg
equations, get T, =
342 K and V, =
120.9 m/s
E5.3 A pump steadily delivers water at a volumetric flow rate of 0.05 m/s through a
pipe of diameter
18 cn located 100 m
above the inlet pipe which has a diameter
15 cm. The pressure is nearly equal to 1 bar ot
at both the inlet and the exit, and the
temperature is nearly constant at 20°C throughout. Determine the power required
by the pump. Take g = 9.81 m/s?
LO 5.3, 5.41
Hint: The power is determined from the S.F.E.E.

0-0-+w|-,)+ 2
+g(Z -,
where w =W, ",
12=1, and p2 =P1 Since h h2,

-+gZ-Z,)
where w =4'2= 0.05 m°/s
= 50 kg/s
0.001 m°kg
0.05 m/s = 1.965 m/s

0.18 m
A,V 0.05 m'/s. Find V, and using the S.F.E.E. obtain.

= - 48.9 kW
E5.4 Air is heated as it flows at steady state through a constant area duct. At the inlet, the
temperature is 300 K, the pressure is 2 bar and the velocity is 87 m/s. At the exit,
the pressure and velocity are 1.45 bar and 360 m/s, respectively. Neglecting P.E.,
determine the heat transfer per unit mass. LO 5.3, 5.4]
Hint: The S.FE.E gives

L=h,-h, + V} V}+s(Z,-2)
W
where
Z,-Z2 W=P,4,V=P242V
Solving for T T2 PAa'2.T
V =900 K
360-872
=1.005
W
(900 300)+ 2
x 10-3

690 kJ/kg
E)5.5 Air as an ideal gas flows at steady state through the conmpressor and heat exchanger
as shown in Fig. 5.24. Data for the flow streams are shown in the figure. Neglecting
the K.E. and PE. effects and heat loss to the surroundings, calculate the compressor
power and the mass flow rate of cooling water. Take cp= 1.005 kJ/kgkK.
|LO5.3,5.4
Compressor

Water Water
in out
a
Heat
Air + Air Exchanger

2
Fig. 5.27
 P2263kPa
P, =
96 kPa
7, 400 K
T 300 K
(AV), =
26.91 m'/min
T 350 KK
T25 °C
Pa2 bar
T40 C
P 1 5 bar
Hint: The S.EE.E. gives

- +h-h)+ 2
9Z-Z)
where w W, wi Since V, =V, and Z21

W=wh-h,).
Wgir (AV-PiA gives 50.4 kW
R7
W 30 x cp (300-400) gives-50.4 kW

By energy balance in the heat exchanger,

WarpaTT)=w, "pw(T,-T),whereep4.187 kJ/kgK
which gives w= 0.403 kg/s

PROBLEMS
E 5.1 A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 20°C and consumes a power of 15 kw. inc Inlet
t air
and outlet velocities of air are 100 m/s and 150 m/s, respectively. Find the e
temperature, assuming adiabatic conditions. Take c. of air is 1.005 kJ/kg-h
LO5.4] (Ans. 28.38°O

E 5.2 A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam lowing

state: 1.2
at tne ms

MPa, temperature 188°C, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, velocity -

pressure
elevation 3 m. The steam leaves the turbine at pressure
the following statc Pth State:

20 kPa, enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg,

velocity
100 m/s and elevation 0 m. Heat
is
surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through thel urbine i

0.42 kg/s, what is the power

output of the turbine in kW?
112.51 k
5.3 A nozzle is LO5.4) (Ans. the
device for increasing the
a A
inletto a certain nozzle, the
velocity of a steadily flowing S ci s t r e a m .

enthalpy of the filuid passing is 3000 kJ/kg

is 60 m/s. At the
discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762 kJ/kg. The nozzle andis horizonta

and there is negligible heat loss from it.

