LABORATORY

MANUAL

BASIC ELECTRONICS FOR

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(Using Multisim)

Prepared by:

ENGR. ARCEL SALEM

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

College of Engineering and Architecture
Contents

About this Laboratory Manual.........................................................................................iv

Course Overview...............................................................................................................v
Program Educational Objectives.......................................................................................1
Program Outcomes............................................................................................................1
Attainment of Program Outcomes....................................................................................3
Statement of Purpose.........................................................................................................3
Instructions to Students.....................................................................................................4

Laboratory Activity 1........................................................................................................5

Introduction to Multisim...................................................................................................5
Objectives................................................................................................................5
List of Equipment and Components........................................................................5
Theory......................................................................................................................5
Procedure.................................................................................................................5
Observations......................................................................................................................8
Conclusions.......................................................................................................................8
Recommendations.............................................................................................................8

Laboratory Activity 2........................................................................................................9

Semiconductor PN Junction Diode Characteristics...........................................................9
Objectives................................................................................................................9
List of Equipment and Components........................................................................9
Theory......................................................................................................................9
Procedure.................................................................................................................9
Observations....................................................................................................................10
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................12
Recommendations...........................................................................................................12

Laboratory Activity 3......................................................................................................13

Rectifiers: Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers............................................................13
Objectives..............................................................................................................13
List of Equipment and Components......................................................................13
Theory....................................................................................................................13
Procedure...............................................................................................................13
Observations....................................................................................................................15
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................17
Recommendations...........................................................................................................17

Laboratory Activity 4......................................................................................................18

Rectifier with Filter.........................................................................................................18
Objectives..............................................................................................................18

i
 List of Equipment and Components......................................................................18
Theory....................................................................................................................18
Procedure...............................................................................................................18
Observations....................................................................................................................19
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................21
Recommendations...........................................................................................................21

Laboratory Activity 5......................................................................................................22

Zener Diode.....................................................................................................................22
Objectives..............................................................................................................22
List of Equipment and Components......................................................................22
Theory....................................................................................................................22
Procedure...............................................................................................................22
Observations....................................................................................................................23
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................24
Recommendations...........................................................................................................24

Laboratory Activity 6......................................................................................................25

Bipolar Junction Transistor Analysis..............................................................................25
Objectives..............................................................................................................25
List of Equipment and Components......................................................................25
Theory....................................................................................................................25
Procedure...............................................................................................................25
Observations....................................................................................................................26
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................27
Recommendations...........................................................................................................27

Laboratory Activity 7......................................................................................................28

BJT Application..............................................................................................................28
Objectives..............................................................................................................28
List of Equipment and Components......................................................................28
Theory....................................................................................................................28
Procedure...............................................................................................................28
Observations....................................................................................................................29
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................30
Recommendations...........................................................................................................30

Laboratory Activity 8......................................................................................................31

BJT Analysis...................................................................................................................31
Objectives..............................................................................................................31
List of Equipment and Components......................................................................31
Theory....................................................................................................................31
Procedure...............................................................................................................31

Observations....................................................................................................................33
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................35

ii
 Recommendations...........................................................................................................35

Laboratory Activity 9......................................................................................................36

Operational Amplifier.....................................................................................................36
Objectives..............................................................................................................36
List of Equipment and Components......................................................................36
Theory....................................................................................................................36
Procedure...............................................................................................................37
Observations....................................................................................................................38
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................40
Recommendations...........................................................................................................40

Laboratory Activity 10.................................................................................................... 41

Power Supply..................................................................................................................41
Objectives..............................................................................................................41
List of Equipment and Components......................................................................41
Theory....................................................................................................................41
Procedure...............................................................................................................41
Observations....................................................................................................................42
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................43
Recommendations...........................................................................................................43

References......................................................................................................................50

iii
About this Laboratory Manual
ECE320 Basic Electronics laboratory manual is tailored for Mechanical Engineering students.
This laboratory manual introduces Multisim, an electronic and electrical circuits simulation
software, to mechanical engineering students. This is advantageous for flexible learning setup.

The course overview

This course will enable students to:

 deal with performance characteristics and operation of basic electronics ranging from
diodes to operational amplifiers.

 It also examines basic electronic circuits such as DC power supply and amplifier
circuits which are essential to the electromechanical devices.

 It includes demonstrations and laboratory experiments.

 Learn how to use Multisim and different electronic equipment that is used to test and
troubleshoot electronic circuit designs.

 Apply the theoretical concepts learned in basic electronic lectures to laboratory

experiments and compare the analytical and simulation results.

 This laboratory manual will be completed for 18 weeks with 3 hours per week
allotted for the activities.

