Module 3 – Disaster Awareness Preparedness and Management

Lesson 8 - Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management System

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1. discuss some important provision of the RA 10121
2. recognize government efforts and activities in the disaster risk reduction activities.

Learning Content
Salient Provisions of Republic Act 10121 or the PDRRM Law

Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of
2010 is entitled as, “An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Framework and Institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan,
appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes”.

This was signed into law on May 27, 2010 and the Implementing Rules and Regulation
(IRR) was approved three months later on September 27, 2010. This revolutionary law defines
the disaster management system in the Philippines.

Figure 1: Cover Photos of Republic Act 10121 & IRR

1. Section 5 provides for the creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council (NDRRMC) which is formerly known as the National Disaster Coordinating Council but
its membership and functions have increased to cope with complexities of disasters at present
times.

The NDRRMC is headed by the Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND)
as Chairperson with the Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government
(DILG) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness, the Secretary of the Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response, the Secretary of
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention

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and Mitigation, the Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority
(NEDA) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, and the Administrator of
the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) as the Executive Director, and 39 members as shown in
Figure 2.

Figure 2 Organizational Chart of NDRRMC

The members of the NDRRMC are composed of fourteen line departments (DA, DBM,
DENR, DEP ED, DOE, DOLE, DFA, DOF, DOH, DOJ, DPWH, DOT, DTI, DOTC ), Office of
the Executive Secretary, Office of the Presidential Adviser on Peace Process (OPAPP),
Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces
of the Philippines (AFP), Chief, Philippine National Police (PNP), The Press Secretary, the
Secretary General of the Philippine Red Cross (PRC), Commissioner of the National Anti-
Poverty Commission-Victims of Disasters and Calamities Sector (NAPC-VDC), Chairperson of
the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, Chairperson of the Housing and
Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC), Executive Director of the Climate Change
Office of the Climate Change Commission, two government funding institution namely
PHILHEALTH and Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) together with Social Security
System (SSS) which is a private insurance entity, five (5) local leagues such as Union of Legal
Authorities of the Philippines (ULAP), League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP), League of
Cities of the Philippines (LCP), League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP) and League
of Barangays (LMB), four representatives from the Civil Society Organizations who will focus
on Preparedness, Response, Prevention and Mitigation and Rehabilitation and Recovery. There
is also one member who will represent the private sector.

The NDRRMC being empowered with policy-making, coordination, integration,

supervision, monitoring and evaluation functions shall carry out 17 responsibilities as stipulated
in the law. The NDRRMC Chairperson may call upon other instrumentalities or entities of the

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government and nongovernment and civic organizations for assistance in terms of the use of their
facilities and resources for the protection and preservation of life and properties in the whole
range of disaster risk reduction and management. This authority includes the power to call on
the reserve force as defined in Republic Act No. 7077 to Assist in relief and rescue during
disasters or calamities.

2. Section 8 of the law stipulates that the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) shall have the primary
mission of administering a comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk reduction and
management program by providing leadership in the continuous development of strategic and
systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and
manage the consequences of disasters.

The Administrator of the OCD serves as the Executive Director of the National Council
and, as such, shall have the same duties and privileges of a department undersecretary. All
appointees shall be universally acknowledged experts in the field of disaster preparedness and
management and of proven honesty and integrity. The National Council shall utilize the services
and facilities of the OCD as the Secretariat of the National Council. The OCD has 19 functions,
duties and responsibilities as stipulated in the law.

It is further provided for in the law that the NDRRMC shall establish an Operations
Center. This is the 24/7 facility for monitoring and coordination. It is where we disseminate
situation reports, alerts and communications to all Council members and various stakeholders. It
is also a venue for us to facilitate effective management of the consequences of disasters.

3. Section 10 of RA 10121 provides for the creation of the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (RDRRMC), formerly known as Regional Disaster Coordinating Council
(RDCC). RDRRMC coordinates, integrates, supervises, and evaluates the activities of the local
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (LDRRMCs). The RDRRMC is responsible
in ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans, in case of emergencies; RDRRMC
shall convene the different regional line agencies and concerned institutions and authorities.

Under the law, the RDRRMC shall establish an operating facility known as the Regional
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center (RDRRMC OpCen) whenever
necessary.

The civil defense officers of the OCD who are or may be designated as Regional
Directors of OCD serves as chairpersons of the RDRRMCs. Its Vice Chairpersons shall be the
Regional Directors of DSWD, the DILG, the DOST, and the NEDA. The existing regional
offices of the OCD shall serve as secretariat of the RDRRMCs. The RDRRMCs are composed of
the executives of regional offices and field stations at the regional level of the government
agencies.

4. Section 11 provides for the organization at the Local Government Level. The Provincial, City
and Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils are mandated to be organized
at the local levels. In the case of the Barangays, a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and

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Management Committee which is mandated to be organized and shall operate under the
Barangay Development Council (BDC).

The Local DRRMCs shall be chaired by the local chief executives, the Governor for the
provincial level, the mayor for the city and municipal levels and the barangay captain for the
barangay level. The members are the heads of various offices assigned at the local levels
together with the four (4) members from the CSOs and one (1) private sector representative.

The LDRRMCs shall have the following functions:

a) Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the local DRRM Plans and regularly
review and test the plan consistent with other national and local planning programs;

b) Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into local
development plans, programs and budgets as a strategy in sustainable development and poverty
reduction;

c) Recommend the implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation of local residents, if

necessary; and,

d) Convene the local council once every three (3) months or as necessary.

