12 November

2024
INDEX

01 Polity
• 51st Chief Justice of India Appointed

02 Environment
• Carbon Credit

03 Science and Technology

• LignoSat

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Note:
1. Click on Practice question box to access 10 Prelims questions along with detailed solution
2. Click on IN NEWS ( ) to access the original article of the news
 01: POLITY
51st Chief Justice of India Appointed
IN NEWS : Justice Sanjiv Khanna was sworn in as the 51st Chief Justice of
India (CJI), with President Droupadi Murmu administering the oath.
What is CJI?

CJI is the head of the judiciary system in India and the highest-ranking
judge of the Supreme Court.
The CJI leads the business of the Supreme Court and decides on the
composition of benches, case allocation, and court administration.
Article 124: It lays down the procedure for the appointment of judges to
the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice of India.
Eligibility Criteria:
Must be a citizen of India.
Judicial Experience:
Must have been a judge of a High Court (or multiple High Courts
in succession) for at least 5 years.
Alternatively, must have been an advocate in a High Court for at
least 10 years.
Distinguished Jurist: A person who, in the President’s opinion, is a
distinguished jurist may also be considered.
Procedure for the Appointment of the CJI:
Seniority Principle:
The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court is generally appointed as
the Chief Justice of India.
Collegium System:
The Collegium System is a judicial body that consists of the CJI and
the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
The outgoing CJI usually recommends the name of the senior-most
judge as the successor.
Recommendation Process:
About a month before the incumbent CJI’s retirement, the Ministry
of Law and Justice seeks the recommendation of the sitting CJI for
the next CJI.
The outgoing CJI sends the recommendation to the government,
naming the senior-most judge as the successor.
Presidential Approval:
The recommendation is then forwarded to the President of India.
The President approves the recommendation, and a formal warrant of
appointment is issued.
Oath of Office:
The President administers the oath of office to the new CJI in a formal
ceremony.
 Acting CJI (if required):
If the office of the CJI is vacant or the CJI is unable to perform
duties, an Acting Chief Justice is appointed as per Article 126.
This ensures that the Supreme Court continues to function without
interruption.
Functions of the CJI:

Judicial Functions:
Heads the Supreme Court and presides over constitutional benches
and important cases.
Responsible for interpreting and protecting the Constitution and
fundamental rights.
Administrative Functions:
Allocates cases to different benches and manages court schedules.
Recommends the appointment and transfer of Supreme Court and
High Court judges.
Advisory Role:
Advises the President of India on judicial matters, as per Article 143
of the Constitution.
Key Judgements related to Appointment:
First Judges Case (1981):
Background:
The Supreme Court, in this case, upheld the authority of the
executive in the appointment of judges.
Judgement:
The court ruled that the word "consultation" with the Chief
Justice of India in Article 124 did not mean "concurrence," giving
the executive primacy in judicial appointments.
Impact:
This decision reinforced the power of the central government in
judicial appointments.
Second Judges Case (1993):
Reversal:
The Supreme Court reversed its earlier stance from the First
Judges Case, holding that the CJI's opinion should have primacy in
appointments.
Establishment:
Introduced the Collegium System, where the CJI and two senior-
most judges of the Supreme Court would make appointments,
giving more autonomy to the judiciary.
Significance:
Marked a shift towards judicial independence, reducing the
executive's influence over judicial appointments.
Third Judges Case (1998):
Clarification:
The President sought a reference from the Supreme Court to
clarify the Collegium System, and the court expanded the Collegium
to five members: the CJI and the four senior-most judges.
Consensus:
Decisions related to appointments must be made through broad
consensus within the Collegium, ensuring a collaborative approach.
Impact:
This judgement addressed concerns of arbitrariness in
appointments and emphasized transparency and collective
decision-making within the judiciary.
NJAC Case (2015):
Challenge: The National Judicial Appointments Commission
(NJAC) Act was introduced to replace the Collegium System, aiming
for a more balanced approach involving the executive, legislature, and
judiciary.
Ruling: The Supreme Court struck down the NJAC as
unconstitutional, emphasizing the importance of an independent
judiciary free from political influence.
Outcome: The verdict reaffirmed the primacy of the Collegium
System, with the court stressing that judicial independence is a basic
structure of the Constitution, which cannot be compromised.
 02: ENVIRONMENT
Carbon Credit
IN NEWS :
The Conference of Parties-29 (COP29) in Baku, Azerbaijan, from
November 11-22, 2024, will focus on climate finance, emphasizing the carbon
credits framework and ongoing disputes between developed and developing
nations.
India is developing a domestic carbon market under the Energy
Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022, as part of its climate strategy
aligned with the Paris Agreement.
What is the Carbon Credit Mechanism?