The course contents

The laboratory is broken down into activities. Each activity comprises:

 The objective of the activity

 Materials to be used

 Theory comprising the activity

 Procedure

 Observations

 Discussions

 Conclusions

 Recommendations

 Resources

iv
Course overview
Welcome to ECE 320 Basic Electronics Laboratory
Manual
ECE320 Basic Electronics laboratory manual introduces Multisim, an
electronic and electrical circuits simulation software, to mechanical
engineering students. This is advantageous for flexible learning setup.

ECE 320 Basic Electronics —is this course for you?

This laboratory manual is tailored for mechanical engineering students.
Students should have an initial idea on electrical circuits theory which is a
perquisite to the Basic Electronics course.

Course outcomes
Upon completion of ECE 320 Basic Electronics you will be able to:

 Understand the basic operation, construction and characteristics

of different electronic devices such as PN junction diode, light
emitting diode, Zener diode, bipolar junction transistor, and
Outcomes
operational amplifier as well as their application.

 Understand the operation of DC regulated power supply.

 Understand and analyze transistor amplifier circuit.

 Understand and analyze operational amplifier circuits.

Timeframe
This laboratory manual will be completed for 18 weeks with
3 hours per week allotted for the activities.

How long?

v
 Program Educational Objectives
Graduates are technically equipped and globally competent professionals in
PEO1 a broad range of industrial practices, design and innovation in the various
fields of mechanical engineering.

The graduates are significant contributors to economic development

PEO2 through entrepreneurial and business ventures applying mechanical
engineering solutions and innovations.

The graduates are recognized leaders and prime movers for improvement
PEO3
in the industry, business, and academe.

Program Outcomes
Apply knowledge of mathematics, sciences, and engineering fundamentals
PO1 to solve complex engineering problems relevant to the field of mechanical
engineering practice.

Identify the research literature, analyze the complex mechanical

PO2 engineering problems and formulate solutions using the principles of
mathematics, and engineering sciences.

Design solutions for complex engineering problems and develop system,

component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints
PO3
such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and
safety, manufacturability and sustainability, in accordance with standards.

Conduct investigations of complex problems using research-based

knowledge in designing, and conducting experiments, as well as to
PO4
analyze and interpret data in the field of mechanical engineering with
special focus on Energy and Thermofluids.

Create, select and apply mechanical engineering skills, techniques, and

use of these advanced technologies necessary for engineering practice to
PO5 satisfy the needs of the industry and the society in accordance with the
internationally accepted standards necessary for mechanical engineering
practice.

Discuss the current issues based on appropriate knowledge involving

societal, health, safety, legal and cultural concerning relevant to the
PO6
mechanical engineering practice and solutions to complex engineering
problems.

1
 Identify and evaluate the impact of mechanical engineering solutions in
wide range of societal issues, such as economic, environmental, legal,
PO7 social, that shape decision making and demonstrate knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.

Apply ethical principles and exemplify utmost professionalism in

PO8
mechanical engineering practice.

Communicate effectively in mechanical engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society in general, such as being able to
PO9
comprehend and write reports, design documentation, make presentations,
and give and receive clear instructions.

Work and function effectively as an individual and as member or a leader

PO10 in transdisciplinary and multi-cultural teams recognizing the different
roles within a team to accomplish a common goal.

Update oneself on the latest technological advancements in mechanical

PO11
engineering, and engage in independent and life-long learning.

Demonstrate knowledge on project management principles, economic

PO12
decision-making in a trans-disciplinary environment.

Participlate in the generation of new knowledge and advancement of

existing knowledge, in research and development projects, and in
PO13 technopreneurial activities in the areas of Thermofluids, and Energy
Engineering aligned to the regional and national development agenda or
goals.

PO14 Promote and preserve the Filipino culture and heritage.

2
 ATTAINMENT OF PROGRAM
OUTCOMES
Program
Activity Experime Outcomes
No. nt Attained

1 Introduction to Multisim PO11

2 Semiconductor PN Junction: Diode Characteristics PO10

3 Rectifiers: Half Wave & Full Wave Rectifier PO1, PO10

4 Rectifier with Filter PO10

5 Zener Diode PO10

6 Bipolar Junction Transistor Analysis PO1, PO10

7 BJT Application PO1, PO10

8 BJT Biasing PO1, PO10

9 Operational Amplifier PO1, PO10

10 Power Supply PO1, PO3, PO10

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE:

This laboratory is to provide students with first-hand experience in using electronics

simulation software to perform basic electronics experiments. This will complement the
fundamental concepts of electronics presented in lecture discussions, including basic circuit
analysis techniques. Students will learn how to design and build simple electronic circuits to
meet specific requirements and apply the basic circuit analysis they have learned in the lecture
discussion. Students will also learn how to simulate electronic circuits to identify the required
parameters as well as to troubleshoot the circuits to identify and fix common problems.