Figure 3. DRRM Network

Hence, to bring DRRM down to the grassroots, RA 10121 further provides for the
establishment of the “DRRM Network”, or the replication of the NDRRMC from the national
down to the regional, provincial, city, municipal and barangay levels as shown in Figure 3.

5. Section 12 provides for the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
(LDRRMO). It is also mandated that the local government units shall establish an LDRRMO in

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every province, city, and municipality, and a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Committee in every barangay. The LDRRMOs shall be responsible for setting the
direction, development, implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs
within their territorial jurisdiction. The LDRRMOs are permanent offices under the office of the
governor, city or municipal mayor and the punong barangay (barangay captain) in case of the
BDRRMC. The LDRRMOs have twenty-five (25) functions, duties and responsibilities under
this law given that the local government units are the first line of defense in every disaster or
emergency. Thus, they shall act as front liners of all disaster risk reduction and management
plans, programs, projects and activities.

6. Section 15 provides for the coordination during emergencies. The LDRRMCs are mandated to
take the lead in preparing for, responding to and recovering from the effects of any disaster based
on the following criteria as shown in Figure 4.

Barangay Development Council 1 barangay affected

City/Municipal DRRMC 2 or more barangays affected
Provincial DRMMC 2 or more cities/municipalities affected
Regional DRMMC 2 or more provinces affected
National DRRMC 2 or more regions affected
Figure 4. Criteria on coordination during emergencies

7. Section 21 provides for the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF)
which is not less than five percent (5%) of the estimated revenue from regular sources shall be
set aside as the LDRRMF to support disaster risk management activities such as, but not limited
to, pre disaster preparedness programs including training, purchasing life-saving rescue
equipment, supplies and medicines, for post-disaster activities, and for the payment of premiums
on calamity insurance. The LDRRMC shall monitor and evaluate the use and disbursement of
the LDRRMF based on the. LDRRMP as incorporated in the local development plans and annual
work and financial plan. Upon the recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of the
sanggunian or council concerned, the LDRRMC may transfer the said fund to support disaster
risk reduction of other LDRRMCs which are declared under state of calamity.

Of the amount appropriated for LDRRMF, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as
Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in order that
situation and living conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters,
calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.
Unexpended LDRRMF shall accrue to a special trust fund solely for the purpose of supporting
disaster risk reduction and management activities of the LDRRMCs within the next five (5)
years. Any such amount still not fully utilized after five (5) years shall revert back to the general
fund and will be available for other social services to be identified by the local sanggunian.

8. Section 22 of RA 10121 provides for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Fund.
(a) The present Calamity Fund appropriated under the annual General Appropriations Act shall
henceforth be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM
Fund) and it shall be used for disaster risk reduction or mitigation, prevention and preparedness

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activities such as, but not limited to, training of personnel, procurement of equipment, and capital
expenditures. It can also be utilized for relief, recovery, reconstruction and other work or
services in connection with natural or human-induced calamities which may occur during the
budget year or those that occurred in the past two (2) years from the budget year.

(b) The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund and the appropriate recipient agencies and/or
LGUs shall be determined upon approval of the President of the Philippines in accordance with
the favorable recommendation of the NDRRMC.

(c) Of the amount appropriated for the NDRRM Fund, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as
Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in order that
situation and living conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters,
calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.

(d) All departments/agencies and LGUs that are allocated with DRRM fund shall submit to the
NDRRMC their monthly statements on the utilization of DRRM funds and make an accounting
thereof in accordance with existing accounting and auditing rules.

(e) All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government are hereby authorized to
use a portion of their appropriations to implement projects designed to address DRRM activities
in accordance with the guidelines to be issued by the NDRRMC in coordination with the DBM.

Notably, the special provisions for the NDRRM Fund under the General Appropriations
Act No. 10964, provided for the aid, relief and rehabilitation services to communities / areas
affected by human-induced and natural calamities, and repair and reconstruction of permanent
structures, including other capital expenditures for disaster operation, and rehabilitation activities
with a total budget amounting to Nineteen Billion Six Hundred Million Pesos (P19.6 B).

In addition to the NDRRM Fund, the amount of Seven Billion Six Hundred Million pesos
(P7.6B) is used for the Quick Response Fund of various agencies such as the Departments of
Social Welfare and Development, National Defense, Health, Public Works and Highways,
Education, and Agriculture, as well as National Electrification Administration and National
Irrigation Administration. Release of funds for other agencies in need of QRF shall be subject to
the submission of a favorable recommendation of the NDRRMC and approval of the DBM.

9. Section 23 of the law also specifies funding of the OCD as lead agency to carry out the
provisions the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. The OCD shall
be allocated a budget of one billion pesos (PhP1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund starting from
the effectivity of this Act. The National Council, through the OCD, shall submit to the Office of
the President, the Senate and the House of Representatives, within the first quarter of the
succeeding year, an annual report relating to the progress of the implementation of the
NDRRMP.

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Module 3 – Disaster Awareness Preparedness and Management

Lesson 9 - Geographic Profile of the Philippines

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. describe Philippine as archipelago
2. increase awareness on the possible disaster in their own community and take actions to
lessen the vulnerability.