A carbon credit is a tradable certificate representing the right to emit

one ton of carbon dioxide or an equivalent amount of other greenhouse gases.
Purpose: The mechanism incentivizes the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions by allowing countries or companies to earn credits for emission
reduction activities, which can then be sold or traded in carbon markets.
History of Carbon Credit:

Kyoto Protocol (1997):

Introduced the concept of carbon credits and established mechanisms
like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which allowed
developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing
nations.
 Paris Agreement (2015):
Expanded the framework with Article 6, enabling international carbon
trading and encouraging collaboration for emission reductions.
Development:
Over the years, voluntary carbon markets have emerged, allowing
businesses and governments to trade credits independently of
international treaties.
History of Carbon Credit:
Kyoto Protocol (1997):
The first international treaty to introduce carbon credits, setting
binding emission reduction targets for Annex I countries (industrialized
and developed nations, including the United States, European countries,
Japan, and others).
Annex I Countries:
Obligated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and allowed to trade
emission reduction credits through mechanisms like the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation
(JI).
Annex II Countries:
These are a subset of Annex I countries, primarily comprising OECD
members, who were required to provide financial and technological
support to developing countries (non-Annex I) to help them
mitigate and adapt to climate change.
 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM):
Under the Kyoto Protocol, Annex I countries could invest in emission
reduction projects in non-Annex I countries (developing nations) to earn
carbon credits.
This allowed developed nations to meet their targets cost-effectively while
supporting sustainable projects in developing countries.
Paris Agreement (2015):
Replaced the Kyoto Protocol framework and introduced Article 6,
which enables international carbon credit trading while emphasizing
environmental integrity.
How does it work?
Emission Reduction Projects: Projects like afforestation, renewable
energy, and methane capture reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Verification: Independent third-party verifiers assess the emission
reductions to ensure authenticity and compliance with international
standards.
Issuance of Credits: Once verified, carbon credits are issued and registered
in a central system.
Trading: These credits can be traded in carbon markets, where emitters
purchase them to offset their emissions and meet regulatory requirements or
corporate sustainability goals.
Benefits of Carbon Credit Mechanism:

Environmental Impact: Promotes sustainable practices by incentivizing

emission reductions and funding green projects.
Economic Growth: Creates new economic opportunities through the
trading of carbon credits, especially for developing countries.
Climate Finance: Facilitates the transfer of resources from developed to
developing nations, aiding in the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Innovation: Encourages technological advancements in renewable energy,
energy efficiency, and carbon capture.
Carbon Credit Mechanism for India:

Legislative Framework: The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act,

2022, provides a statutory basis for the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme
(CCTS).
National Carbon Market: India aims to establish a domestic market to
align its climate goals with economic development.
Challenges:
Risk of Greenwashing: Concerns about the authenticity of projects and
inflated claims of carbon reduction.
Additionality: Ensuring projects deliver real emission reductions beyond
business-as-usual scenarios.
High Monitoring Costs: Smaller projects may struggle with the financial
burden of monitoring, reporting, and verification.
Way Forward:

Strengthen Verification Protocols:

Implement rigorous standards for project verification and enlist
independent auditors to maintain the credibility of carbon credits.
National Registry:
Develop a centralized system to track carbon credits and prevent double
counting, ensuring transparency and accountability.
Harmonize with Global Standards:
Align with international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris
Agreement to facilitate cross-border trading and cooperation.
Transparency and Disclosure:
Publicly disclose details of carbon projects, including techniques,
benchmarks, and third-party audits, to boost market confidence.
Capacity Building:
Provide support for smaller projects to overcome financial and
technical barriers in monitoring and compliance.
 03: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LignoSat
IN NEWS :
The world’s first wooden satellite, LignoSat, developed by Kyoto University
in collaboration with Sumitomo Forestry, was launched into space.
It aims to test the reliability of timber as a building material in the harsh
environment of space, marking a significant step toward using sustainable
resources in space technology

What is LignoSat?

Design and Structure:

Dimensions: Measures 4 inches (10 cm) on each side.
Weight: Approximately 900 grams.
Construction: Built with panels made from magnolia wood, using a
traditional Japanese crafting technique without screws or glue.
Purpose:
To evaluate the durability of wood in extreme space conditions.
To test how timber can withstand fluctuations between -100°C to
100°C every 45 minutes, as objects move between sunlight and darkness.
To study the wood’s capacity to reduce the effects of space radiation
on electronic components.
Details of the Mission:
Launched aboard a SpaceX Dragon cargo capsule and delivered to the
International Space Station (ISS).
The satellite will be deployed into orbit and monitored for six months,
collecting data on how wood performs as a space-grade material.
Benefits of Using Wood in Space Technology:
Sustainability:
Using wood reduces pollution since, unlike aluminium, wooden
satellites would not release harmful oxides when they re-enter and
burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Reduced Environmental Impact:
Aluminium-based satellites generate aluminium oxides during
atmospheric re-entry, which can harm the ozone layer. Wooden
satellites would minimize this impact.
This could provide a more eco-friendly solution to the issue of
growing space debris from mega-constellations like Starlink.
Durability in Space:
In the absence of water and oxygen in space, wood does not rot
or ignite, potentially making it more durable than on Earth.
Future Potential:
The successful testing of wood in space could lead to the
construction of timber houses on the Moon or Mars.
 15 November
2024

INDEX

01 Polity
• AFSPA reimposed in Manipur

02 International Relations
• BASIC Nations

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Note:
1. Click on Practice question box to access 10 Prelims questions along with detailed solution
2. Click on IN NEWS ( ) to access the original article of the news
 01: POLITY
AFSPA reimposed in Manipur

IN NEWS :
The Union Home Ministry has reimposed the Armed Forces (Special
Powers) Act (AFSPA) in six police station limits across five districts in
Manipur, citing continued ethnic violence and security concerns.
What is AFSPA?

Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) is a law enacted to

empower armed forces to maintain public order in “disturbed areas.”
It gives security forces wide-ranging powers, such as search and arrest without
a warrant and the use of force, even to the extent of causing death.
Background:
Introduced: Enacted in 1958, initially to address insurgency in the
Northeast.
Constitutional Basis: Draws authority from Article 355, which
mandates the Union to protect States against internal disturbances.
History:
First implemented in Naga Hills (Assam) in 1958.
Extended to other Northeastern States and Jammu & Kashmir
over time.
Areas under AFSPA:

Northeast India: Parts of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur (recently reimposed

in 6 areas), and Arunachal Pradesh.
AFSPA remains in force in Jammu and Kashmir through the Armed
Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990.

Conditions for its Implementation:

"Disturbed Areas":
Declared under Section 3 of AFSPA.
Determined by the Governor of a State or the Union Government.
Triggers:
Armed insurgency.
Ethnic or communal violence.
Breakdown of public order.
Rights Available to Armed Forces under AFSPA:

Use of Force: Open fire to maintain public order.

Search and Arrest: Conduct operations without prior warrants.
Demolition: Destroy shelters or hideouts used by insurgents.
Protection from Prosecution: Legal immunity unless the Union Government
grants sanction.
Committees on AFSPA:
Jeevan Reddy Committee (2005)
Mandate: Review the provisions of AFSPA in the Northeast.
Recommendations:
Repeal AFSPA, calling it "symbolic of oppression."
Replace it with a more humane and comprehensive law that
balances security needs and human rights.
Enhance civil authority and local policing in disturbed areas.
Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007)
Observation: Criticized AFSPA for alienating the local population and
causing resentment.
Recommendations:
Repeal AFSPA.
Strengthen the role of the local police and administration in
disturbed areas.
Santosh Hegde Commission (2013)
Context: Investigated alleged fake encounters in Manipur under AFSPA.
Findings:
Highlighted gross misuse of AFSPA and arbitrary killings.
Recommended greater accountability and oversight over armed
forces’ actions.
 Justice Verma Committee (2013)
Context: Review laws related to crimes against women after the
Delhi gang rape case.
Recommendations:
Highlighted sexual violence by armed forces in AFSPA areas.
Suggested amending AFSPA to ensure no immunity for sexual
violence.
Supreme Court Judgments on AFSPA:
Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India (1997):
Challenge: Constitutionality of AFSPA.
Verdict:
Upheld the constitutional validity of AFSPA under Articles 21, 22,
and 355.
Laid down guidelines to ensure its fair implementation, including:
No destruction of private property.
Operations should be proportional and necessary.
Periodic review of the "disturbed area" status every six months.
Extra Judicial Execution Victim Families Association v. Union of India
(2016):
Context: Allegations of 1,528 extrajudicial killings in Manipur.
Verdict:
Declared that excessive use of force by the armed forces is not
permissible under AFSPA.
 Affirmed that armed forces personnel are accountable for human
rights violations and can be prosecuted.
People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India:
Reiterated that fundamental rights under Article 21 (Right to Life)
cannot be suspended arbitrarily, even in disturbed areas.
Supreme Court’s Observation (2018):
The court directed that fake encounter cases in Manipur under
AFSPA be investigated by the CBI.
Asserted that armed forces are not above the law and must adhere to
the rule of law in conflict areas.
Arguments in Favour and Against AFSPA:

Arguments in Favor:
Security Tool: Essential in insurgency-prone regions for effective
counter-insurgency operations.
Legal Framework: Provides legal backing to the armed forces to operate
in high-risk areas.
Quick Response: Removes bureaucratic delays in tackling serious threats.
Success Stories: AFSPA has been credited with stabilizing regions like
Tripura and parts of Assam.
 Arguments against:
Human Rights Violations: Allegations of extrajudicial killings,
torture, and sexual violence.
Overreach of Power: Perceived as undermining civil liberties and
democracy.
Judicial Oversight Lacking: Forces operate with near-total immunity.
Ineffectiveness: Critics argue it perpetuates alienation and resentment
among local populations.
Reports: Committees like the Jeevan Reddy Committee (2005)
recommended repealing AFSPA, calling it draconian.
Way Forward:
Balance Security and Rights:
Strengthen mechanisms to prevent misuse.
Incorporate provisions for better judicial oversight.
Democratic Reforms: Empower local governments and improve policing in
disturbed areas.
Development as a Strategy: Address socio-economic grievances to reduce
the need for military interventions.
Periodic Review: Regularly assess the necessity of AFSPA in conflict-prone
regions.
Build Trust: Engage local communities to foster confidence in governance.
 02: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
BASIC Nations
IN NEWS :
BASIC Countries (Brazil, South Africa, India, China) urged developed
nations at COP29 in Baku to honor commitments on climate finance,
rather than shifting financial obligations onto developing countries.
They reiterated the need for the full implementation of the Paris Agreement
(2015) to achieve global climate goals.
What are BASIC Countries?
An informal coalition of four large, newly industrialized economies:
Brazil, South Africa, India, and China.
Formed in 2009 during the climate change negotiations leading to the
Copenhagen Accord.
Represent the interests of emerging economies in climate negotiations,
emphasizing equity and historical responsibility.
BASIC countries account for 40% of the global population and 30% of
Greenhouse Gas emissions.
They advocate for:
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR): Developed
nations, historically responsible for climate change, must take the lead.
Equity in climate action, considering economic disparities between
developed and developing countries.
Objectives of BASIC Countries:
Ensure Climate Justice: Demand adequate climate finance, technology
transfer, and capacity-building support from developed nations.
Implement Paris Agreement: Achieve targets that limit global warming to
well below 2°C and aim for 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
Support Sustainable Development: Balance developmental priorities with
commitments to reduce carbon emissions.
Oppose Unfair Burdens: Resist attempts to impose stringent obligations on
developing nations without corresponding commitments by developed countries.
Issues faced by BASIC Countries:
Inadequate Climate Finance: Developed nations have not fulfilled their
promise of mobilizing $100 billion annually by 2020 under the Paris
Agreement.
Technology and Capacity Gaps: Lack of affordable access to green
technologies hinders effective climate action.
Unfair Shift of Responsibilities: Emerging economies face pressure to
increase their climate commitments while developed nations dilute theirs.
Economic Challenges: Balancing economic growth and poverty eradication
with stringent climate actions.
Global Inequity: Developed countries often set agendas that
disproportionately impact developing nations, neglecting historical emissions.
 14 November
2024 INDEX
Polity
01 • Supreme Court’s Judgement on
Bulldozer Justice
Environment
02 • Sea Ranching

Science and Technology

03 • Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic
Syndrome

04 Places in News
• Mount Lewotobi Laki Laki volcano

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Note:
1. Click on Practice question box to access 10 Prelims questions along with detailed solution
2. Click on IN NEWS ( ) to access the original article of the news
 01: POLITY
Supreme Court’s Judgement on ‘Bulldozer Justice’

IN NEWS :
The Supreme Court issued guidelines to regulate demolition practices by
state authorities, specifically aimed at preventing illegal demolitions of
properties linked to criminal allegations.
This decision addresses recent instances where state authorities used
bulldozers to demolish homes as a punitive response to alleged criminal
acts, often bypassing due process.
The case garnered attention following the then Chief Justice of India D.Y.
Chandrachud’s remarks, coining such actions as "bulldozer justice".
What was the Case about?

The case involved a series of petitions challenging the practice of demolishing

properties of those accused of crimes without due process.
Examples included:
Authorities demolished a home after the owner’s son was arrested on cow
slaughter charges.
A property was demolished after the owner’s minor son was accused in a
communal stabbing case.
Other petitions raised concerns about demolition drives conducted in states
like Delhi and Uttar Pradesh as extra-legal punitive actions.
What Guidelines did the Supreme Court establish?

Notice and Right to Respond:

Issue a 15-day notice prior to demolition.
Notice must include structure details, reason for demolition, and a
date for a personal hearing.
Official Communication and Transparency:
Send notice to the District Magistrate or local Collector via email
with automated acknowledgment to avoid backdating.
Hearing and Final Decision Documentation:
Final order must record:
Owner's arguments.
Justification for demolition, including need for full or partial
action.
Explanation on why demolition is necessary.
Post-Order Waiting Period:
Wait an additional 15 days post-order, allowing the owner time for
voluntary removal or court appeal.
Demolition Documentation:
Video-record the demolition and prepare inspection and demolition
reports detailing personnel involved.
Supreme Court's Reasoning Behind the Guidelines:

Upholding the Separation of Powers:

Demolition as punishment for an accused before trial oversteps executive
authority and infringes on judicial functions.
Transparency and Accountability:
The guidelines stress the importance of accountability for public officials
and adherence to transparent procedures.
Officials must not exercise punitive measures without judicial oversight
and should be accountable for "high-handed actions."
Protection of Right to Shelter:
The right to life and dignity under Article 21 includes the right to
shelter.
Demolition affects not just the accused but also innocent family
members, making arbitrary demolition actions unconstitutional.
Distinction Between Legal and Punitive Demolitions:
The court specified that selective demolitions targeting specific
properties in communal or politically sensitive cases indicate punitive
intent rather than legitimate urban regulation.
Such demolitions may be presumed as punitive action rather than regular
enforcement against illegal constructions.
Way Forward:

This verdict promotes fair procedures in demolition cases and sets clear
safeguards to prevent arbitrary state actions.
It emphasizes the need for judicial scrutiny in cases involving alleged
criminal-linked demolitions and aims to strengthen public trust in state
authority by ensuring transparency and accountability in administrative
actions.
 02: ENVIRONMENT
Sea Ranching

IN NEWS : The sea ranching project was launched off the Vizhinjam coast,
Kerala, where 20,000 pompano fingerlings were released as part of an initiative
to replenish fishery resources and promote sustainable fishing.
What is Sea Ranching?