3
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

1. Students are required to attend and submit all laboratory activities.

2. Students should individually understand how to use the Multisim software to
perform all laboratory activities.
3. Students should have the Multisim individually installed in their computers/laptops.
4. Students should read through the laboratory experiments.
5. Students should utilize the three (3) hours laboratory time properly to perform the
experiment and to record the readings.
6. Laboratory reports should be detailed; calculations, theoretical and experimental
comparisons, and graphs should be presented.
7. Late submissions of laboratory outputs will have appropriate deductions.

4
 LABORATORY
ACTIVITY 1
Introduction to
Objective/ Multisim
s:
1. To be familiar with Multisim software.
2. To build simple circuit and simulate the circuit to obtain the needed parameters.
3. To use basic equipment in circuit simulation.
List of Equipment and Component/s:

 NI Multisim software
Theory:
Simulation is an essential step in designing electronic circuits. Through simulation, an
overview of the expected output of the designed circuit can be realized in advance.
Troubleshooting the designed circuit can also be done in advance which will greatly reduce
the possible problems that may arise during the actual implementation.
One of the software tools that can be used in simulating electronic circuits is Multisim
developed by National Instrument. Multisim provides a user-friendly interface for creating
and analyzing circuits using a virtual breadboard, and includes a wide range of components.
Multisim includes a range of analysis tools such as voltage, current, power, and frequency
analyses, and provides the ability to perform interactive measurements on the circuit. In
addition, it offers a range of simulation options, such as time-domain and frequency-domain
analysis, AC, and DC analysis, and transient analysis.

Procedure:
1. Open the Multisim software. The working environment should look like Figure 1.1
below with the following label: (1) Component Toolbar, (2) Simulation Toolbar, (3)
Instrument Toolbar.

3
1 2

Working Pad
(Place circuit here)

Figure 1.1 Multisim Working Environment

The Component Toolbar constitutes shortcut keys for placing components.
From left, the user can find the Source, Basic components, Diodes, Transistor, Analog
components, TTL, CMOS components, Miscellaneous Digital components, and other
components. The user can also click the “Place” button in the menu toolbar to locate

5
 the different electrical and electronic components. In the Simulation Toolbar, the
user can automatically simulate the circuit under test by clicking the green “play”
button. In the Instrument Toolbar, the user can find the different electronic
instruments that to be used in testing the circuit designs such as Multimeter,
Function Generator, Oscilloscope and others.
2. Creating Schematic Circuit:
a. Place Components. To place components, click on (1) Place → (2)
Components. Click on (3) Group to select the component needed for the
circuit and click (4) OK to place the said component on the schematic. The
step-by-step procedure is shown in Figure 1.2. The user can also locate the
components needed through
the component toolbar.
1

2
4
3

Figure 1.2 Placing Components

b. Arrange the components according to the circuit design. Connect the

components by clicking on each of its terminals (a wire will appear) and
connecting it to the terminal of the other component.
c. Create the simple circuit shown in Figure 1.3. The values of the components
can be changed by double clicking on the component. A window will appear
where the values can be edited.

R1

1kΩ
V1 R2
12V 1.3kΩ

Figure 1.3 Sample Circuit

d. Simulation. For every simulation, a grounding should be connected to the

circuit since all circuits to be simulated should be grounded. To simulate the

6
 completed circuit, click on Simulate → Run or by clicking the green “play”
button in the Simulation Toolbar shown in Figure 1.4.

Figure 1.4 Simulation Toolbar

e. Analyzing the circuit. To obtain the needed parameters (i.e., voltage,

current, frequency, etc.), certain instruments should be used. For the given
circuit, for example, the voltage drop across resistor R2 should be
determined. To determine this, a multimeter should be used. Select the
multimeter in the instrument toolbar. Connect the terminals of the multimeter
across resistor R2. Double click on the instrument and select the required
parameter to be determined (i.e A – current, V – voltage, Ω – ohm, dB -
decibel). The circuit should look like the Figure 1.5 below. The straight line
indicates DC values, and the sine wave indicates AC values.

Figure 1.5 Circuit with Connected Multimeter

3. Create the circuit shown in Figure 1.6.

R1 R3

1kΩ 0.47kΩ
V1 R2 R4
12V 1.3kΩ 1.5kΩ

Figure 1.6 Circuit Design

7
 4. Determine the following parameters:
a. Voltage across resistors R1, R2, R3, and R4.
b. Current flowing through resistors R2 and R4.