Learning Content

General Information
The Philippines, located in Southeast Asia (SEA), is one of the largest island groups in
the world with 7,107 islands and islets lying about 500 miles (800 kms) off the coast of Vietnam.
Outstanding physical features of the Philippines include the irregular configuration of the
archipelago, the coastline of some 22,550 miles (36,290 km), the great extent of mountainous
country, the generally northward trend of the river systems, and the spectacular lakes. The
islands are composed primarily of volcanic rock and coral, but all principal rock formations are
present. The archipelago has a total land area of 120,000 sq miles (300,000 sq km) and stretches
about 1,150 miles (1,850 km) from north to south, and its widest east-west extent, at its southern
vase, is some 7000 miles (1,130 km).

It is further divided into three (3) major groups of islands namely, Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao. Luzon is the biggest island group while Visayas is a melting pot of Spanish, Chinese,
and Indo-Malayan cultures; and Mindanao where Chinese and Muslims are predominant. There
are 17 administrative regions, namely: National Capital Region (NCR); Ilocos Region (Region
I); Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR); Cagayan Valley (Region II); Central Luzon
(Region III); CALABARZON (Region IV-A); MIMAROPA (Region IV-B); Bicol Region
(Region V); Western Visayas (Region VI); Central Visayas (Region VII); Eastern Visayas
(VIII); Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX); Northern Mindanao (Region X); Davao Region
(Region XI); SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII); Caraga Region (Region XIII); and, Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Figure 1 below illustrates the map of the Philippine
Islands.

Manila is the capital city but outside Manila there are also diverse centers of commerce
and industry, culture, the arts, and education. Meanwhile, Quezon City is the largest and most-
populous city. The country has a total population of 100,981,437 based on the 2015 Census of
Population (POPCEN 2015). The Filipino is basically of Malay stock with a sprinkling of
Chinese, American, Spanish and Arab blood, and other ethnic minorities. The system of
Government is Democratic with our current President, His Excellency Rodrigo RoaDuterte.

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Map of the Republic of the Philippines

The climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime. It is characterized by relatively

high temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall. It is similar in many respects to the
climate of the countries of Central America. Temperature, humidity and rainfall are the most
important elements of the country’s weather and climate.

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Based on the average of all weather stations in the Philippines, excluding Baguio, the
mean annual temperature is 26.6oC. The coolest months fall in January with a mean temperature
of 25.5oC while the warmest month occurs in May with a mean temperature of 28.3oC.

Rainfall is the most important climatic element in the Philippines. Rainfall distribution
throughout the country varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the
moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain systems.

The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064 millimeters
annually. Baguio City, Eastern Samar, and Eastern Surigao receive the greatest amount of
rainfall while the southern portion of Cotabato receives the least amount of rain. At General
Santos City in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall is only 978 millimeters.

Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the climate of the country can be divided into
two major seasons:
(1) the rainy season, from June to November; and
(2) the dry season, from December to May.

The dry season may be subdivided further into

(a) the cool dry season, from December to February; and
(b) the hot dry season, from March to May.

Based on the distribution of rainfall, four climate types are recognized, which are
described as follows:

Climate Map of the Philippines based on the Modified Coronas Classification

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Lesson 10 - Disaster Risk Profile of the Philippines

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1. describe Philippines as disaster prone country.
2. highlight the socio-economic and physical impact of disaster community members

Learning Content
A. Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country

The Philippines is prone to almost all types of natural hazards because of its geographical
location and geotectonic setting.

Figure 1: Map showing the Pacific Ring of Fire

In addition, the Philippines is situated along the highly-seismic Pacific Ring of Fire as
shown on Figure 1 above. This is the area where the Philippine Sea and Eurasian Tectonic Plates
meet and is prone to occurrences of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. In fact, there
are 300 volcanoes in the country and 22 are active.

Figure 2 shows the distribution of active faults and trenches in the Philippines which are
found in several areas of the country.

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Figure 2. Map showing the Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines

Moreover, Figure 3 presents the seismicity or the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes,

almost all parts of the country experience earthquakes. Generally, we encounter an average of 20
earthquakes a day, per latest figures from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Earthquake disasters are not as frequent as the typhoons and flooding
that take place in the Philippines.

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Figure 3. Map showing the Seismicity of the Philippines

Nevertheless, the impact generated on affected communities is usually massive and

devastating. Earthquake-induced disasters were few in numbers and in terms of casualties.
According to the Annual Report by the PHIVOLCS, in 2017, six (6) damaging earthquakes hit
the country commencing with the magnitude 6.7 earthquake in Surigao del Norte on 10
February. A series of earthquakes were recorded in Mabini, Batangas Province from April to

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August 2017. A major event in the earthquake swarms had a magnitude of 5.5 on 04 April. Two
(2) more strong earthquakes occurred on 08 April, the first with magnitude 5.6, succeeded by
another with magnitude 6.0. On 12 April, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake occurred with epicenter
near Wao, Lanao del Sur. On the 29th of the same month, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake happened
offshore of Saranggani, Davao Occidental. On 25 May, a magnitude 5.4 earthquake happened
near the vicinity of San Marcelino, Zambales. Lastly, Ormoc City, Leyte and vicinity were
shaken by the magnitude 6.5 earthquake on 06 July (PHIVOLCS Annual Report, 2017). The
strong ground shaking subsequently caused liquefaction, earthquake-induced landslides, and
damages to buildings and other infrastructures. Areas transected by the active faults that moved
and generated the earthquakes were also affected by ground rupture.