(a) Find the velocity at exit
is
n 0 z z l e
nozzle

(b) If the inlet area is 0.1 m and the fro a, fi

the mass flow rate.
specific volume at inlet is 0.18/1m/kg.
bind

(c) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is is

0.498
the exit area of the
nozzle. 0.+
m)
(c) 0.023
LO5.41 (Ans. (a) 692.5 m/s (b) 32.08 kg/s (C)
 5.4 In an oil cooler,oil flows steadily through a bundle of metal tubes submerged in a
steady stream of cooling water. Under stcady flow conditions, the oil enters at 90°C
and leaves at 30°C, while the water enters at 25°C and Ieaves at 70°C. The enthaipy
of oil at r°C is given by
h 1.68
=
t+ 10.5 x 104PkJ/kg
What is the cooling water flow required for cooling 2.78 kg/s ofoil?
LO5.3] (Ans. 1.47 kg/s)
.5 A thermoelectric generator consists of a series of semiconductor elements
(Fig. 5.28). heated on one side and cooled on the other. Electric current flow is
produced as a result of energy transfer as heat. In a particular experiment, the
current was measured to be 0.5 amp and the electrostatic potential at (1) was
0.8 volt abOve that at (2). Energy transfer as heat to the hot side of the generator
was taking place at a rate of 5.5 watts. Determine the rate of energy transfer as heat
rom the cold side and the energy conversion efficiency.

Hot

N P N N

Cold

2
e-e2

Fig. 5.28

ILO5.3] (Ans. 0,=5.I watts, 7= 0.073)

5 . 6 A turbo compressor delivers 2.33 m°/s of air at 0.276 MPa and 43°C which is heated
at this pressure to 430°C and finally expanded in a turbine which delivers 1860 kW
During the expansion, there is a heat transfer of 0.09 MJ/s to the surroundings.
Calculate the turbine exhaust temperature if changes in kinetic and potential energy
are negligible. LO5.41 (Ans. 157°C)
E5.7 reciprocating air
SAA reciprocating air compressor takes in 2 m'/min at 0.11 MPa, 20°C which it
delivers at 1.5 MPa and 111°C to 19C
to an
an aftercooler where the air is cooled at constant
aftercooler wi A
15 kW. Determine the
pressure to 25°C. The power absorbed by the compressor is 4.l5 Determine
heat transfer in (a) the compressor, and (b) the cooler. State your assumptions.
L O5.41 (Ans. -0.17 kJ/s, - 3.76 kJ/s)
5 . 8 Ina watercoolingtowerair enters at a height of l mabove the ground level and leaves
at a height of 7 m. The inlet and outlet velocities are 20 m/s and 30 m/s respectively
Water enters at a height of 8 m and leaves at a height of 0.8 m. The velocity of
water at entry and exit are 3 m/s and I m/s, respectively. Water temperatures are
80°C and 50°C at the entry and exit, respectively. Air temperatures are 30°C and
70°C at the entry and exit, respectively. The cooling tower is well insulated and a
fan of 2.25 kW drives the air through the cooler. Find the amount of air per second
required for 1 kg/s of water flow. The values of c, of air and water are 1.005 and
4.187 kJ/kg K, respectively. |LOS.31 (Ans. 3.16 kp/s
 taken into a gas turbine power
plant ataa
5 . 9 Air at
101.325 kPa and 20°C is
crosS-sectional area. The airi yeloct
Compress
y
140 m/s through an opening of 0.15 m and I50
heated, expanded through
a turbine
and exhausted at 0.18 MPa
150°C throe
The
cross-sectional arca. power output is 375 kw .Cale
an opening of0.10 m' the air in kJ/kg.
Assume that air obev
he a
the net amount of heat added to v is the

