Pearson

FORMULA SHEET
Edexcel
IAS
Pure Mathematics
P1/P2
WMA11/WMA12
Surds
1. √𝑎 × √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏
𝑎
2. √𝑎 ÷ √𝑏 = √
𝑏

Indices
1. am x an = a m + n
2. am / an = am – n
3. (am)n = amn
4. a0 = 1
1
5. a –n =
𝑎𝑛
1
6. 𝑎 = n√a
𝑛
𝑚
n m n m
7. 𝑎 𝑛 = √a = ( √a)

Rules of rationalizing
1
• Fractions in the form , multiply the top and bottom by √𝑎.
√𝑎
1
• Fractions in the form , multiply the top and bottom by √𝑎 − √𝑏.
√𝑎+√𝑏
1
• Fractions in the form , multiply the top and bottom by √𝑎 + √𝑏.
√𝑎−√𝑏

Logarithms
1. log a + log b = logab
𝑎
2. log a – log b = log
𝑏
3. a log x y = log x y a
4. log a a = 1
log 𝑏𝑥
5. loga𝑥 =
log 𝑏𝑎
6. loga1 = 0
1
7. log a b = log 𝑏 a
Quadratic Equation
Solving quadratic equation
Quadratic equation can be solved by:

1. factorization
2. completing the square:
𝑏 2 𝑏 2
𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 = (𝑥 + ) − ( )
2 2
3. using the formula
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

Nature of roots
• ax2 + bx + c = 0

1. If b2 – 4ac > 0, roots are real & different / real and distinct and the curve y = ax2 + bx + c
will cut the x axis at two real and distinct points
 2. If b2 – 4ac < 0, roots are not real/ imaginary / complex and the curve y = ax2 + bx + c will
lie entirely above the x axis if a > 0 and entirely below the x axis if a < 0.

3. If b2 – 4ac = 0, roots are real and equal / repeated / coincident and the curve y = ax2 + bx
+ c touches the x-axis.

4. If b2 – 4ac ≥ 0, roots are real.

Solving Quadratic Inequality

When α and β (α<β) are two roots of 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 (a>0) and

1. If 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 > 0, range of values of 𝑥: 𝑥 < 𝛼, 𝑥 > 𝛽

2. If 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ≥ 0, range of values of 𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 𝛼, 𝑥 ≥ 𝛽
3. If 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 < 0, range of values of 𝑥: 𝛼 < 𝑥 < 𝛽
4. If 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ≤ 0, range of values of 𝑥: 𝛼 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝛽
Co – ordinate Geometry
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)
1. The distance between two points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1) and B(x2 , y2) 𝑦is−𝑦
2 1
2. The gradient of the line joining A(𝑥 𝑦 ) and B(𝑥 𝑦 ) is
1, 1 2, 2 𝑥2−𝑥1
3. The coordinates of the mid-point of the line joining A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) are
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦 +𝑦
( ) , ( 1 2) .
2 2
4. Finding coordinates when a point divides a line internally.

(𝑈 × 𝑥1) + (𝑇 × 𝑥2)
𝑎=
𝑇+𝑈
(𝑈 × 𝑦1) + (𝑇 × 𝑦2)
𝑏=
𝑇+𝑈

5. The equation of the straight line having a gradient m and passing through the point (𝑥1,
𝑦2) is given by : 𝑦 – 𝑦1 = m (𝑥 – 𝑥1).
6. Two lines are parallel if their gradients are equal.
7. Two lines are perpendicular to each other if the product of their gradients is −1.

Equation of circle
Centre(𝑎, 𝑏) and radius = 𝑟

(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2
Arithmetic Progression (A.P)
1. nth term = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
2. Sn = 𝑛 {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2

Geometric Progression (G.P)

1. nth term = 𝑎𝑟𝑛−1
𝑎 (𝑟𝑛−1)
2. Sn = ,r>1
𝑟−1
𝑎 (1−𝑟𝑛)
3. Sn = ,r<1
1−𝑟

# −1 < 𝑟 < 1 or |𝑟| < 1.

The series is convergent. It has sum to infinity.
𝑎
1. Sα = 1−𝑟

Otherwise the series is divergent. It has does not have sum to infinity.
Differentiation
1. For a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) represents the gradient of the tangent to the curve at any point 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑛, then = 𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛−1, where 𝑎 and n are constants.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
3. (𝑢 + 𝑣) = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
4. If 𝑦 is a function of 𝑢, and 𝑢 us a function of 𝑥, then = × (chain rule).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
5. If y, 𝑢 and v are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, then =𝑢 +𝑣 (product rule).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑢−
𝑢
𝑑𝑣