Observations:

Table 1.1 Required Circuit Parameters

Compone Voltage Current

nt
R1

R2

R3

R4

Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

8
 LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2
Semiconductor PN Junction: Diode
Characteristics
Objective/
s:

1. To investigate the characteristics of a semiconductor diode.

2. Learn how to measure the voltage-current characteristics of semiconductor diode.

List of Equipment and Component/s:

1 1kΩ Resistor
1 1N4001~1N4007 Silicon Diode
1 DC power supply
1 Digital Multimeter
Multisim software

Theory:

Semiconductors are materials with conductivity between that of a good conductor and that
of an insulator. Semiconductors can be intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic semiconductors are
made through the process of doping in which impurities were added to intrinsic
semiconductors to improve their electrical characteristics. An n-material semiconductor can
be made by adding pentavalent elements to intrinsic semiconductor while a p-material
semiconductor can be made by adding trivalent elements to intrinsic semiconductor. When p-
and n-material semiconductors are attached to each other, a pn junction semiconductor diode
is formed. pn semiconductor is the basic building blocks of all other electronic devices.

The diode operates in three (3) regions of operation: (a) no bias, (b) reverse bias, and (c)
forward bias. To operate the diode in forward bias condition, the positive terminal of diode is
connected to the higher potential of the biasing circuit while the negative terminal is
connected to the lower potential. In reverse bias condition, the terminals are connected in
opposite polarities.

Procedure:

1. Forward Biased Diode.

a. Build the circuit shown in Figure 2.1 below. Use 1kΩ resistance. Is the diode in
forward bias operation or reverse biased operation? Why?
b. Set the voltage source to 0V and measure both the voltage of the diode (𝑉𝐷) and
its current (𝐼𝐷). write the results obtained in Table 2.1. Repeat the process for
the all the source voltages listed Table 2.1.
c. From the data collected in Table 2.1, plot the current versus voltage
characteristic of the forward biased diode. Make sure the horizontal axis is the
diode voltage and the vertical axis is the diode current.
d. What is your observation/s?

9
 Figure 2.1 Forward-Biased Circuit

2. Reverse Biased Diode.

a. Build the circuit shown in Figure 2.2 below. Use 1kΩ resistance. Is the diode in
forward bias operation or reverse bias operation? Why?
b. Set the voltage source to 0V and measure both the diode’s voltage and current.
Record the results in Table 2.2. Repeat this process for the remaining source
voltage listed in the table.
c. From the data collected in Table 2.2, plot the current versus voltage
characteristic of the reverse biased diode. Make sure the horizontal axis is the
diode voltage and the vertical axis is the diode current.
d. What is your observation/s?

Figure 2.2 Reverse Biased Rectifier

Observations:

𝑰𝑫
Table 2.1 Results for Forward-Bias Diode
Suppl 𝑽𝑫
y
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

10
 0.9

1.0

Graph of Forward V-I Characteristics:

𝑰𝑫
Table 2.2 Results for Reverse-Bias Diode
Suppl 𝑽𝑫
y
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Graph of Reverse V-I Characteristics:

11
Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

12
 LABORATORY ACTIVITY 3
Rectifiers: Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers

Objective/
s:
1. To analyze half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits and compare the simulated
results with the theoretical analysis learned.
2. To plot the input and output waveforms of half-wave and bridge network full-
wave rectifiers.

List of Equipment and Component/s:

1 3.3 kΩ and 5 kΩ Resistors

4 1N4001~1N4007 Silicon Diode
1 Digital Multimeter
1 Oscilloscope
1 AC power supply or Function Generator
Multisim software

Theory:

Rectifiers are an important part of a power supply since they convert AC input signal to DC
output. The process is called rectification. Rectifiers can be half-wave or full-wave. Half
wave rectifiers utilize only half of the input signal while full-wave rectifiers utilize the
whole input signal.

Important formulas to consider in dealing rectifiers:

𝑽𝒎
=
Half-wave rectifier:
𝑫
𝝅
𝑽
𝑪
𝟐𝑽𝒎
=
𝑽
Full-wave rectifier:

𝑫𝑪 𝝅

Procedu
re:

1. Half-Wave Rectifier
a. Build the circuit shown in Figure 3.1below. Use the following values:
i. Voltage source: 50 V peak-to-peak ac; 60 Hz
ii. Diode: 1N4005
iii. Resistor: 3.3 kΩ
b. Connect an oscilloscope across the load resistor and measure the output
voltage.
c. Show the output voltage waveform. Label the necessary points.
d. Measure the input and output frequencies using the oscilloscope.
e. Plot both waveforms on the graph.
f. Connect a multimeter across the load resistor and measure the average value
13
of the rectified voltage. What is the average value of the half-wave rectified
voltage? 𝑉𝐷𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = .

14
 g. Analyze the circuit and calculate the average value of the half-wave rectified
voltage.
h. Compare the theoretical value and the experimental values. What is your
observation/s?
i. What is the peak inverse voltage across the diode? PIV= .
j. Reverse the orientation of the diode. Repeat steps 1b-1g.

Figure 3.1 Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit

2. Full-Wave Rectifier
a. Build the circuit shown in Figure 3.2 below. Use the following values:
i. Voltage source: 100 V peak-to-peak ac; 60 Hz.
ii. Diodes: 1N4005
iii. Resistor: 5.0 kΩ
b. Connect an oscilloscope across the load resistor and measure the output
voltage.
c. Show the output voltage waveform. Label the necessary points.
d. Measure the input and output frequencies using the oscilloscope.
e. Plot both waveforms on the graph.
f. Connect a multimeter across the load resistor and measure the average value
of the rectified voltage. What is the average value of the half-wave rectified
voltage? 𝑉𝐷𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = .
g. Analyze the circuit and calculate the average value of the half-wave rectified
voltage.
h. Compare the theoretical value and the experimental values. What is your
observation/s?
i. What is the peak inverse voltage across the diode? PIV= .

Figure 3.2 Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit

15
Observations:

Half-Wave Rectifier:

Hand Calculations:

Table 3.1 Rectified Voltage Output for Half-Wave Rectifier

𝑽𝑫𝑪𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝑫𝑪𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 PI
V

Full-Wave Rectifier:

Hand Calculations:

16
Table 3.2 Rectified Voltage Output for Full-Wave Rectifier
𝑉𝐷𝐶𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝐷𝐶𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 PIV

Graph:

Half Wave Rectifier Input/Output Waveform

Full Wave Rectifier Input/Output Waveform

17
Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

18
 LABORATORY
ACTIVITY 4
Rectifier with Filter
Objective/
s:
1. To plot the input and output waveforms bridge network full-wave rectifiers with
filter.

List of Equipment and Component/s:

4 1N4001~1N4007 Silicon Diodes
1 3.3 kΩ, 5 kΩ, 7.68 kΩ, and 10 kΩ Resistors
1 40 µF, 66 µF, 82 µF, and 100 µF Capacitors
1 AC power supply or Function Generator
1 Oscilloscope
1 Multimeter
Multisim software

Theory:
Filter is another important part of a power supply. The output of the rectifier is a pulsating
DC; thus, a filter is needed to eliminate the ripples present in the output signal. A simple
capacitor can be used as a filter to the output.

Important formulas to consider in dealing with filters:

𝑽𝒓(𝒑𝒑)
𝒓=
𝑽𝑫𝑪
Ripple factor:
𝟏
𝑽 ≅(
)𝑽
𝒓(𝒑𝒑) 𝒇𝑹 𝒑(𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕)
𝑳𝑪

𝑽 ≅
𝟏 (𝟏 −
)𝑽
𝑫𝑪 𝟐𝒇𝑹 𝒑(𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕)
𝑳𝑪
Procedu
re:
1. Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier with Filter
a. Build the circuit shown in Figure 4.1 below.
b. Connect an oscilloscope across the load resistor/capacitor filter and measure
the output voltage.
c. Plot the output voltage waveform. Label the necessary points.
d. Connect a multimeter across the load resistor.
i. What is the peak-to-peak ripple voltage developed across the load?
(Include the output waveform and locate the value needed)
ii. What is the dc output voltage developed across the load? (Include the
output waveform and locate the value needed)
e. Analyze the circuit and calculate, theoretically, the peak-to-peak ripple and dc
output voltage developed across the load resistance. (Include solutions of at
19
 least 1 test case)
f. Compare the theoretical value and the experimental values.

20
 g. Write all obtained values in Table 4.1.
h. Complete Table 4.2 using the indicated capacitor values. (Resistor value
remains at 3.3 kΩ)
i. What is/are your observation/s?
j. Complete Table 4.3 using the indicated resistor values. (Capacitor value
remains at 40 µF)
k. What is/are your observation/s?