Sea ranching involves releasing young fish (fingerlings) into the sea to
repopulate fish species in natural habitats.
This practice aims to boost fish populations for conservation and sustainable
fisheries.
Objectives of Sea Ranching:
Replenish marine resources:
Revitalize declining fish populations by enhancing natural breeding and
growth.
Support sustainable fishing:
Enable local fishing communities to sustainably harvest marine
resources.
Enhance biodiversity:
Increase diversity in marine ecosystems by supporting native species.
Benefits of Sea Ranching:

Improves fish stocks:

Supports the growth of commercially important fish species like
pompano, tuna, and mackerel.
Enhances local livelihoods:
Benefits fishing communities by creating more sustainable sources of
fish.
Promotes ecological balance:
Artificial reefs combined with sea ranching attract a variety of marine
species, strengthening marine biodiversity.
Boosts fisheries economy:
Helps ensure a steady, renewable supply of fish, reducing the need for
unsustainable fishing practices.
 03: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic Syndrome
IN NEWS : World Diabetes Day on November 14 brings attention to
Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic (CKM) syndrome, a growing health
concern linked to lifestyle and globalisation impacts.
What is CKM Syndrome?
It involves a complex interplay of metabolic issues impacting the heart,
kidneys, liver, and blood vessels.
It is triggered by factors like obesity and lifestyle changes, posing a high
risk of premature death.
Data Points:
Global Burden of Disease Report: Non-communicable diseases
(NCDs) account for 69% of premature deaths in India.
NFHS Survey (2019-21): Diabetes prevalence at 16.1% and obesity
at 40.3% in India.
What are the Causes?
Lifestyle and Diet: High-calorie foods, excessive intake of processed foods
rich in sugar and salt.
Lack of Rest: Long working hours, night shifts leading to stress-induced
metabolic changes.
High Glycemic Diet: Staple foods with high glycemic indexes, such as rice,
contribute to obesity and metabolic issues.
Symptoms of CKM Syndrome:

Weight Gain and Obesity

Hypertension: Persistently elevated blood pressure.
Diabetes: High blood glucose levels.
Kidney Damage: Reduced kidney function due to poor metabolic health.
Prevention:

Integrated Healthcare Approach:

Unified clinics with multidisciplinary teams (e.g., cardiologists,
nephrologists) for holistic care.
Dietary Adjustments:
Replace rice with low glycemic index foods like millets; introduce low
sodium salts to reduce hypertension.
Lifestyle Modifications:
Regular exercise and a balanced diet rich in protein and low glycemic
foods.
Rest and Stress Management:
Regulate work hours and night shifts to reduce stress-related health
impacts.
 04: PLACES IN NEWS
Mount Lewotobi Laki Laki volcano
IN NEWS : Mount Lewotobi Laki Laki volcano in East Nusa Tenggara,
Indonesia erupted, causing ash clouds in the region.

Mount Lewotobi Laki Laki Volcano:

Location: East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia.

Type: Stratovolcano, characterized by layers of solidified lava and volcanic
ash.
Twin Volcanic Peaks:
Lewotobi Perempuan (Female Lewotobi)
Lewotobi Laki Laki (Male Lewotobi) – the one currently active.
Activity: Known for frequent eruptions; produces ash clouds that can pose
risks to aviation and nearby settlements.
 13 November
2024 INDEX
Environment
01 • COP29 of UNFCCC clears Carbon
Credit Trade
Science and Technology
02 • DRDO tests Long Range Land
Attack Cruise Missile

03 Security
• Central Armed Police Forces

04 Places in News
• Sikkim

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Note:
1. Click on Practice question box to access 10 Prelims questions along with detailed solution
2. Click on IN NEWS ( ) to access the original article of the news
 01: ENVIRONMENT
COP29 clears Carbon Credit Trade

IN NEWS : COP29, the annual United Nations Climate Change Conference, has
started in Baku, Azerbaijan. Countries assembled in Baku voted to clear a much-
delayed agreement to finalise a global carbon market.
What is COP?