Aside from being situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire shown on Figure 4 below, the
country is also located along the Pacific Typhoon Belt. This explains the occurrences of different
weather disturbances such as typhoons. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) reports that every year, an average of twenty
(20) tropical cyclones enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and five (5) of which
shall be most destructive. Tropical cyclones and its sequential effects of rain and windstorms, as
well as floods are the most prevalent types of hydrometeorological hazards in the country.

Figure 4. Photo showing Pacific Typhoon Belt

In fact, the Philippines can also be called “Exporter of Typhoons”. Figure 5 below
illustrates the tracks of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific Period from 1948 to 2010
based on the records of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA).

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Figure 5. Tracks of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific Period from 1948 to 2010

Between 1997 and 2007, eighty-four (84) tropical cyclones entered the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR). These typhoons resulted to a total of 13,155 in human casualty and more
than 51 million families have been affected. Economic losses due to typhoon damages in
agriculture, infrastructures and private properties are estimated to reach P158.242-B. Some of the
most devastating floods and landslides are triggered by these typhoons that happened also within
this period. The El Nino Southern Oscillation which is a periodic disaster recorded high
economic costs in just a single occurrence. In 2010, out of the almost PhP 25-M worth of
damages to properties caused by natural disasters, tropical cyclones contributed to more than
half. These affected more than 3 million people in that year alone.

As shown on Figure 6, the intensity scale classification of tropical cyclone by the

Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA),
have developed the category for Super Typhoon, with sustained winds of greater than 220 km
per hour. In the past years, the country does not have the category for Super Typhoon. However,
because of Typhoon Yolanda, the PAGASA had the realization that the strength of typhoons can
go beyond the country’s existing threshold.

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Figure 6: PAGASA’s Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale

In addition, Philippines also has to contend with the irreversible impacts of climate
change that is characterized by the increasing global temperatures as illustrated on Figure 7.

Photo credit: Google Images

Figure 7: Schematic Presentation showing Climate Change

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Amongst these natural hazards, the Philippine government has to deal with internal
disputes and threats of terrorism in some areas making us also vulnerable to this kind of political
and human-induced hazards.

Environmental factors such as denuded forests aggravate flood risks. The pace of
deforestation since the 1930s accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s, before falling slightly in the
1980s. Even now, the effects of loose soil and reduced forest cover from past forestry activities
are felt in frequent landslides and floods. Recent events show that the annual monsoon season in
the country has brought severe flooding in most areas.

Based on the data from the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC), a total of 302 natural incidents were monitored for the period CY 2014-2017.

Of the natural incidents monitored, flashfloods topped the list with 119 or 39.2%
incidents followed by landslides with 29 or 9.6% and tornado with 28 or 9.2%.

B. Recent Major Disasters:

1. Naga Landslides (September 2018)

A landslide incident occurred in SitioSindulan, Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu. The City
of Naga was declared under State of Calamity thru Resolution No. 001-A-2018 on 21 September
2018 due to damages brought by the occurrence of a massive landslide. It affected 1,972 families
or 8,252 persons in barangays, with 77 dead, 7 injured and 57 missing.

2. Typhoon Mangkhut (September 2018)

Typhoon Mangkhut, locally known as Typhoon Ompong entered the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) on 12 September 2018 and has made landfall in Baggao, Cagayan on 15
September 2018. The typhoon caused widespread damage across Northern and Central Luzon
due to its intense nature and large size (~900km). Interaction with the rugged terrain of Northern
Luzon have aggravated the nature of rainfall, which caused flooding and landslides especially in
the mountainous Cordillera Administrative Region. It affected a total of 730,596 families or
3,029,062 persons in 5,917 barangays with 82 dead, 138 injured and 2 missing. It destroyed
210,500 houses and damaged a total estimated amount of P7.2B on infrastructure and P26.8B on
agriculture.

3. Volcanic Activity (January 2018)

Mayon Volcano (BulkangMayon), also known as Mount Mayon, is an active volcano in
the Province of Albay. Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines having erupted over
49 times in the past 400 years.

On 13 January 2018, a phreatic eruption occurred in Mayon Volcano. Per PHIVOLCS

Eruption Notification, the estimated height of grayish ash plume is at 2,500 meter that drifted
towards the Southwest. Traces of ashfall were found in the Municipalities of Camalig,
Guinobatan, Daraga and Ligao City.

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DOST-PHIVOLCS raised the alert status of Mayon Volcano from Alert Level 2
(increasing unrest) to Alert Level 3 (increased tendency towards hazardous eruption). This
means Mayon was exhibiting relatively high unrest and that magma is at the crater. On 16
January 2018, the Albay Province was declared under the State of Calamity thru Resolution No.
00670-2018. NDRRMOC raised the alert status from Blue to Red and conducted continuous
monitoring and coordination with other member agencies and response clusters.

On 22 January 2018, PHIVOLCS raised the Alert Level of Mayon Volcano to Alert
Level 4 (hazardous eruption imminent). The Danger Zone was extended to 8 kilometers radius
from the summit vent. The public was strongly advised to be vigilant and desist from entering
this danger zone. Civil aviation authorities advised pilots to avoid flying close to the volcano’s
summit as ash from eruptions can be hazardous to aircraft. A total of nine (9) international flights
and sixteen (16) were cancelled due to volcanic activity.