Figure 4.1 Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit with Filter

Observations:
Graph of Full-Wave Rectifier with Filter Input/Output Waveform:

Table 4.1 Peak-to-Peak Ripple & DC Voltage

𝑽(𝒓)𝒑𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑽(𝒓)𝒑𝒑𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝑫𝑪𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝑫𝑪𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍

21
 Hand Calculations:

𝑽(𝒓)𝒑𝒑:

𝑽𝑫𝑪:

Table 4.2 Varying Capacitance, Constant Resistance

Theoretical Experimen
tal
Capacitor
𝑽𝒑(𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕) 𝑽𝑫𝑪 𝑽𝒓(𝒑𝒑) 𝑽𝒑(𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕) 𝑽𝑫 𝑽𝒓(𝒑𝒑)
Dischar
Value
ge
𝑪 Time
40 µF

68 µF

82 µF

100 µF

Table 4.3 Varying Resistance, Constant Capacitance

Theoretical Experimen
tal
Resistor
𝑽𝒑(𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕) 𝑽𝑫𝑪 𝑽𝒓(𝒑𝒑) 𝑽𝒑(𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕) 𝑽𝑫 𝑽𝒓(𝒑𝒑)
Dischar
Value
ge
𝑪 Time
3.3 kΩ

5.0 kΩ

7.68 kΩ

10 kΩ

22
Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

23
 LABORATORY
ACTIVITY 5
Zener Diode
Objective/
s:

1. Explore the characteristics of Zener diode and observe its behavior when used as
voltage regulator.

List of Equipment and Component/s:

1 Zener Diode with 5V breakdown voltage

1 110 Ω, 220 Ω, and 450 Ω Resistors
1 DC power supply
1 Multimeter
Multisim software

Theory:

Zener diodes are special types of diodes that are designed to operate in the reverse breakdown
region. When the voltage across a Zener diode is greater than the specified breakdown voltage
(𝑉𝑍), the diode conducts and regulates the voltage across it. As such, Zener diode can be
used as voltage regulators.

Procedure:

1. Connect the Zener diode in reverse bias configuration to the DC power supply.
2. Set the power supply voltage value to a higher value than the Zener breakdown
voltage.
3. Measure the voltage across the Zener diode using a multimeter. This value
should be approximately equal to the breakdown voltage of the Zener diode.
4. Replace the Zener diode with another one of a different breakdown voltage and
repeat steps 2-3.
5. Connect a series resistor to limit the current flowing through the Zener diode.
6. Connect a load resistor in parallel to the Zener diode and measure the voltage
across both the Zener diode and load resistor.
7. Measure the current flowing across the Zener diode and the load.
8. The circuit should look like Figure 5.1 below.
Rs

220Ω
Zener RL
110Ω
V1 5V

Figure 5.1 Zener Diode Circuit

9. Analyze the Zener diode circuit and determine, theoretically, the values 𝑉𝐿 , 𝐼𝐿, 𝐼𝑍.
10. Change the load resistance and observe the changes in the output.

24
Observations:

Table 5.1 Output Parameters

𝑽𝑳𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑽𝑳𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊 𝑰𝑳𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑰𝑳𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒁𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑰𝒁𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄

Load
Resistor
Value 𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒅 𝒂𝒍 𝒅 𝒂𝒍

110
Ω
450
Ω

Hand calculations:

𝑽𝑳𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 :

𝑰𝑳𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 :

𝑰𝒁𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 :

25
Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

26
 LABORATORY 6
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Analysis
Objective/
s:

1. Apply the theoretical concepts obtained on the topics of transistors on

experimental conditions.
2. Analyze transistor circuits and troubleshoot possible faults that may arise.

List of Equipment and Component/s:

1 470 Ω and 49 kΩ Resistors

1 2N3903 BJT Transistor
1 DC power supply
1 Multimeter
Multisim software

Theory:

Bipolar junction transistors (BJT) are three-terminal transistors with two pn junctions that are
able to amplify signals. The three terminals of BJT are base, emitter, and collector. The emitter
terminal is highly doped semiconductor material, thus, it has more current present compared
to the other terminals. The base terminal is the most lightly doped among the three terminals,
thus, a very small amount of current occurs in this terminal. The collector terminal is
moderately doped semiconductor material and a significant amount of current, almost
approximately equal to emitter current, is present.

Important working formulas in dealing with BJT:

𝑰𝑬 = 𝑰𝑩 +
𝑰𝑪

𝑰𝑪 = 𝜷𝑰𝑩
Procedu
re:

1. Consider the transistor circuit shown in Figure 6.1 below.

Figure 6.1 Transistor biased circuit

a. Analytically determine the values of 𝑉𝐵𝐸 , 𝐼𝐵, 𝐼𝐶 , 𝑉𝐶𝐸.

b. Experimentally determine the values of 𝑉𝐵𝐸 , 𝐼𝐵, 𝐼𝐶 , 𝑉𝐶𝐸. Compare the
values obtained in 1a and 1b and write the results in Table 6.1. Discuss your
27
observations.

