4.

Axial Load
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Determine deformation of axially
loaded members
• Develop a method to find
support reactions when it
cannot be determined from
equilibrium equations
• Analyze the effects of thermal stress

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4. Axial Load
4.1 SAINT-VENANT’S PRINCIPLE

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4. Axial Load
4.1 SAINT-VENANT’S PRINCIPLE

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4. Axial Load
4.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

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4. Axial Load
4.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

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4. Axial Load
4.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

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4. Axial Load
4.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

L P(x) dx
δ= ∫ 0 A(x) E

δ = displacement of one pt relative to another pt

L = distance between the two points
P(x) = internal axial force at the section, located a
distance x from one end
A(x) = x-sectional area of the bar, expressed as a
function of x
E = modulus of elasticity for material
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4. Axial Load
4.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER
Constant load and X-sectional area

PL
δ=
AE

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4. Axial Load
4.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER
Different load and X-sectional area

δ =
PL
AE

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4. Axial Load
4.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

Sign convention
Sign Forces Displacement
Positive (+) Tension Elongation
Negative Compression Contraction
(−)

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4. Axial Load
Example

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4. Axial Load
Example

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4. Axial Load
PROBLEM
The composite rod, consisting of aluminum, copper, and steel
sections, is subjected to the loading shown.
Determine the displacement of end A with respect to end D
and the normal stress in each section.
The cross-sectional area and modulus of elasticity for each section are
shown in the figure. Neglect the size of the collars at B and C.

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4. Axial Load
PROBLEM
The load is supported by the four 304 stainless steel wires that are
connected to the rigid members AB and DC. Determine the vertical
displacement of the 2.5-kN load if the members were originally
horizontal when the load was applied. Each wire has a cross-
sectional area of 16 mm2.
Take Est = 193 GPa

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4. Axial Load
Problem 4.15
The post is made of Douglas fir [E = 13.1 GPa] and has a diameter
of 60 mm. If it is subjected to the load of 20 kN and the soil
provides a frictional resistance that is distributed along its length
and varies linearly from w = 0 at y = 0 to w = 3 kN/m at y = 2 m.
Determine the force F at its bottom needed for equilibrium. Also,
what is the displacement of the top of the post A with respect to its
bottom B? Neglect the weight of the post.

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4. Axial Load
Problem R3-4
When the two forces are placed on the beam, the diameter
of the A-36 steel rod BC decreases from 40 mm to 39.99
mm. Determine the magnitude of each force P. Take 𝜈 =
0.32 and 𝜎𝑌𝑆 = 250 MPa

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4. Axial Load
EXAMPLE 4.3
A member is made from a material that has a specific weight
𝛾 and modulus of elasticity E . If it is in the form of a cone
having the dimensions shown in Fig.
Determine how far its end is displaced due to gravity when it is
suspended in the vertical position.

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4. Axial Load
Problem (Craig)
A bimetallic bar is made of two linearly elastic materials,
aluminum (E1 = 70 GPa) and steel (E2 = 200 GPa) , that are
bonded together at their interface, as shown in figure. Determine
the distribution of normal stress if the bar is to undergo axial
deformation under the action of 200 kN force. Take h = 60 mm
and b = 80 mm

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4. Axial Load
4.3 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

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4. Axial Load
4.4 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

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4. Axial Load
4.4 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

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4. Axial Load
Problem 4.46
If the gap between C and the rigid wall at D is initially
0.15 mm, determine the support reactions at A and D
when the force F = 200 kN is applied. The assembly is
made of solid A-36 steel cylinders. Take Est = 200 GPa.

