1.

Web browser:

Definition:
• The web browser is an application software to explore www (World Wide Web).
• It provides an interface between the server and the client and it requests to the server
for web documents and services.
• It works as a compiler to render HTML which is used to design a webpage.
• Whenever we search for anything on the internet, the browser loads a web page written
in HTML, including text, links, images, and other items such as style sheets and
JavaScript functions.
• Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari are examples of web
browsers.

History of web browser:

• The first web browser, World Wide Web, was invented in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee
and later renamed Nexus.
• In 1993, Marc Andreessen and his team created Mosaic, the first browser to display
text and images together.
• Andreessen also co-developed Netscape in 1994.
• In 1995, Microsoft launched Internet Explorer, pre-installed with Windows.
• Following this, many other browsers were developed, including Mozilla Firefox,
Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera.

How does a web browser work?

• A web browser helps us find information anywhere on the internet.
• It is installed on the client computer and requests information from the web server such
a type of working model is called a client-server model.
• The browser receives information through HTTP protocol. In which transmission of
data is defined.
• When the browser received data from the server, it is rendered in HTML to user-
readable form and, information is displayed on the device screen.
Website cookies:
• When we visited any website over the internet our web browser stores information
about us in small files called cookies.
• Cookies are designed to remember stateful information about our browsing history.
• Some more cookies are used to remember about us like our interests, our browsing
patterns, etc.
• Websites show us ads based on our interests using cookies.

Some popular web browsers:

• Google Chrome:
Developed by Google, Chrome is one of the most widely-used web browsers
in the world, known for its speed and simplicity.
• Mozilla Firefox:
Developed by the Mozilla Foundation, Firefox is an open-source browser that
is known for its privacy features and customization options.
• Apple Safari:
Developed by Apple, Safari is the default browser on Mac and iOS devices
and is known for its speed and integration with other Apple products.
• Microsoft Edge:
Developed by Microsoft, Edge is the default browser on Windows 10 and is
known for its integration with other Microsoft products and services.

These are some of the most popular web browsers. The choice of a web
browser depends on the user’s preference and requirements.
2. Web Server:

Definition
• A web server is a software application or hardware device that stores, processes, and
serves web content to users over the internet.
• It plays a critical role in the client-server model of the World Wide Web, where clients
(typically web browsers) request web pages and resources, and servers respond to these
requests by delivering the requested content.

Web server Architecture:

Web server architecture refers to the structure and design of web servers, outlining
how they handle incoming requests and deliver web content.
There are two main approaches to web server architecture:

• Single-Tier (Single Server) Architecture:

In a single-tier architecture, a single server is responsible for both processing
requests and serving web content. This is suitable for small websites or applications
with low traffic. However, it has limitations in terms of scalability and fault tolerance.
If the server goes down, the entire service becomes unavailable.

• Multi-Tier (Load-Balanced) Architecture:

In a multi-tier architecture, multiple servers are used to distribute the
workload and ensure high availability. This approach often involves load balancers that
evenly distribute incoming requests across a cluster of web servers. Each server can
serve web content independently, and if one server fails, the load balancer redirects
traffic to healthy servers, ensuring uninterrupted service.
Working of Web Servers
A web server works in the following ways:
• Obtain the IP address from domain name:
IP address is obtained in two ways either by searchin it in the cache or
requesting DNS Servers
• Requests full URL from Browsers:
After fetching IP address a full URL is demanded from from web server
• Web Server Responds to the request:
In accordance with the request a response is sent by the server in case of
successful request otherwise appropriate error message is sent
• The Web Page is displayed on the browser:
After getting the response from the server, the web browser displays the result

Benefits of Web Servers

• Scalability : Web servers can handle a large number of simultaneous connections,
making them suitable for high-traffic websites.
• Reliability : They are designed for continuous operation and can recover from failures
gracefully.
• Security : Web servers include security features to protect against common web threats
like DDoS attacks and SQL injection.
 • Customization : Web server configurations can be tailored to specific application
requirements.