(
0.287 273), where p is
the pressurc in kPa, specific volume
p 1.005 kJ kg K.
k g andris the temperature in °C. Takce,
LO5.4] (Ans. 150.23 kJ
compressor. The gas enters the coma
5.10 A gas flows stcadily through rotary
a
M T00 kPa and an enthalpy of 3912
at a temperature of 16°C,
a pressure of
a pressure of a
klkg
a temperature of 245°C,
The gas leaves the compressor at MP
is no heat transfer to or from the gas
and an cnthalpy of 534.5 kJ/kg. There
the external work done per unit mases
flows through the compressor. (a) Evaluate mass o
velocities at entry and exit to be negligible. (b) Evaluateth
gas assuming the gas
external work done per unit mass of gas when the gas velocity at entry is 80 m

and that at exit is 160 m/s. [LO5.41 (Ans. 143.3 kJ/kg, 152.9 kk
M 5.11 The steanm supply to an engine comprises two streams which mix before enterine
the engine. One stream is supplied at the rate of 0.01 kg/s with an enthalpy
952 kJ kg and a velocity of 20 m/s. The other stream is supplied at the rate
0.1 kg's with an enthalpy of 2569 kJ/kg and a velocity of 120 m/s. At theexitfro
the engine the fluid leaves as two streams, one of water at the rate of O.001 k
with an enthalpy of 420 kJ/kg and the other of steam; the fluid velocities at the evi
are negligible. The engine develops a shaft power of 25 kW. The heat transter i

negligible. Evaluate the enthalpy of the second exit stream.

LO5.4] (Ans. 2402 kJke
M 5.12 The stream of air and gasoline vapour, in the ratio of 14: 1 by mass, entei
gasoline engine at a temperature of 30°C and leaves as combustion productsa
temperature of 790°C. The engine has a specific fuel consumption of 0.3 Kg
The net heat transfer rate from the fuel-air
stream to the jacket cooling wai
1o the
surroundings is 35 kW. The shaft power delivered by the engine is 05k
Compute the increase in the specific enthalpy of the fuel-air stream, the

changes in kinetic energy and in elevation to assu

be negligible.
LO5.41 (Ans. - 1877 kJ/kg miN
5.13 An air turbine forms part of aircraft refrigerating
an pressureo

295 kPa and a plant. Air at a

temperature of 58°C flows steadily into the turbine a ploeit
of 45 m/s.
The air leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1 15 wi f
and a velocity of 15) mi/s. The kPa, a tempeld 4 kJ.e
shalt work delivered
air. Neglecting by the turbine is thehe -

changes in clevalion, determine the

of air llowing. For air, takemagnitude
transfer per unit mass and sig ndthe
enthalpy h c 1.005 KJ =

+ 7.96
E5.14In a
turibomachinc handlng
LO5.4] (Ans
1000 kg/m', the conditions of the
an
incompressible
uid at
fluid with
with a denst
as ge
below the rotor entry and exu
exit
are
*

nlet
Pressurc Exit
I.I5 MPa
0.05 MPa
Velocity 30 m/s
Height above datu 15.5 m/s
10 m t r a n s f efrr
.oh

Ifthe volume flow rate of the tluid is 40 2 m

the fluid as work. m'/s, estimate the net eneiB
60.
LO5.4 (Ans. 60.)
S15 A room for four persons has two fans, each consuming 0.18 kW power, and three
100 W lamps. Ventilation air at the rate of 80 kg/h enters with an enthalpy ol
84 kJ/kg and leaves with an enthalpy of 59 kJ/kg. If cach person puts out heat at the
rate of 630 kJ/h determine the rate at which heat is to be removed by a room cooler.
so that a steady state is maintained in the room. (Ans. 1.92 kW)
LO5.3
5.16 Air flows steadily at the rate of 04 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at
6 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m'/kg, and leaving at
4.5 ms with a pressure of 6.9 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m'/kg. The internal
cnergy of the air leaving is 88 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling
water in a jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of
s9 W Calculate the power required to drive the compressor and the inlet and outlet
cross-sectional areas.