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4. Axial Load
Problem 4.31
The concrete column is reinforced using four steel reinforcing
rods, each having a diameter of 18 mm. Determine the stress in the
concrete and the steel if the column is subjected to an axial load of
800 kN.
Est = 200 GPa, Ec = 25 GPa.
4. Axial Load
Problem 4.55
The three suspender bars are made of A992 steel and
have equal cross-sectional areas of 450 mm2
Determine the average normal stress in each bar if the
rigid beam is subjected to the loading shown.
Est = 200 GPa
4. Axial Load
Problem 4.55
4. Axial Load
4.5 FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS

= +
4. Axial Load
Problem 4.46
By superposition now
If the gap between C and the rigid wall at D is initially
0.15 mm, determine the support reactions at A and D
when the force F = 200 kN is applied. The assembly is
made of solid A-36 steel cylinders. Take Est = 200 GPa.

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4. Axial Load
Problem 4.46 (Soln)
By superposition now

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4. Axial Load
Problem 4.41
The 2014-T6 aluminum rod AC is reinforced with the firmly
bonded A992 steel tube BC . When no load is applied to the
assembly, the gap between end C and the rigid support is 0.5 mm.
Determine the support reactions when the axial force of 400 kN is
applied.
4. Axial Load
Problem 4.65
Initially the A-36 bolt shank fits snugly against the rigid caps E
and F on the 6061-T6 aluminum sleeve. If the thread of the bolt
shank has a lead of 1 mm, and the nut is tightened 3/4 of a turn,
determine the average normal stress developed in the bolt shank
and the sleeve. The diameter of bolt shank is d = 60 mm.
4. Axial Load
Problem 4.65 (Soln)

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4. Axial Load
4.6 THERMAL STRESS
• Expansion or contraction of material is linearly
related to temperature increase or decrease that
occurs (for homogenous and isotropic material)
• From experiment, deformation of a member
having length L is δ = α ∆T L
T

α = liner coefficient of thermal expansion. Unit

o
measure strain per degree of temperature: 1/ C
o
(Celsius) or 1/ K (Kelvin)
∆T = algebraic change in temperature of member
δT = algebraic change in length of member
4. Axial Load
4.6 THERMAL STRESS
• From experiment, thermal strain in a member free to
expand is linear

𝜖 T = α ∆T
• Or
δT = α ∆T L

• This is for a constant temperature. If temperature

changes along the length, then for a disk of length dx:
dδT = α ∆T dx
• For the whole member
𝐿
δT = ‫׬‬0 α ∆T dx
4. Axial Load
Problem 69
Three bars each made of different materials are
connected together and placed between two walls when
the temperature is T1 = 12°C.
Determine the force exerted on the (rigid) supports when
the temperature becomes T2 = 18°C.
4. Axial Load
Problem 4.74
The bronze C86100 pipe has an inner radius of 12.5 mm
and a wall thickness of 5 mm. The gas flowing through it
changes the temperature of the pipe uniformly from
TA = 60°C at A to TB = 15°C at B,
Determine the axial force it exerts on the walls. The pipe
was fitted between the walls when T = 15°C.
E = 103 GPa
α = 17(10-6)/°C
4. Axial Load
Problem 85
The center rod CD of the assembly is heated from T1 =
30°C to T2 = 180°C using electrical resistance heating.
Also, the two end rods AB and EF are heated from T1 =
30°C to T2 = 50°C. At the lower temperature T1 the gap
between C and the rigid bar is 0.7 mm.
Determine the force in rods AB and EF caused by the
increase in temperature.
Rods AB and EF are made of steel, and each has a cross-
sectional area of 125 mm2. CD is made of aluminum and
has a cross-sectional area of 375 mm2.
Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa
αst = 12(10-6)/°C, αal = 23(10-6)/°C
4. Axial Load
Problem 85
4. Axial Load
Problem
The steel bolt has a diameter of 7 mm and fits through an
aluminum sleeve as shown. The sleeve has an inner
diameter of 8 mm and an outer diameter of 10 mm. The
nut at A is adjusted so that it just presses up against the
sleeve.
If the assembly is originally at a temperature of T1 =20°C
and then is heated to a temperature of T2 = 100°C,
determine the average normal stress in the bolt and the
sleeve.
Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa
αst = 14(10-6)/°C, αal = 23(10-6)/°C
4. Axial Load
Problem (Soln)