28
 c. Is the transistor operating in cutoff, linear, or saturation?
2. Analyze the circuit in Figure 6.1 and answer the following problems:
a. What happens to the circuit parameters if resistor Rb is open?
b. What happens to the circuit parameters if resistor Rc is open?
c. What happens to the circuit parameters if the base of the transistor is internally
open?
d. What happens to the circuit parameters if the collector of the transistor is
internally open?
e. What happens to the circuit parameters if the emitter of the transistor is
internally open?
f. What happens to the circuit parameters if the emitter terminally is not properly
connected to ground?

Observations:

Table 1. Required Parameter Values

Theoretical Simulation
𝑽𝑩𝑬 𝑰 𝑰𝑪 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑩 𝑰𝑩 𝑰𝑪 𝑽𝑪𝑬
𝑩 𝑬 𝑬

Hand Calculations:

𝑉𝐵𝐸:

𝐼𝐵:

𝐼𝐶 :

𝑉𝐶𝐸:

29
Discussions:

Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

30
 LABORATORY 7
BJT Application
Objective/
s:

1. Apply the theoretical concepts obtained on the topics of transistors in practical

situations.

List of Equipment and Component/s:

1 2.4 kΩ, 12.4 kΩ, and 120 kΩ Resistors

2 Red LEDs
1 2N3904 BJT Transistor
1 Switch
1 DC power supply
1 Multimeter
Multisim software

Theory:

Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) can be used to amplify signals. They can also be used as a
switch for digital and control applications with proper design. Another application of BJT is
that it can be used as current mirrors which provides voltage drop that tracks that of other
transistor as temperature changes. A diode connected transistor can be achieved by
connecting the collector terminal to the base terminal.

Procedure:

1. Take a look at the schematic circuit below. Analyze the circuit and answer the
following problems.
a. What is the state of each LED?
b. Which of the LEDs is brighter? Why? Show complete proof of your answer by
providing solution or simulation results.

Figure 7.1 Practical Transistor Application

31
 2. Next, take a look at the schematic circuit of Figure 7.2 below. What is the state of the
LED? Why? Show complete proof of your answer by providing solution or
simulation results.

Figure 7.2 Diode Connected Transistor

Observations:
Task 1:

Task 2:

32
Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

33
 LABORATORY
8
BJT Biasing
Objective/
s:

1. Apply the theoretical concepts obtained on the topics of BJT biasing as well as the
DC load line.
2. Troubleshoot BJT circuits and identify common problems and their effects to
circuit parameters.

List of Equipment and Component/s:

1 0.82 kΩ, 4.7 kΩ, 9.76 kΩ, and 66.2 kΩ Resistors

1 2N2222 BJT Transistor
1 DC power supply
1 Multimeter
Multisim software

Theory:

Troubleshooting is an essential skill required in dealing different circuits. Knowing how to

troubleshoot will greatly benefit the designing of circuit applications.

Procedure:

1. Consider the voltage-divider biasing circuit shown in Figure 8.1 below. The transistor
used is BJT 2N2222.
a. Analytically determine the following parameters using the exact analysis
approach.
i. Q-point values of the circuit
ii. Collector saturation current
iii. 𝑉𝐶𝐸 at cutoff
iv. 𝑉𝐵, 𝑉𝐸 , 𝑉𝐶 with respect to ground
v. 𝐼𝐸

34
 Figure 8.1 Voltage-Divider BJT Configuration

b. Experimentally determine the following values.

i. Q-point values of the circuit
ii. Collector saturation current
iii. 𝑉𝐶𝐸 at cutoff
iv. 𝑉𝐵, 𝑉𝐸 , 𝑉𝐶 with respect to ground
v. 𝐼𝐸
c. Write the values obtained in 1a and 1b in a Table 8.1 and discuss your
observations.

2. Analyze the circuit shown in Figure 8.2 below and answer the following problems:
a. What will be the meter readings if R1 is open?
b. What will the meter read if the emitter becomes shorted to ground (may be
shorted by a stray wire clipping or a solder splash)?

35
 Figure 8.2 Circuit for Troubleshooting

Observations:

Task 1:

Hand calculations:

𝐼𝐵:

𝐼𝐶 :

𝑉𝐶𝐸:

𝑉𝐵 :

36
𝑉𝐶 :

𝑉𝐸:

Table 8.1 Comparison of Theoretical and Simulated Values

Theoreti Simulati

𝑰 𝑰𝑪 𝑽𝑪𝑬 𝑽𝑩 𝑽 𝑽𝑬 𝑰 𝑰𝑪 𝑽𝑪𝑬 𝑽𝑩 𝑽 𝑽𝑬
cal on

𝑩 𝑪 𝑩 𝑪

Task 2:

37
Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

38
 LABORATORY 9
Operational
Amplifier
Objective/
s:

1. Introduce students to the basics of operational amplifier and how they can be used in
various electronic circuits applying the theoretical knowledge learned so far.