LO5.3] (Ans. 45.4 kW, 0.057 m>, 0.0142 m)

E 5.17 Two streams of air, one at I bar, 27°C and velocity of 30 m/s and the other at 5 bar,
27C and S0 m/s velocity, mix in equal proportion in a chamber from which heat
at the rate of 100 kJ/kg is removed. The mixture is then passed through an adiabatic
nozzle. Find thevelocity ofthe stream issuing out of the nozzle. The temperature of
air leaving the nozzle is 27°C, and its c= 1.005 kJ kgK.
LO5.4] (Ans. 51.96 m/s)
M 5.18 Steam flowing in a pipeline is at a steady state represented by P,. t, 4 , , h, and V
A small amount of the total flow is fed through a small tube to an evacuated chamber
which is allowed to fill slowly until the pressure is equal to the pipeline pressure. If
there is no heat transfer, derive an expression for the final specific internal energy in
the chamber, in terms of the properties in the pipeline. LO5.71
H5.19 The internal energy of air is given, at ordinary temperatures, by
u=u+0.718 t

where u is in kJ/kg, u is any arbitrary value of u at 0°C, kJ/kg and t is temperature

in C.
Also for air,po 0.287 (t +273))
=

where p is in kPa andv is in m/kg.

a) An evacuated bottle is fitted with a valve through which air from the atmosphere,
at 760 mm Hg and 25°C, is allowed to flow slowly to fill the bottle. If no heat is
transferred to or from the air in the bottle, what will its temperature be when the
pressure in the bottle reaches 760 mm Hg? (Ans. 144.2°C)
b) If the bottle initially contains 0.03 m of air at 400 mm Hg and 25°C, what will the
temperature be when the pressure in the bottle reaches 760 mm Hg?
LO5.71 (Ans. 71.6°C)
H5.2 Apressure cylinder of volume Vcontains air at pressure P and temperature ,. It
is to be filled from a compressed air line maintained at constant pressure P and
Emperature T,. Show that the temperature ofthe air in the cylinder after it has been
Charged to the pressure of the line is given by

T
14Puy

f P400 mm hg, p, - 760 m Hg. 7 7,=298 K and = 14, what is the value
of T.
LO5.81 (Ans. 344.64 K)
 the rate of volume displace
5.21 A small reciprocating vacuum punmp having
The air in the vessel is maint.
cement V
vessel of volume V.
used to evacuate large a
transfer as heat. the initial and final Drd
If
ained a
constant temperature Tby energy
the time taken for the pressure drop and the
ate pressures
P and p,. respectively, find
Assume that for air,pV=mRT. wha necessar
energy transfer as heat during evacuation. e ms
the mass and R is a constant, and u is a function of T only.
LOS
Ans.f=In,
Va P2
Q=(P-P)¥
[Hint: dm=-pl, dt)/RT) =

Vdp/(RT)].
5.22 A tank containing 45 kg of water initially at 45°C has one inlet and one exit
with
equal mass flow rates. Liquid water enters at 45°C and a mass flow rate of 270 kah
A cooling coil immersed in the water removes energy at the ate of 7.6 kW. The water
is well mixed by a paddle wheel with a
power input of 0.6 kW. The pressures at
inlet and exit are equal. Ignoring
changes in KE and PE, find the variation of water
temperature with time.
If p, 760 mm Hg, V,
=
(Ans. T318 -22 [1 - exp (-6r)
0.3 m' and
=

the pressure to V,=

d 0.001 m/s, find the required time tor
drop from p, to p, and the
associated heat transfer to maintan tne
temperature constant.
A5.23 Arigid tank of volume 0.5 m* is LO5.4] (Ans. t 19.26 s, O 144 = =

and air from the surroundings atinitially evacuated.

1 bar and A tiny
21°C leaks in.hole
Eventually, the presvall.
develops in the wau
in the tank reaches 1 Ssure
bar. The
between the tank and the process occurs slowly enough that heat uranster
tanx constant at
21°C. surroundings keeps the temperature of the air u
M,5.24 Determine the amount
A
well-insulated rigid tank with of heat transfer. S0 kI
line through which volumea
of 10 m3
[LO5.6] (And
Steam allowed to
is
steam flows at 15
bar and
is connected to a lars
280°C. The tank is initialiy
flow into the
the amount tank until the o
of mass that flows
into the pressure inside is 15 Calculate

tank bar kg)

LO5.8] (Ans. 474