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Physics Project File Complete

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35 views18 pages

Physics Project File Complete

Uploaded by

samarthsinghal404
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RAJIV

INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL
Under: R.K Education hub

Physics
Project File Your paragraph text

TOPIC:
To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation
on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one
by one, with different transparent fluids.
Y
our paragraph text

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:


SAMARTH SINGHAL BHUPINDER CHAUDHARY
12-A PGT PHYSICS
Y
our paragraph text
Certificate

This is to certify that SAMARTH SINGHAL of


Class– 12A
Has successfully completed the project-
“To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation

on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one

by one, with different transparent fluids.” Under the

guidance and observation of MR.BHUPINDER CHAUDHARY

During the academic session 2024-2025, in the partial


fulfillment of Practical Examination conducted by CBSE-2023.

SIGNATURE OF SUBJECT TEACHER SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER


Acknowledgement

At the outset , I express my heartiest gratitude to my guide

“MR.BHUPINDER CHAUDHARY” for the divine guidance and

wisdom showered on me to undertake this project.

I am immensely grateful to my beloved Principal for his


I am immensely grateful to

involvement in this project by providing useful inputs and

timely suggestion.

My parents also played a key role in shaping up this project

nicely and I convey my special thanks to them as well.


INDEX
Sr. Sub-topic Page Number
No.:
1 Cover Page 1

2 Certificate 2

3 Acknowledgement 3

4 Index 4

5 Aim and Apparatus Required 5

6 Theory 6

7 Process 7-8

8 Observations 9-11

9 Conclusion 12

10 Precautions 13

11 Bibliography 14
Aim/Objectives:
The aim of this project is to investigate dependence of angle
of deviation on angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled
one by one with different transparent fluids.

Hypothesis:
The hypothesis of this project is –

The angle of deviation increases with increase in angle


of incidence.
The angle of deviation does not depend on the liquid

used in the hollow prism for deviation.
Apparatus Required:

1.Hollow glass prism

2.Liquids like-
Carbon Disulphide Water Benzaldehyde

3.Bell pins

4.Stiff drawing board


Theory:

A prism is a transparent optical object with flat,


polished surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be made
from any material that is transparent including glass
and even plastic.

A prism can be used to break light up into its

 constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be used to


reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.
The refractive index of the liquid is given by the
formula: U=a=d=i=r
Where:

U=refractive index of the liquid.


a = angle of minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction
Diagrams:
Process:
 Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with
help of pins.
 Keep the prism on the paper and draw its outline as
∆ABC
 Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
 Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the
normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be in
the straight line.

Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid on the


marked outline ABC.
Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so
that all the 4 pins appear to be in same line.

Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points
so obtained.

Mark the diagram as shown in the figure below

Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of


incidence.
Observations:
The following are the observation tables of each of the
liquids used to find out their respective refractive indices-

 Benzaldehyde:

Sr. No.: Angle of Angle of Angle of


prism incidence deviation

1. 60 30 45

2. 60 35 42

3. 60 37.5 40

4. 60 39 42
5. 60 40 45

U = = 1.504

 Water:
Sr. No. Angle of Angle of Angle of
prism incidence deviation

1. 60 30 25

2. 60 35 22

3. 60 40 20

4. 60 45 22

5. 60 50 25

6. 60 55 28

U = = 1.306

 Dilute Sulphuric Acid:


Sr. No. Angle of Angle of Angle of
prism incidence deviation

1. 60 20 33

2. 60 30 30

3. 60 35 25

4. 60 40 29

5. 60 45 30

U = = 1.351

Graphical representation of observations:


Conclusion:
The refractive indices change when the liquid used in the
prism changes. From the above experiment we can also
conclude that refractive index of a liquid depends on its
optical density.
Refractive indices of the used liquids obtained, when
compared with the actual values are as follows-

1. Benzaldehyde:
Actual = 1.5456
Obtained = 1.504
Deviation/Error = 0.0416

2. Water:
Actual = 1.33
Obtained = 1.306
Deviation/Error = 0.024

3.Dil. Sulphuric Acid


Actual = 1.43
Obtained = 1.351
Deviation/Error = 0.079
Analysis and Interpretation:

From the observations above, we can analyze that the angle


of deviation is depending on the liquid present in the prism

as, the angle of deviation is different for Benzaldehyde,


water and dilute sulphuric acid at 30 (45, 25 and 30
respectively).

We can also see that the angle of deviation does depend on


the angle of incidence, as when the angle of incidence is
changed the angle of deviation also changes.

The theoretical values of all the angle of deviations for all


liquids may vary due to different concentration and different
prisms being used for the experiment. The observations
may also be affected by the physical conditions like
humidity and temperature of surroundings.
Conclusions:
Comparing the conclusions to our initial hypothesis, we can
say that

Our first hypothesis, i.e. “The angle of deviation increases


with increase in angle of incidence” is wrong as the angle of
deviation first decreases then increases with increase in
angle of incidence.

We can further conclude that our second hypothesis, i.e.


”The angle of deviation does not depend on the liquid used
in the hollow prism for deviation” is also wrong.

Precautions:

Angle of incidence should be between 35 and 60 for better


observations and accurate readings.

Pins should be vertically fixed and should not be bent or

damaged as reading can change.

Same hollow prism should be used for all observations to

minimize error due to prism.

Error or deviation in obtained refractive indices must not

be more than 0.1.


The distance between the pins should be more than

10mm
Applications:

 Refractive index has the large number of applications.


It is mostly applied for identify a particular substance,
confirm its purity, or measure its concentration.
 Generally it is used to measure the concentration of a
solute in an aqueous solution. For a solution of sugar,
the refractive index can be used to determine the
sugar
 content.
 It can be used to determine the drug concentration in
pharmaceutical industry.
 It isused to calculate focus power of lenses and
dispersing power of prisms.
Bibliography:
In order to complete this project, I
took help from:

1.My chemistry teacher


2.Physics lab mannual

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