List of Equipment and Component/s:

1 LM741 Operational Amplifier

1 10 kΩ, 22 kΩ, 33 kΩ, 200 kΩ , and 330 kΩ Resistors
1 DC power supply
1 Oscilloscope
1 Multimeter
Multisim software

Theory:

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is an electronic component that amplifies the difference

between two input signals. It has a high gain, high input impedance, and low output
impedance, making it useful for a variety of signal processing applications. Op-amps
typically have two input terminals (inverting and non-inverting) and one output terminal.
The inverting input is usually marked with a negative sign (-) while the non-inverting input
is marked with a positive sign (+). The output is usually marked with an arrow pointing
outwards.

When the input signals are applied to the op-amp, the output voltage is calculated by
multiplying the difference between the two input signals by the gain of the op-amp. The
gain is determined by the feedback network (resistors or capacitors) connected between the
output and the input terminals.

Op-amps are used in a wide range of electronic range of electronic applications, such as
amplifiers, filters, oscillators, comparators, and voltage regulators. They are also commonly
used in audio amplifiers, power supplies, and instrumentation systems.

39
Procedure:

1. Build the circuit shown in Figure 9.1 below.

Figure 9.1 Operational Amplifier Circuit 1

a. Determine, through simulation, the output voltage and gain of the circuit.
b. Determine, analytically, the output voltage and gain of the circuit.
c. What type of operational amplifier is the circuit shown?
2. Build the circuit shown in Figure 9.2 below.

Figure 9.2 Operational Amplifier Circuit 2

a. Determine, through simulation, the output voltage of the circuit.

b. Determine, analytically, the output voltage of the circuit.
c. What type of operational amplifier is the circuit shown?

40
 3. Build the circuit shown in Figure 9.3 below.

0.2 V 330kΩ
33kΩ 200kΩ

-0.5 V
22kΩ
10kΩ Vo
0.8 V
10kΩ

10kΩ

Figure 9.3 Operational Amplifier Circuit 2

a. Determine, through simulation, the output voltage of the circuit.

b. Determine, analytically, the output voltage of the circuit.
4. Write your observations in Table 9.1 – Table 9.3 below.

Observations:
Task 1:
Hand calculation:

𝑉 𝑂:

Gain:

41
Table 9.1 Output Results
Theoreti Simulation

𝑽𝑶 𝑽𝑶
cal
Gain (A) Gain (A)

Task 2:

Hand calculation:

𝑉 𝑂:

Table 9.2 Output Results

Theoreti Simulati

𝑽𝑶 𝑽𝑶
cal on

Task 3:

Hand calculation:

𝑉 𝑂:

42
Table 9.3 Output Results
Theoreti Simulati

𝑽𝑶 𝑽𝑶
cal on

Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

43
 LABORATORY
10
Power Supply
Objective/
s:

1. To design and simulate a simple power supply.

List of Equipment and Component/s:

Transformer
Silicon Diodes
Resistor/s
Capacitor/s
Zener diode or IC Regulator

Theory:

A power supply is an essential component of any electronic device that requires energy to
function. It is responsible for converting the input voltage from a power source into the
appropriate voltage, current, and frequency required by the device.

When selecting a power supply, it is important to consider the voltage and current
requirements of the device being powered, as well as any additional features such as
overvoltage or overcurrent protection. It is also important to ensure that the power supply
is compatible with the electrical system in use and has the appropriate input and output
connectors. A reliable and appropriately designed power supply is essential for the safe and
effective operation of electronic device.

Procedure:

1. Design a power supply that must meet or exceed the following specifications:
a. Input voltage: 220 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 @ 60 Hz
b. Output voltage: 5 𝑉𝐷𝐶 ±10%
c. Ripple factor (max): 1.50%
d. Load current (max): 1A
2. Present the designed circuit and required calculations on how the component values
were achieved.
3. Plot the output waveform of the rectifier block and filter block.

44
Observations/
Discussions: Graph
Rectifier Output Waveform:

Filter Output Waveform:

Calculations:

Theoretical Calculations:

45
Experimental Calculations:

Conclusions:

Recommendation/s:

46
References
[1] Boylestad, R. L., & Nahelsky, L. (2013). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory: Pearson
New International Edition.

[2] Floyd, T. L. (2017). Electronic Devices, Global Edition.

[3] ELENCO. (2011). Basic Electronic Experiments: Model PK-101.

47