COP (Conference of the Parties) is the governing body of the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Established in 1992, the UNFCCC treaty aims to stabilize greenhouse gases
and includes 198 members (197 countries plus the EU).
COP Meetings: Held annually since 1995 (except in 2020 due to COVID-
19), these conferences review national communications and emissions
inventories from member states to assess climate actions.
What are the key milestones of COP?
COP3 (Kyoto Protocol, 1997):
Obligated rich, industrialized nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
COP15 (Copenhagen Accord, 2009):
Proposed a 2°C warming limit, referencing the 1.5°C goal and climate
funding for developing nations.
 COP21 (Paris Agreement, 2015):
196 countries agreed to keep global warming below 2°C (preferably
1.5°C) and submitted nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
COP26 (Glasgow Pact, 2021):
Pledged to phase down coal use and reduce "inefficient fossil fuel
subsidies."
COP28 (Dubai, 2023):
Launched the Loss and Damage fund for climate disaster relief in
vulnerable countries.
What is a Carbon Credit?

A carbon credit represents a certified reduction of one metric tonne of

CO₂ or equivalent greenhouse gases.
Carbon credits are generated by projects that actively reduce or capture
emissions, such as reforestation, renewable energy installations, or
carbon capture technologies.
By creating these credits, countries or companies can offset emissions and
fulfill their climate targets, especially when direct emission reduction is
challenging.
Carbon credit trade is the process where countries or entities buy and sell
carbon credits.
What is the Carbon Market agreed upon in Baku?

Global Carbon Market Established: At COP29 in Baku, an agreement was

reached to create a global carbon market, enabling countries to trade carbon
credits — reductions in carbon emissions that are certified and tradable.
Paris Agreement Framework:
Article 6.2: Supports bilateral carbon credit trading between nations.
Article 6.4: Establishes a global market for all countries, supervised by
the UN.
Role of Carbon Credits: Credits represent offset emissions helping countries
meet NDCs when exceeding their own reduction targets.
Monitoring and Verification: Strict standards required to verify credits,
ensuring genuine reductions and preventing double-counting.
UN Supervisory Body: Oversees compliance, transparency, and sets
guidelines for credit creation and assessment.
Enhanced Cooperation: Expected to lower emission reduction costs by $250
billion annually through cross-border collaboration.
Accounting and Ownership Clarity: Only one country can claim emission
credits from a project financed by one and hosted by another.
Benefits for Developing Nations: Directs funds toward clean energy and
emission reduction in developing countries.
 Flexible Credit Generation: Credits can come from diverse projects (e.g.,
afforestation, renewables, carbon capture) enhancing target flexibility.
Potential Challenges: Issues remain in project timing, transparency, and
universal rule harmonization.
Supporting the NCQG: Mobilizes financial resources from developed
countries for climate action in developing nations.
Targeting 1.5°C Goal: Provides cost-effective emission reduction pathways
to help meet the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C threshold.
What are the major criticisms of COP?

Climate Finance Failure:

Wealthy nations missed their $100 billion/year climate finance pledge
for developing nations, made in 2009.
Insufficient Action on 1.5°C Goal:
Analysis from the International Energy Agency (IEA) at COP28
warned that current pledges are insufficient to limit warming to 1.5°C.
High Financing Needs:
UN reports indicate that developing countries need about $6 trillion
annually by 2030 for climate action, far exceeding current commitments.
 02: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DRDO tests Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile

IN NEWS : The DRDO successfully conducted the maiden flight test of a Long
Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM) with a range of 1,000 km
from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur, Odisha.
What are Cruise Missiles?

Cruise missiles are precision-guided weapons designed to fly at a low

altitude and evade radar detection by following the contours of the land,
sea, or air.
They are equipped with terrain-following radar systems and satellite
navigation to maintain a precise path and target location.
Features of Cruise Missiles:
Precision Guidance: Use advanced guidance systems like GPS, inertial
navigation systems, and terrain-following radar for precise targeting.
It can fly at subsonic (below the speed of sound) or supersonic speeds
(above the speed of sound) depending on mission requirements.
It can carry conventional or nuclear warheads based on mission
objectives
Cruise Missiles in India:

Nirbhay:
India’s indigenous subsonic cruise missile with a range of around 1,000
km, used for precision strikes.
BrahMos:
A supersonic cruise missile developed jointly by India and Russia with a
range of about 290-400 km, known for its versatility and speed.
LRLACM (Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile):
The newly tested missile with a range of 1,000 km, intended to provide
the Indian military with advanced, long-range standoff capabilities.
 03: SECURITY
Central Armed Police Forces

IN NEWS : The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) is set to launch

its first all-women reserve battalion.
What are the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs)?

