Theory for AI and Machine Learning Algorithms

1. Implement A* (A-Star) Algorithm for any Game Search Problem:

A* Algorithm is a heuristic-based search algorithm commonly used for pathfinding and graph

traversal.

It combines elements of Dijkstra's algorithm and Greedy Best-First Search to find the

shortest path in a graph.

A* maintains two scores for each node:

- g(n): the cost to reach the current node from the start node.

- h(n): the estimated cost from the current node to the goal node (heuristic).

- f(n) = g(n) + h(n): the total estimated cost.

The algorithm expands nodes based on the lowest f(n) value, balancing accuracy and

efficiency.

Common applications include grid-based games and real-time navigation systems.

2. Implement MiniMax Algorithm for Tic-Tac-Toe Game:

The MiniMax algorithm is a decision-making algorithm used in two-player games.

Each player is either maximizing or minimizing the score:

- Maximizing Player: Tries to maximize the score.

- Minimizing Player: Tries to minimize the score.

The algorithm simulates all possible moves and assigns scores based on game outcomes.

It chooses moves that maximize the minimum score possible, aiming to minimize losses in

adversarial settings.

Tic-Tac-Toe is a classic example, where MiniMax explores potential board states to ensure

optimal moves.
3. Implement Alpha-Beta Pruning for Game Search:

Alpha-Beta Pruning is an optimization of the MiniMax algorithm, improving efficiency by

"pruning" branches that cannot influence the final decision:

- Alpha: The best option for the maximizer.

- Beta: The best option for the minimizer.

By updating alpha and beta values, the algorithm reduces the number of nodes evaluated,

making it faster and more suitable for complex games.

4. Implement Solutions for Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs):

i) Branch and Bound for the N-Queens Problem:

The Branch and Bound algorithm systematically explores possible solutions in a search

tree, "bounding" branches that cannot yield solutions.

The N-Queens Problem aims to place N queens on an N×N chessboard such that no two

queens threaten each other.

Branch and Bound avoids conflicting placements, reducing solution paths.

ii) Backtracking for Graph Coloring:

In the Graph Coloring problem, we assign colors to nodes of a graph such that no two

adjacent nodes share the same color.

Backtracking tries colors and undoes (backtracks) on conflicts, exploring all possible

solutions in a systematic way.

iii) Backtracking for Solving a 9x9 Sudoku Puzzle:

A Sudoku Solver using Backtracking attempts to place digits in empty cells, checking if

each placement maintains the puzzle's constraints.

5. Develop an Elementary Chatbot for Customer Interaction:

A basic Chatbot uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to interact with users

in a conversational format.

Techniques include:

- Rule-Based Responses: Respond to fixed keywords.

- Machine Learning: Models trained on customer service datasets can respond based on

past data.

This application helps automate tasks in domains like customer service, providing

predefined responses to FAQs or gathering customer information.

6. Mini Project: Implement an Expert System:

An Expert System mimics human expertise for problem-solving. This type of AI application

includes:

- Inference Engine: Applies logical rules to knowledge.

- Knowledge Base: Stores domain-specific information.

Example applications include:

- Hospitals and Medical Facilities: Diagnosing conditions based on symptoms.

- Employee Performance Evaluation: Assessing employees based on set criteria.

- Airline Scheduling: Optimizing schedules based on constraints like availability and

demand.

7. Perform Operations Using Python on an Open-Source Dataset:

This question outlines data processing steps, including:

- Data Loading: Importing data from open-source platforms.

- Outlier Detection: Using methods like Z-scores to identify unusual data points.

- Data Transformation: Applying scaling or encoding.

- Encoding Categorical Variables: Transforming categories into quantitative variables (e.g.,

using one-hot encoding).

8. Implement PCA Feature Extraction Technique:

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduces the dimensionality of data by transforming

features into principal components. These components capture maximum variance in the

data with minimal information loss, improving computational efficiency and reducing noise.

PCA is widely used for data visualization and preprocessing in machine learning.

9. Linear Regression or Logistic Regression:

A) Linear Regression to Predict Home Prices:

Linear Regression is used to model relationships between variables. In predicting home

prices, we can model price as a linear function of features like square footage, number of

bedrooms, and location. The mean squared error is minimized to determine the best-fit line.

B) Logistic Regression for Classification:

Logistic Regression is used for binary classification, predicting categories by transforming

a linear combination of features into probabilities using the sigmoid function. In this

question, Social Network Ads data could be used to classify whether a user clicked an ad.

10. Email Classification or KNN Classification on Iris Dataset:

A) Email Classification Using SVM:

In Spam Detection, we can use Support Vector Machine (SVM), which maximizes the
margin between classes by finding a hyperplane that separates "spam" and "not spam"

emails. Metrics such as precision, recall, and F1-score evaluate classification performance.

B) KNN Classification on Iris Dataset:

K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) is a simple classification technique based on the majority label

among the nearest data points. For the Iris dataset, KNN can classify species based on

attributes. The confusion matrix provides TP, FP, TN, FN counts, used to compute accuracy,

precision, and recall.

11. Implement K-Means Clustering with Elbow Method:

K-Means Clustering partitions data into k clusters based on feature similarity, minimizing the

variance within clusters. The Elbow Method helps determine the optimal number of clusters

by plotting the sum of squared errors (SSE) for different k-values. The "elbow point"

indicates where additional clusters provide minimal reduction in SSE, suggesting an optimal

k-value.