1 Iodine reacts with chlorine to form dark brown iodine monochloride.

I2 + Cl2 → 2ICl

This reacts with more chlorine to give yellow iodine trichloride.

An equilibrium forms between these iodine chlorides.

ICl(l) + Cl2(g) ⇌ ICl3(s)

dark brown yellow

(a) What do you understand by the term equilibrium?

[2]

(b) When the equilibrium mixture is heated, it becomes a darker brown colour.
Suggest if the reverse reaction is endothermic or exothermic. Give a reason for your choice.

[1]

(c) The pressure on the equilibrium mixture is decreased.

(i) How would this affect the position of equilibrium? Give a reason for your choice.

It would move to the

reason

[1]

(ii) Describe what you would observe.

[1]

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 (d) Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction between iodine and chlorine using the
bond energy values shown.

I2 + Cl2 → 2ICl

Bond Energy / kJ per mol

I–I 151
Cl – Cl 242
I – Cl 208

Show your working.

[3]

(e) Draw a labelled energy level diagram for the reaction between iodine and chlorine using the
information in (d).

[2]

[Total: 10]

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2 Reversible reactions can come to equilibrium. The following are three examples of types of
gaseous equilibria.

A2(g) + B2(g) 2AB(g) reaction 1

A2(g) + 3B2(g) 2AB3(g) reaction 2
2AB2(g) 2AB(g) + B2(g) reaction 3

(a) Explain the term equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The following graphs show how the percentage of products of a reversible reaction at
equilibrium could vary with pressure.
For each graph, decide whether the percentage of products decreases, increases or
stays the same when the pressure is increased, then match each graph to one of the
above reactions and give a reason for your choice.

(i)

% product at
equilibrium

0
0 pressure

effect on percentage of products ...............................................................................

reaction ......................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii)

% product at
equilibrium

0
0 pressure

effect on percentage of products ...............................................................................

reaction ......................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]
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 (iii)

% product at
equilibrium

0
0 pressure

effect on percentage of products ...............................................................................

reaction ......................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 11]

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3 Iodine reacts with chlorine to form dark brown iodine monochloride.

I2 + Cl2 → 2ICl

This reacts with more chlorine to give yellow iodine trichloride.

There is an equilibrium between these iodine chlorides.

ICl (l) + Cl2(g) ICl 3(s)

dark brown yellow

(a) Explain what is meant by equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) When the equilibrium mixture is heated it becomes a darker brown colour.
Is the reverse reaction endothermic or exothermic? Give a reason for your choice.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The pressure on the equilibrium mixture is decreased.

(i) How would this affect the position of equilibrium and why?

It would move to the ............................................................................................. [1]

reason ........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Describe what you would observe.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com