They are a group of security forces under the Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA), responsible for safeguarding the country and maintaining internal
security.
CAPFs are distinct from the Indian Armed Forces and operate under the
direct command of civilian authorities.
Types of Central Armed Police Forces:

Border Security Force (BSF):

Primary Role: Secures India’s land borders.
Areas of Service: Guarding international borders with Pakistan and
Bangladesh; counter-infiltration and counter-terrorism operations.
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF):
Primary Role: Counter-insurgency operations, anti-Naxal operations,
and crowd control.
Areas of Service: Internal security, law and order, and disaster response
across India
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP):
Primary Role: Protects the India-China border.
Areas of Service: High-altitude border security, rescue operations, and
disaster relief in mountainous regions.
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB):
Primary Role: Secures borders with Nepal and Bhutan.
Areas of Service: Anti-smuggling and cross-border crime prevention.
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF):
Primary Role: Provides security to critical national infrastructure,
industrial units, and sensitive government facilities.
Areas of Service: Securing airports, seaports, power plants, Delhi
Metro, and other vital establishments.
Assam Rifles (AR):
Primary Role: Provides security along the India-Myanmar border and
supports anti-insurgency operations in the Northeast.
Areas of Service: Border management and counter-insurgency
operations.
National Security Guard (NSG):
Primary Role: Specialized in counter-terrorism and hostage rescue
operations.
Areas of Service: Quick-response force for high-risk anti-terror
operations, VIP protection.
 04: PLACES IN NEWS
Sikkim
IN NEWS : A mild earthquake measuring 3.5 magnitude was felt in some
parts of Sikkim. There was no report of damage to property or loss of life. The
epicentre of the mild earthquake was located 16 km west of Gangtok at a depth of
5 km.
Sikkim:

Location: Situated in northeastern India,

bordered by Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal and
West Bengal.
Capital: Gangtok
Rugged mountainous terrain; it is part
of the Eastern Himalayas.
Kanchenjunga (8,586 meters) is the
third-highest mountain in the world
Major River: Teesta River
Seismic Zone: Sikkim lies in Seismic
Zone IV, making it prone to moderate to
high seismic activity.
Economy: Primarily based on
agriculture, horticulture, and tourism;
notable for organic farming.
 11 November
2024
INDEX
Editorial
01 • Net Borrowing Ceiling

02 Environment
• Fungus turning Kodo Millet into Poison

03 Science and Technology

• Pinaka Rocket System

04 Places in News
• Indonesia

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Note:
1. Click on Practice question box to access 10 Prelims questions along with detailed solution
2. Click on IN NEWS ( ) to access the original article of the news
 01: EDITORIAL
Net Borrowing Ceiling
IN NEWS : The State of Kerala approached the Supreme Court against the
Centre’s imposition of a "Net Borrowing Ceiling" (NBC), arguing that it
restricts the state’s borrowing autonomy under Article 293 of the Constitution.
What is the Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC)?
NBC restricts the maximum borrowing a state can undertake in a fiscal
year, capped at a certain percentage (e.g., 3% of projected GSDP for FY
2023-24).
Scope: It covers all state borrowing sources, including open-market loans,
loans from financial institutions, and liabilities of State-owned entities to
prevent circumvention.
Provisions for Borrowing:
Central Government Borrowing (Article 292 of Indian Constitution):
Authority:
The central government can borrow against the Consolidated Fund of
India.
Limit:
Fixed by laws enacted by Parliament, aimed at controlling the
national debt.
 State Government Borrowing (Article 293):
Authority:
States can borrow within India against the Consolidated Fund of the
State.
Central Consent:
Required if any prior central loans remain unpaid; the Centre can
impose conditions.
Historical Context:
Derived from Section 163 of the Government of India Act, 1935,
which initially allowed states some autonomy in borrowing, subject to
conditions by the central government.
Why is there a need for a Net Borrowing Ceiling?
Fiscal Discipline:
Helps control the overall fiscal deficit by limiting borrowing across
central and state levels.
Compliance with Fiscal Targets:
Supports FRBM Act, 2003, which mandates a 3% GDP target for
fiscal deficit and aims for 60% of GDP as public debt by 2025-26.
Control on Inflation and Debt:
Prevents states from excessive borrowing, potentially averting
inflationary pressures and public debt escalation.
Issues Faced by States under NBC:
Reduced Fiscal Autonomy:
States argue that NBC limits their financial independence, hampering
their ability to manage finances as per regional priorities.
Developmental Constraints:
Limits investment capacity in welfare and developmental projects
due to restricted borrowing limits.
Potential for Arbitrary Conditions:
The Centre’s discretionary power to impose borrowing conditions may
lead to inconsistency or bias.
Fiscal Federalism:
Kerala’s challenge on NBC in the Supreme Court questions the balance
of power and fiscal federalism under Article 293.
Way Forward:
Commission for Borrowing Oversight: Establish a commission similar to
the Finance Commission for independent borrowing assessments.
Transparency: Ensure open procedures for loan approvals and conditions.
State Consultation: Implement a formal process of consulting states before
setting borrowing conditions.
Uniformity: Apply conditions equitably to all states to avoid favoritism.
Respect for Fiscal Autonomy: Balance restrictions to allow states
sufficient control over their financial strategies.
 02: ENVIRONMENT
Fungus turning Kodo Millet into Poison

IN NEWS : Ten elephants in Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve

died after consuming kodo millet contaminated with mycotoxins.

What is Kodo Millet?

Scientific Name: Paspalum scrobiculatum

Cultivation Areas: India, Pakistan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand,
and West Africa.
Origins: Believed to have originated in India, particularly Madhya Pradesh,
one of its largest producers.
Growth Conditions: Suitable for tropical and subtropical regions, thrives
on poor soils in arid and semi-arid areas.
Why do Farmers Grow Kodo Millet?