Then, on 6 March 2018, a notice for lowering of Mayon Volcano’s status from Alert
Level 4 (hazardous eruption imminent) to Alert Level 3 (decreased tendency towards hazardous
eruption).

On 07 March 2018 as per Situational Report No. 57 issued by the NDRRMC, a total of
seventy-six (76) volcanic earthquakes and thirteen (13) rockfall events were recorded by
Mayon’s seismic monitoring network. Sulfur dioxide emission was measured at an average of
4,459 tonnes/day on 06 March 2018. Deflation of the lower slopes that began on 20 February is
still being recorded by electronic tilt and by Precise Levelling (PL) surveys.

A total of 16,380 families were pre-emptively evacuated in Region V due to Mt. Mayon
phreatic eruption. A total of 23,705 families / 90, 742 persons were affected in 61 barangays in
the municipalities /cities of Bacacay, Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao City, Daraga, Tabaco City,
Malilipot, Santo Domingo (Libog), and Legazpi City in the Province of Albay (Region V).

4. Typhoon Hagupit (December 2014)

Typhoon Hagupit, locally known as Typhoon “Ruby” entered the Philippines on 4
December 2014 at 4:00AM with maximum winds of 175kph and gustiness of 210kph and is
moving West Northwest at 25kph. Typhoon Hagupit is being compared to last year’s Super
Typhoon Yolanda that also enters PAR on the last quarter of the year.

A total of 944,249 families or 4,149,484 persons were affected in Regions III, IV-A, IV-
B, V, VI, VII, VIII, CARAGA and NCR. There were 18 fatalities and 916 injured persons and
damaged 290,670 houses. Furthermore, it damaged infrastructure and agriculture amounting to
Php5,090,265,462.00.

5. Super Typhoon Yolanda (November 2013)

Super Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Typhoon Yolanda entered the Philippine Area
of Responsibility PAR on 6 November 2013 and made landfall on (1) Guiuan, Eastern Samar;
(2) Tolosa, Leyte; (3) Daanbantayan, Cebu; (4) Bantayan Island, Cebu; (5) Conception, Iloilo;
and finally (6) Busuanga, Palawan and left the Philippines on 9 Nov 2013.

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The wrath of “Yolanda” affected a total of 3,424,593 families or 16,078,181 persons in

12,139 Brgys in 44 Prov, 591 Mun, 57 Cities in the Regions of IV-A, IV-B, 5,6,7,8,10,11
&Caraga. A total of 1,140,332 houses were damaged and killed 6,318 individuals, 28,689 were
injured and 1,061 went missing during the onslaught. The dreadful event left a total of
PhP89,598,068,634.88 worth of damages to infrastructure, productive, social and cross-sectoral
sectors.

Due to the massive destruction and immense effects of TY Yolanda, the President issued
Presidential Proclamation No 682 declaring a state of national calamity on 11 Nov 2013 and
Presidential Assistant for Recovery and Rehabilitation (PARR) was designated to oversee the TY
Yolanda Reconstruction and Rehabilitation.

6. Earthquake in Central Visayas (October 2013)

An earthquake of tectonic origin with 7.2 magnitude occurred in Region VII on 15
October 2013 at about 8:12AM with an epicenter at Sagbayan, Bohol and recorded 3,198
aftershocks and 94 of which were felt. It causes 222 fatalities, 976 were injured, and 8 were
missing.

Secondary to the quake, landslide incidents occurred in different municipalities in Bohol.

Stampede occurred at Barba Sports Complex in Toledo City and Pinamungahan Auditorium both
in Cebu. A ground subsidence was also reported by Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) at
Purok 7 and 8 Barangay Poblacion I, Tagbilaran City, Bohol and residents nearby were advised
to preemptively evacuate.

A total of 671,103 families / 3,221,248 persons were affected in 1,527 barangays in 60

municipalities and 6 cities in 6 provinces of Regions VI and VII. A total of 73,002 houses, 41
bridges and 18 roads were damaged. A total of PhP2,257,182.90 worth of damaged roads,
bridges, flood control, school buildings, hospitals.

7. TaalVolcno Eruption (January 2020)

The eruption of Taal Volcano in Batangas, Philippines on January 12, 2020, was
a phreatomagmatic eruption from its main crater that spewed ashes across Calabarzon, Metro
Manila, and some parts of Central Luzon and Ilocos Region, resulting in the suspension of
school classes, work schedules, and flights in the area. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) subsequently issued an Alert Level 4, indicating "that a
hazardous explosive eruption is possible within hours to days.”
By January 26, 2020, PHIVOLCS observed an inconsistent, but decreasing volcanic activity
in Taal, prompting the agency to downgrade its warning to Alert Level 3. It was until February
14, 2020, when PHIVOLCS finally decided to downgrade the volcano's warning to Alert Level
2, due to consistent decreased volcanic activity.

9
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 Module 3 – Disaster Awareness Preparedness and Management

Lesson 11 – Four Thematic Areas of Philippine Disaster

Management System

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1. explain the four important thematic areas of disaster management in the Philippines
2. identify the government agencies in charge of each areas of disaster management
3. assess necessary actions and response in time of disaster preparedness, mitigation,
response and or rehabilitation.

Learning Content

Four Thematic Areas PDRRM

In accordance with the NDRRMF, through the NDRRMP, the country envisions a “Safer,
adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable development.” This will
be achieved through the four distinct yet mutually reinforcing priority areas, namely,
(a) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation;
(b) Disaster Preparedness;
(c) Disaster Response; and
(d) Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation.

