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Programming Microsoft
ASP.NET MVC
Dino Esposito
Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as much as you please.
—Mark Twain
Assumptions
This book expects that you have at least a minimal understanding of
ASP.NET development.
Who should not read this book
If you’re looking for a step-by-step guide to ASP.NET MVC, this is not
the ideal book for you.
System requirements
You preferably have the following software installed in order to run
the examples presented in this book:
One of the following operating systems: Windows 8/8.1, Windows
7, Windows Vista with Service Pack 2 (except Starter Edition),
Windows XP with Service Pack 3 (except Starter Edition),
Windows Server 2008 with Service Pack 2, Windows Server 2003
with Service Pack 2, or Windows Server 2003 R2
NOTE
If the license agreement doesn’t appear, you can access it from the
same webpage from which you downloaded the asp-net-mvc-
examples.zip file.
Stay in touch
Let’s keep the conversation going! We’re on Twitter:
http://twitter.com/MicrosoftPress
Part I. ASP.NET MVC
fundamentals
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
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Chapter 1. ASP.NET MVC
controllers
They always say time changes things, but you actually have to change them
yourself.
—Andy Warhol
I think ASP.NET Web Forms started getting old the day that Ajax
conquered the masses. As some have said, Ajax has been the
poisonous arrow shot in the heel of ASP.NET—another Achilles. Ajax
made getting more and more control over HTML and client-side code
a true necessity. Over time, this led to different architectures and
made ASP.NET Web Forms a little less up to the task with each
passing day.
Applied to the existing ASP.NET runtime, the MVC pattern produced
a new framework—ASP.NET MVC—that aligns web development to
the needs of developers today.
In ASP.NET MVC, each request results in the execution of an action—
ultimately, a method on a specific class. The results of executing the
action are passed down to the view subsystem along with a view
template. The results and template are then used to build the final
response for the browser. Users don’t point the browser to a page,
they just place a request. Doesn’t that sound like a big change?
Unlike Web Forms, ASP.NET MVC is made of various layers of code
connected together but not intertwined and not forming a single
monolithic block. For this reason, it’s easy to replace any of these
layers with custom components that enhance the maintainability as
well as the testability of the solution. With ASP.NET MVC, you gain
total control over the markup and can apply styles and inject script
code at will using the JavaScript frameworks that you like most.
Based on the same run-time environment as Web Forms, ASP.NET
MVC pushes a web-adapted implementation of the classic Model-
View-Controller pattern and makes developing web applications a
significantly different experience. In this chapter, you’ll discover the
role and structure of the controller—the foundation of ASP.NET MVC
applications—and how requests are routed to controllers.
Although you might decide to keep using Web Forms, for today’s
web development, ASP.NET MVC is a much better choice. You don’t
need to invest a huge amount of time, but you need to understand
exactly what’s going on and the philosophy behind MVC. If you do
that, any investment you make will pay you back sooner than you
expect.
NOTE
This book is based on ASP.NET MVC 5. This version of ASP.NET MVC is
backward compatible with the previous versions. This means that you
can install both versions side by side on the same computer and play
with the new version without affecting any existing MVC code that you
might have already.
NOTE
In software, the term URI (which stands for Uniform Resource
Identifier) is used to refer to a resource by location or a name. When
the URI identifies the resource by location, it’s called a URL, or Uniform
Resource Locator. When the URI identifies a resource by name, it
becomes a URN, or Uniform Resource Name. In this regard, ASP.NET
MVC is designed to deal with more generic URIs, whereas ASP.NET Web
Forms was designed to deal with location-aware physical resources.
<httpHandlers>
<add verb="*"
path="home/test/*"
type="MvcEmule.Components.MvcEmuleHandler" />
</httpHandlers>
The preceding code assumes that the first token in the URL after the
server name contains the key information to identify the specialized
component that will serve the request. The second token refers to
the name of the method to call on this component. Finally, the third
token indicates a parameter to pass.
namespace MvcEmule.Components
{
public class HomeController
{
public String Test(Object param1)
{
var message = "<html><h1>Got it! You passed '{0}'</h1>
</html>";
return String.Format(message, param1);
}
}
}
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/home/test
/{resource}/{action}
/Customer/{action}
Both routes are matched by any URLs that contain exactly two
segments. The latter, though, requires that the first segment equals
the string “Customer”. The former, instead, doesn’t pose specific
constraints on the content of the segments.
Often referred to as a URL parameter, a placeholder is a name
enclosed in curly brackets { }. You can have multiple placeholders in
a route as long as they are separated by a constant or delimiter. The
forward slash (/) character acts as a delimiter between the various
parts of the route. The name of the placeholder (for example,
action) is the key that your code will use to programmatically
retrieve the content of the corresponding segment from the actual
URL.
Here’s the default route for an ASP.NET MVC application:
{controller}/{action}/{id}
/Customers/Edit/ALFKI
You can add as many routes as you want with as many placeholders
as appropriate. You can even remove the default route.
// Other code
...
}
}
// Listing routes
routes.MapRoute(
"Default",
"{controller}/{action}/{id}",
new {
controller = "Home",
action = "Index",
id = UrlParameter.Optional
});
}
}
routes.MapRoute(
"Default",
"{controller}/{action}/{id}",
new {
controller = "Home",
action = "Index",
id = UrlParameter.Optional
});
The first parameter is the name of the route; each route should have
a unique name. The second parameter is the URL pattern. The third
parameter is an object that specifies default values for the URL
parameters.
Note that a URL can match the pattern even in an incomplete form.
Let’s consider the root URL—http://yourserver.com. At first sight,
such a URL wouldn’t match the route. However, if a default value is
specified for a URL parameter, the segment is considered optional.
As a result, for the preceding example, when you request the root
URL, the request is resolved by invoking the method Index on the
Home controller.
Processing routes
The ASP.NET URL routing module employs a number of rules when
trying to match an incoming requested URL to a defined route. The
most important rule is that routes must be checked in the order in
which they were registered in global.asax.
To ensure that routes are processed in the correct order, you must
list them from the most specific to the least specific. In any case,
keep in mind that the search for a matching route always ends at
the first match. This means that just adding a new route at the
bottom of the list might not work and might also cause you a bit of
trouble. In addition, be aware that placing a catch-all pattern at the
top of the list will make any other patterns, no matter how specific,
pass unnoticed.
Beyond order of appearance, other factors affect the process of
matching URLs to routes. As mentioned, one is the set of default
values that you might have provided for a route. Default values are
simply values that are automatically assigned to defined placeholders
in case the URL doesn’t provide specific values. Consider the
following two routes:
{Orders}/{Year}/{Month}
{Orders}/{Year}
If in the first route you assign default values for both {Year} and
{Month}, the second route will never be evaluated because, thanks
to the default values, the first route is always a match regardless of
whether the URL specifies a year and a month.
A trailing forward slash (/) is also a pitfall. The routes
{Orders}/{Year} and {Orders}/{Year}/ are two very different things.
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