Uses of Web Server:

• Hosting Websites: The most common use of web servers is to host websites, making
them accessible on the internet.
• Web Applications: Web servers provide the infrastructure for hosting web applications,
enabling users to interact with software through a web interface.
• File Sharing: Some web servers are used for file sharing and collaboration, allowing
users to upload and download files securely.
• Content Delivery: Content delivery networks (CDNs) use web servers to distribute
content like images and videos to users worldwide, reducing load times.
• API Hosting: Web servers are used to host APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
that allow applications to communicate an d exchange data over the internet.

3. Differentiate between Client side scripting and Server side scripting

Parameter Client-Side Scripting Server-Side Scripting

Scripts run on the client-side Scripts run on the server-side (web

1. Definition
(user's computer) server)

Enhance user experience, validate Generate dynamic content, interact

2. Purpose user input, and perform client- with databases, and perform server-
side computations side computations

3. Scripting
JavaScript, HTML, CSS PHP, Python, Java, Ruby, etc.
Languages

Scripts are executed on the client- Scripts are executed on the server-
4. Execution
side (user's computer) side (web server)

Cookies are stored on the client-

5. Data Storage Data is stored on the server-side
side
 Less secure, as scripts can be More secure, as scripts are executed
6. Security
modified by users on the server-side

Faster, as scripts are executed on Slower, as scripts are executed on

7. Latency
the client-side the server-side

More interactive, as scripts can Less interactive, as scripts are

8. Interactivity
respond to user input executed on the server-side

9. Database
Cannot access databases directly Can access databases directly
Access

10. File System

Cannot access file system directly Can access file system directly
Access

11. Cookies Can set and retrieve cookies Cannot set and retrieve cookies

Reduces server load, as Increases server load, as

12. Server Load computations are performed on computations are performed on the
the client-side server-side

More scalable, as computations Less scalable, as computations are

13. Scalability
are performed on the client-side performed on the server-side

Enhances user experience with Provides dynamic content and

14. User
dynamic content and interactive interactive elements, but may
Experience
elements impact user experience

15. Development Easier to develop, as scripts are More complex to develop, as scripts
Complexity executed on the client-side are executed on the server-side
 More complex to maintain, as
Easier to maintain, as scripts are
16. Maintenance scripts are executed on the server-
executed on the client-side
side

Faster performance, as scripts are Slower performance, as scripts are

17. Performance
executed on the client-side executed on the server-side

More vulnerable to security risks, Less vulnerable to security risks, as

18. Security Risks as scripts can be modified by scripts are executed on the server-
users side

More reliable data integrity, as

Less reliable data integrity, as
19. Data Integrity scripts are executed on the server-
scripts can be modified by users
side

20. User Can perform user authentication Typically performed on the server-
Authentication on the client-side side

Can perform authorization on the Typically performed on the server-

21. Authorization
client-side side

22. Data Can encrypt data on the client- Typically performed on the server-
Encryption side side

23. Error Can handle errors on the client-

Typically handled on the server-side
Handling side

Easier to debug, as scripts are More complex to debug, as scripts

24. Debugging
executed on the client-side are executed on the server-side
 Easier to test, as scripts are More complex to test, as scripts are
25. Testing
executed on the client-side executed on the server-side

Easier to deploy, as scripts are More complex to deploy, as scripts

26. Deployment
executed on the client-side are executed on the server-side

Less expensive, as computations More expensive, as computations

27. Cost
are performed on the client-side are performed on the server-side

Less resource-intensive, as More resource-intensive, as

28. Resource
computations are performed on computations are performed on the
Utilization
the client-side server-side

More scalable, as computations Less scalable, as computations are

29. Scalability
are performed on the client-side performed on the server-side

More flexible, as scripts can be Less flexible, as scripts are executed

30. Flexibility
modified by users on the server-side