As shown on figure below, each priority area has its own long term goal, which when put
together will lead to the attainment of the country’s over goal/vision in DRRM.

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Four DRRM Thematic Areas

These priority areas are not autonomous from the other nor do they have clear start and
end points. The four (4) priority areas are NOT seen as a mere cycle which starts in prevention
and mitigation and ends in rehabilitation and recovery. They...

(a) mutually reinforce each other and are interoperable. This means that whatever we do in one
aspect will have a direct or indirect effect on the activities identified under the other aspects.
Furthermore, this means that it is assumed that the level of preparedness and intensity of
response activities we conduct are lessened because proper prevention and mitigation activities
have been done already.

(b) DO NOT, SHOULD NOT and CANNOT stand alone. Because they are inter-linked, one
cannot just focus on one aspect without considering the others.

(c) have no clear starting nor ending points between each of the aspects and overlaps are to be
expected. There are some areas which are divided very thinly by gray areas. These are activities
which need to be smoothly integrated into two aspects. The overlapping activities were put into
the specific aspect which could better capture its essence using the lens of that specific DRRM
area and to correspond to the given parameters within which these aspects focus on.

The significant activities under the four (4) thematic areas include:

1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

 Early warning systems
 Flood forecasting and monitoring
 Hazard and risk mappings
 Structural and non-structural interventions

2) Disaster Preparedness
 Contingency planning
 Prepositioning and stock-piling
 Capacitating and organizing responders
 Training, drills and exercises
 Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment

3) Disaster Response
 Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDANA)
 Issuance of advisories and situation reports
 Activation of Response Clusters and Incident Command System (ICS)
 Mobilization of responders
 Humanitarian assistance (e.g. relief distribution)
 Provision of financial assistance
 Management of evacuation centers

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4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)
 Enhancement of policies and plans
 Reconstruction using “build back better” approach
 Resettlement
 Provision of new sources of livelihood
Module 3 – Disaster Awareness Preparedness and Management

Lesson 12 - Role of Youth in Disaster Preparedness and

Management (DPR)

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. identify their roles in decreasing the vulnerability of their community;
2. make an active participation in various disaster risk reduction activities in the community
to strengthen resiliency.

Learning Content
Introduction

Disaster management is very important to survive in the case of a natural or a major

human-induced disaster and can be defined as the organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular,
preparedness, response, and recovery in order to lessen the adverse impact.

Thus, the role of the youth or the students in disaster preparedness and management are
very important in their respective school and community. When the studentsare trained well,
they can help in the prevention, preparedness, mitigation as well as in rehabilitation and
resettlement of victims at times of floods, earthquakes and drought etc. They can spread
awareness to all about the precautions to be taken at times of these national natural disasters.
They can play a very important role in disaster management

A student is a person who is having a great zeal at any subject. All educational system
should integrate disaster risk reduction and management in the curricula and provide training
programs to the students from school level to raise the helping nature in them at times of need. It
needs unity in people to come out of that disaster. When the students are trained well, they are
very good source of manpower. Thus disaster management plays a major role and youth plays a
vital role in responding in time of needs.

1. They can spread awareness to all about the precautions to be taken at times of disasters.
They will help the victims with basic needs and they will do whatever they can at times
of these disasters. It is the duty of the teachers and school management to let them
understand their duties and responsibilities during and after the disasters. This will
minimize the panicking and uncontrolled disaster to the most extent. They should be
trainedwith the knowledge of basic first aid to save lives.

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2. They can help to minimize the potential risks by developing early warning measures. It
helps to prepare and implement developmental plans to provide flexibility to such
disasters and also to mobilize activities including communication and medical services.
The students with effective managing role help in rehabilitation and post-disaster
reconstruction.

3. Keep other students or youth informed. Students are often the best source of
information for other students. The student disaster management team can put together
information to pass on to other students and create posters to hang in the school hallways
reminding students of rules and emergency exits. Have them perform skits or
presentations to educate their classmates on proper behavior in case of an emergency.

Some other roles of the youth

1. Students could create pamphlets and fliers that spell out proper emergency procedures
and why they should be followed.
2. Hold workshops to inform and teach others ways to avoid crisis situations or how to
diffuse a high-stress situation.
3. Youths could also set up information booths during lunchtime to answer questions about
crisis management and provide further information about their program.
4. Involving in conducting drills. Students can prepare for disasters by holding drills.
Students could distribute information informing the school about drills and how to
properly act or evacuate.During these drills, students can assist teachers by retrieving or
delivering class lists, taking attendance and helping maintain order.
5. Students can also assist in disaster cleanup and preparations for continuing classes
elsewhere while the building returns to normal. Through these drills, students prepare
themselves for how to behave properly if a real crisis should occur. Students have a major
role to play in managing disasters.
6. Organize mock camps in holidays in neighboring villages to train people to cope-up with
disasters like earthquakes
7. Be part of ’emergency rescue teams’ – mostly the training goes side by side along with
some military training programs.

The basic role of the student is AWARENESS of what to do before, during and after
disasters. This would lessen panicking, paranoid and uncontrollable people running around.
Knowing what to do when disaster strikes will also lessen the death toll.
Module 3 – Disaster Awareness Preparedness and Management

Lesson 13 - Basic First Aid and Basic Life Support

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. acquire knowledge and skills in assessing person with cardiopulmonary problems
2. perform basic operation in doing the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR);
3. identify person that needs first aid assistance and respond with necessary action

Learning Content

Basic Life Support

Basic Life Support (BLS) is an emergency procedure consists of recognizing respiratory

or cardiac arrest or both and the proper application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to
maintain life until a victim recovers or advanced life support is available.