Staple Food: Essential for tribal and economically weaker communities.

Resilience: Known for drought tolerance, high yield, and excellent storage
properties.
Nutritional Value: Rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants; gluten-free
and may have anti-carcinogenic properties.
Kodo Poisoning Cases:
Earliest Cases: Documented in 1922, with initial human cases in UP, and the
first animal case (a dog) noted the same year.
Elephant Deaths: In 1983, caused the first recorded elephant fatalities.
How do Kodo Millets become Poisonous?
Environmental Conditions:
High humidity or rain during the maturation and harvest stages creates
favorable conditions for fungal growth on kodo millet.
Fungal Infection:
Kodo millet is susceptible to ergot fungus, which infects the grain in moist
conditions, particularly in semi-arid regions.
Mycotoxin (CPA) Production:
The fungus produces cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a stable toxin
resistant to standard food processing, making contaminated grains unsafe.
Toxicity from Consumption:
Ingesting infected kodo millet causes kodo poisoning, impacting the
nervous and cardiovascular systems in both humans and animals.
Impact of Toxic Kodo Grain on Animals:
Affected Systems: Targets the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
Symptoms in Animals: Vomiting, giddiness, cold extremities, rapid pulse,
tremors, and potentially severe symptoms like necrosis and heart dysfunction.
Observations in Mice: Depression, complete loss of mobility.
Detecting Toxicity in Kodo Millet:
Challenges:
Toxicity is not easily visible; chemical analysis is required.
Detection Methods:
Chromatographic methods (TLC, GC, HPLC, LC/MS) are used to trace
toxins but are time-consuming.
Rapid Testing:
On-site, cost-effective methods like ELISA, LFAs, and biosensors are
gaining popularity for quick toxin detection.
Solutions to Kodo Toxicity:
Biocontrol Agents:
Use organisms to inhibit fungal growth and reduce mycotoxin production.
Fungal Management:
Promote non-toxic strains of fungi as a long-term biological control
method.
Agricultural Practices:
Practice good post-harvest management with proper sorting, airtight
storage, and avoid wetting crops before threshing.
Physical Measures:
Shelter harvested grain from rain and remove visibly infected grains to
prevent disease spread.
 03: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Pinaka Rocket System

IN NEWS : France is evaluating India’s Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launch

(MBRL) system for potential procurement to replace its existing M270
systems.
What is the Pinaka Rocket System?

Type:
Multi-barrel rocket launch (MBRL) system.
Developed by:
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in collaboration
with the Indian private sector.
Purpose:
Designed to deliver precision artillery fire in support of ground
operations and as an alternative to traditional field artillery.
Operational Units:
The Indian Army currently operates four Pinaka regiments and has
placed orders for six additional regiments.
It is named after the divine bow of the Hindu god Shiva.
Key Details:
Variants and Range:
Pinaka Mk-1: Range of 38 km.
Extended Range (ER) Ammunition: Under development to extend the
range to 75 km and ultimately 120 km, with future plans to reach 300
km.
Guided Rockets:
Pinaka ER guided rockets, currently in advanced testing stages, aim to
enhance accuracy and control.
Configuration:
The system can launch 12 rockets in 44 seconds, providing rapid-fire
capability.
Countries using or interested in the system:
India: Primary operator, with several regiments already deployed.
Armenia: The first export customer for the Pinaka system.
France: Currently evaluating Pinaka for potential replacement of its LRU
rocket systems.
 04: PLACES IN NEWS
Indonesia
IN NEWS : China and Indonesia recently signed deals worth $10 billion at
the Indonesia-China Business Forum in Beijing, focusing on sectors like green
energy, technology, biotechnology, and food.

Deatails related to Indonesia:

Location:
Southeast Asia and Oceania.
Positioned between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Lies along the Equator, giving it a tropical climate.
Boundaries:
Borders Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste.
Strategic Straits: Strait of Malacca, the Sunda Strait, and the Lombok
Strait.
Archipelago Composition:
Comprises over 17,000 islands, around 6,000 of which are inhabited.
Major Islands: Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Kalimantan), Sulawesi, and Papua.
Java is the world’s most populous island, with Indonesia’s capital Jakarta
located here.
Nusantara, the new capital located on the island of Borneo.
Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, Indonesia has over 100 active volcanoes,
including Mount Merapi and Mount Agung.
Home to species:
Orangutan, Komodo dragon, and Sumatran tiger.
Part of the Coral Triangle region.
Fourth Most Populous Country globally, with over 270 million people.
What is the Coral Triangle?
A marine region in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Triangular area that covers 5.7 million square kilometers.
Stretches across parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua
New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste.
Coral Triangle is home to 76% of the world's coral species, 37% of its reef
fish species, and 6 of the world's 7 marine turtle species.
Known as the "Amazon of the Seas".
Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) is an agreement between the countries of
the Coral Triangle to work together to combat these threats.