6. If 𝑦, 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 = , then = 𝑑𝑥

𝑣2
𝑑𝑥 (quotient rule).
𝑣 𝑑𝑥

The following are true only when 𝑥 is in radians:

𝑑
7. (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
8. (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Other formulae
𝑑
9. (sin𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑛 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
10. (cos𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑛 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Application of Differentiation

11. For an increasing function 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑓′(𝑥) > 0 in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏.
12. For an decreasing function 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑓′(𝑥) < 0 in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏.
𝑑𝑦
13. Stationary points or turning points of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) occur when = 0.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦
14. The second derivative ( ) determines the nature of the stationary points:
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦
(a) If is negative, the stationery point is a maximum point.
𝑑𝑥2
𝑑2𝑦
(b) If 𝑑𝑥2
is positive, the stationary point is a minimum point.
𝑑2𝑦
(c) If 𝑑𝑥2
is zero, the point could be either a maximum or a minimum point or a point of
inflexion.
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑3𝑦
(d) If 𝑑𝑥2
is zero 𝑑𝑥
is not equal to zero, then the stationary point is point of inflexion.
15. To sketch a curve, note
(i) the points where 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑦 = 0
(ii) the nature and position of the stationary points
(iii) the direction of the curve as 𝑥 and 𝑦 approach infinity.
(iv) the interval on which the gradient is positive or negative.
Integration
𝑎𝑥𝑛+1
1. J 𝑎𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛+1
2. J (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
(𝑛+1)𝑎
3. J cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
4. J sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
1
5. J cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏
1
6. J sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏
1
7. J cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
1
8. J sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
9. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥.

10. The area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), the 𝑦-axis and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 is given by
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑦.

𝑏
11. Area between 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ |𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)| 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
 12. When the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is rotated
𝑏
through 360o about the 𝑥-axis, the volume of solid of revolution is given by 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥.
13. When the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑦-axis and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 is rotated
𝑏
through 360o about the 𝑦-axis, the volume of solid of revolution is given by 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦.
𝑏 1 𝑏−𝑎
14. The trapezium rule: ∫ 𝑦 dx = ℎ{(𝑦 + 𝑦 ) + 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯ 𝑦 )}, where ℎ =
𝑎 2 0 𝑛 1 2 𝑛−1 𝑛

Triangle
Sine rule

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

Cosine rule
𝑐2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑎2
cos 𝐴 =
2𝑏𝑐
Area of triangle
1
area = 2 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶

Circular Measure
1. ∏ radian = 1800
2. For a sector of a circle enclosed by two radii that subtend an angle of θ radians at the
centre, the arc length s is given by
s = rθ
and the area of the sector A is given by
1
A = 𝑟2 θ
2
where r is the radius of the circle.

Binomial Expansion
1. 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) …
𝑛! 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
2. (𝑛−2)! = = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
(𝑛−2)
3. 𝑛𝑐1 = 𝑛
𝑛(𝑛−1)
4. 𝑛𝑐2 = 2!
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)(𝑛−3)
5. 𝑛𝑐3 = 3!
6. (𝑎 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝑐 𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 + 𝑛𝑐 𝑎𝑛−2𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑐 𝑎𝑛−3𝑥3 + …
1 2 3
𝑛(𝑛−1) 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
7. (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥3 + …
2! 3!
8. (r + 1)th term = ( nc xn-r yr
r )
Trigonometry
Rotation

𝑜𝑝𝑝
1. sin θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑j
2. cos θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
3. tan θ = 𝑎𝑑j
4. sin2 + cos2 x = 1
sin 𝐴
5. tan A = cos 𝐴

Ratios
The trigonometric ratios of 30o, 45o and 60o have exact forms, given below:
 1 3 3
sin 30o = cos 30o = √ tan 30o = √
2 2 3
2 2 o
tan 45 = 1
sin 45o = √ cos 45o = √
2 2
3 1
sin 60o = √ cos 60o = tan 60o = √3
2 2

Graphs
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥2
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥3

4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐)
 1
4. 𝑦 =
𝑥

5. 𝑦 = √𝑥
6. 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

7. 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
8. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

9. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

10. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
Transformation
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎) is a translation of −𝑎 in the 𝑥-direction.

𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎 is a translation of +𝑎 in the 𝑦-direction.

1 1
𝑓(𝑎𝑥) is a stretch of in the 𝑥-direction (multiply 𝑥-coordinates by ).
𝑎 𝑎

𝑎𝑓(𝑥) is a stretch of 𝑎 in the 𝑦-direction (multiply 𝑦-coordinates by 𝑎).