BLS sustains a non-breathing victim with rescue breathing or the breathing and
circulation of a cardiac arrest victim with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Cardio refers to
heart and pulmonary refers to the lungs. Proper and prompt CPR serves as a holding action until
more advanced life support (defibrillation, oxygen, medication) can be provided. Cardiac arrest
victims have a good chance of surviving if CPR is started within four (4) minutes of the arrest
and advanced cardiac life support is received within eight (8) minutes of the heart stoppage.

Advanced Cardiac Life Support

This is the use of special equipment to maintain breathing and circulation for the victim
of a cardiac emergency

Chain of Survival

1. The First Link (Early Access) - It is the event initiated after the patient’s collapse until
the arrival of emergency medical services (EMS) personnel prepared to provide care.
2. The Second Link (Early CPR) – It is started immediately after the victim collapse. The
probability of survival approximately doubles when it is initiated before the arrival of
EMS personnel.
3. The Third Link (Early Defibrillator) – It is most likely to improve survival. It is the key
intervention to increase the chances of survival of patient with out-of-hospital cardiac
arrest.
4. The Fourth Link (Advance Care) – It is provided by highly trained personnel like
paramedics providing the advance care outside the hospital.
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Adult Rescue Breathing and CPR

If you see a motionless person…

1. Check responsiveness by tapping or gently shaking the victim.
2. Activate the EMS system for help. Activate by calling local emergency hotline or
telephone number.
3. Roll person onto back. Ig head or neck injury is suspected, move only if absolutely
necessary.
4. Open airway. Use the head-tilt/chin-lift method. Lift the chin gently with one hand
while pushing down on the forehead with the other hand.
If a neck is suspected, do not victim’s head or neck. Lift up the jaw with your
fingers just below ears.
5. Check for breathing (10 seconds). Put your ear over victim’s mouth and nose while
keeping airway open. Look at victim’s chest to check for rise and fall; listen and feel for
breathing.
6. Give two (2) slow breaths. While using the head-tilt/chin-lift to keep airway open, pinch
the nose shut. Take a deep breath and seal your lips tightly around victim’s mouth. Give
2 slow breaths (2 seconds each), pausing between them to take a breath. Watch chest rise
to see if breaths go in.
If neither of these 2 breaths goes in, retilt the head and try 2 more breaths. If still
unsuccessful, suspect choking (foreign body airway obstruction) and use appropriate
procedures.
7. Check circulation (10 seconds). While keeping victim’s head lilted back, check for
movement, coughing, or breathing in response to your two (2) breaths.
8. Perform rescue procedures based upon what you found or knew. If signs of circulation
exist but no breathing, give one (1) rescue breath every 4-5 seconds. Every minute stop
and recheck circulation.

If there are no signs of circulation, give CPR. Find the

proper hand position by placing the heel of one (1) hand
on the lower half of the sternum between nipples. Place
the other hand on top and using both hands give 15
compressions, pushing breastbone straight down 1 ½ to 2
inches. Count as you push down: “one, two, three, four,
five,six,… fifteen.” Follow compression with two (2)
slow breaths.,
Continue cycles of 15 compressions to 2 breaths. Recheck circulation every few minutes. If
still no signs of circulation, restart CPR with chest compressions.
Continue until relieved by trained help, you are completely exhausted, or victim is revived.

Adult Choking
Choking occurs when the upper airway becomes blocked and the victim cannot breathe.

How to recognize choking:

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Module 3 – Disaster Awareness Preparedness and Management

Partial airway obstruction:

• Good – indicated by coughing forcefully by conscious victim.
• Poor – indicated by weak, ineffective cough; high pitched noise; blue, gray, or ashen
skin, lips and under fingernails
Complete airway obstruction:
• Unable to speak, breathe, or cough
• Clutches neck with one (1) or both hands (known as the “universal distress signal fr
choking)
• Unconsciousness

First Aid for Conscious Choking Adult:

If a person is conscious and cannot speak, breathe, or cough…

 Give abdominal thrusts: Stand behind victim; wrap your arms

around victim’s waist. Make fist with one (1) hand and place it
just above the victim’s navel and well below the tip of the
breastbone with the knuckles up. Grasp fist with your other
hand. Press fist into victim’s abdomen with quick, upward
thrusts. Each thrust should be a separate and distinct effort to
dislodge object.
 Repeat abdominal thrusts until victim coughs up object, start to breathe or coughs
forcefully, you are relieved by EMS or other trained person, or victim becomes
unconscious (then use methods for unconscious victim)

For a late-stage pregnant woman or obese person, stand behind the victim, place your
arms under the victim’s armpits, and encircle the chest. Place a fist on the middle of the victim’s
breastbone with your knuckles up. Grasp your fist with your other hand and press backward with
quick thrusts.

First Aid for Unconscious Choking Adult

If a person is unconscious and your two (2) breaths have not gone in, and after retilting
the head two (2) more breathes have not gone in…

 Begin CPR. Each time you open the airway to give a breath, look for an object in the
throat. If seen, remove it.

Child Basic Life Support

Basic life support for a child aged one (1) to eight (8) is the same as for an adult with
these exceptions:

• Activate the EMS system after one (1) minute of resuscitation (in adults, activate EMS
system immediately after determining unresponsiveness).

• For rescue breathing:

1. Give 1 to 1½ second breaths (in adults give 1 ½ to 2 seconds breathes)
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2. Give 1 breath every 3 seconds (in adults give 1 breath every 4 to 5 seconds)

• For CPR:
1. Give chest compressions with one (1) hand while keeping other hand on child’s
forehead (adult requires 2 hands on victim’s chest for compressions).
2. Compress breastbone 1 to 1 ½ inches (adult requires 1 ½ to 2 inches)
3. Give 1 breath after every 5 chest compressions. (Adult CPR requires 2 breaths after
every 15 compressions).

Infant Basic Life Support

Basic life support for an infant (under 1 year of age) is the same as for a child, with these
exemptions:

• For rescue breathing:

1. Cover the infant’s mouth and nose with your
mouth while giving rescue breaths (child requires
covering only victim’s mouth).
• For CPR
2. Locate the proper hand position by placing 2
fingers on the breastbone 1 finger’s width below
the imaginary line connecting the nipples (child uses 1 finger’s width above the notch
where breastbone and rib meet).
3. Depress the infant’s breastbone with 2 fingers (child uses heel of hand).
4. Depress the infant’s breastbone ½ to 1 inch (child requires 1 to 1 ½ inches).
5. Give chest compressions at the rate of at least 100 per minute (child requires 100 per
minute)
• For choking (foreign body airway obstruction), use cycles of up to 5 back blows and up
to 5 chest thrusts (child uses abdominal thrusts).

First Aid
This is the immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person. First aid does not
take place of proper medical treatment. It consists only of furnishing temporary assistance until
competent medical care, if needed is obtained, or until the chance for recovery without medical
care is assured. Most injuries and illnesses require only first aid care.

Scene Survey
The first step in any emergency situation is to do a scene survey. The following
guidelines apply in most cases:
1. Take charge of the situation.
2. Shout for help to attract bystanders.
3. Scan for hazards. If the scene is unsafe, make it safe. If you are unable to make the
scene safe, do not enter.
4. Determine the number of victims.
5. Determine the likely cause of the injury or nature of the illness for each victim.
6. Identify yourself as a first aider. Offer to help and obtain consent.

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Victim Assessment
After sizing up an emergency situation initially and deciding if it safe to provide first aid
for the victim there, the first aider can then find out what is wrong and how serious it is by
following a systematic approach known as victim assessment.
Victim assessment of an injured or an ill person consist of:
 Initial assessment
 Physical exam and history

 Initial assessment – the initial assessment covers these areas in this order:
A – Airway open?
B – Breathing normal?
C – Circulation normal?
The initial assessment finds and corrects life-threatening conditions.

Airway. Ask yourself: Does the victim have an open airway? If the person can talk or is
conscious, the airway is open. Take proper precaution if a spine injury is suspected.

Breathing. Ask yourself: Is the victim breathing? Conscious victims are breathing, but
look for any breathing difficulties or unusual breathing sounds. For an unconscious victim, keep
the airway open and look for the chest to rise and fall, listen for breathing, and feel the air
coming out of the victim’s nose and mouth.
Circulation. Ask yourself: Is the unconscious victim’s heart beating? Determine this by
checking for signs of circulation such as movement, coughing, and breathing. A conscious
victim’s heart is obviously beating.

Also ask for yourself: Is the victim bleeding heavily? Check for severe bleeding by
looking over the victim’s entire body for blood-soaked clothing.

 Physical exam and history-Having completed the initial assessment and attended to any
life-threatening problems, take a closer look at the victim to discover problems that do
not immediately threaten life but may do so if they remain uncorrected.

Physical examination – check the victim from head to toe.

• Head and neck. Check the scalp for bleeding or deformity (‘goose egg” or depression).
Do not move the head during this procedure. Check the ears and nose for a clear fluid of
bloody discharge. Look in the mouth for blood or foreign materials.
• Eyes. Notice whether pupils are constricted or dilated. Cover the eyes then uncover to
see if the pupils react. Look for unequal pupils, since a difference in their size almost
always means a medical emergency.
• Chest. Check the chest for cuts, bruises, penetrations, and embedded objects.
• Abdomen. Check for penetrating objects and protruding organs. Ask the victim to point
to where it hurts.
• Extremity assessment. Check the arms and legs by feeling and looking for injury,
deformity, and tenderness. Compare one side of the body with the other.

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• Back. In victims with possible spinal injury as well as those with suspected stroke, check
sensation and strength in all extremities by pressing a foot against your hand and having
them squeeze your hand with theirs.

SAMPLE History
Important information about the victim’s condition can be collected from the victim, and
possibly family members, by following a simple questioning technique known as SAMPLE
history. Also look for a medical alert tag, worn as a necklace or bracelet that may identify a
victim’s problem.

Important Questions – SAMPLE History

Description Sample Questions
S – Symptoms What’s wrong? (known as the chief complaint)
A – allergies Are you allergic to anything?
M – Medications Are you taking any medications?
P – Past medical history Have you had this problem before? Do you have other
medical problems?
L – Last oral intake When did you last eat or drink anything? What was it?
E – Event leading up to the Injury: What led to this problem?
illness or injury