COMPUTER AND

PROGRAMMING
Dr. Abdelhady Mostafa

Assiut University – Dept. of Mech. Eng.

MET 111 - First semester 2022/2023

Lecture 5
 Course contents
■ Lecture 1: Introduction
■ Lecture 2: C++ Hello world!
■ Lecture 3: Flow of control (Loops)
■ Lecture 4: Flow of control (Decisions)
■ Lecture 5: Structures
■ Lecture 6: Functions → (Exam 1)
■ Lecture 7: Functions (cont.)
■ Lecture 8: Objects and classes
■ Lecture 9: Objects and classes (cont.)
■ Lecture 10: Arrays and strings
■ Lecture 11: Arrays and strings (cont.) → (Exam 2)
■ Lecture 12: Advanced topics 2
 Today’s menu

■ Structures

■ Enumerations

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 Structures

■ A structure is a collection of simple variables.

■ Variables in a structure can be of different types: Some can be

int, some can be float, and so on.

■ Data items in a structure are called members

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 Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct part
{
int modelnumber;
int partnumber; Members
float cost;
cout <<“Model ”
};
<< Battery.modelnumber;
int main() cout <<“, part ”
{ << Battery.partnumber;
part Battery; cout <<“, costs $ ”
Battery.modelnumber = 6244; << Battery.cost << endl;
Battery.partnumber = 373; return 0;
Battery.cost = 217.55; }
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Defining the structure
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct part
{
int modelnumber;
int partnumber;
float cost;
};
int main()
{
part Battery;
Battery.modelnumber = 6244;
Battery.partnumber = 373;
Battery.cost = 217.55;
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 Defining a Structure Variable
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Defining a structure varible is the same
struct part
as that for defining a basic built-in data
{
type such as int
int modelnumber;
int partnumber;
float cost;
};
int main()
{
part Battery;
Battery.modelnumber = 6244;
Battery.partnumber = 373;
Battery.cost = 217.55;
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 Accessing Structure Members
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Structure member written in three parts:
struct part
• name of the structure variable
• dot operator {
int modelnumber;
• member name
int partnumber;
float cost;
};
Note the first part is the name of structure int main()
variable (Battery), not the name of the {
structure definition (part) part Battery;
Battery.modelnumber = 6244;
Battery.partnumber = 373;
Battery.cost = 217.55;
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 Other Structure Features
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
1. Initializing Structure Members
struct part
{
int modelnumber;
int partnumber;
float cost;
};
int main()
{
part Battery = { 6244, 373, 217.55 }; part Battery;
Battery.modelnumber = 6244;
Battery.partnumber = 373;
Battery.cost = 217.55;
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 Other Structure Features
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
2. More variables for a given structure
struct part
{
int modelnumber;
int partnumber;
float cost;
};
int main()
part Battery1 = {6244, 373, 217.55};
{
part Battery2; part Battery1;
Battery1.modelnumber = 6244;
Battery1.partnumber = 373;
Battery1.cost = 217.55;
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 Other Structure Features
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
3. Structure Variables in Assignment
struct part
Statements
{
int modelnumber;
int partnumber;
float cost;
};

part Battery1 = {6244, 373, 217.55}; int main()

{
part Battery2;
part Battery1;
Battery1 = Battery2 Battery1.modelnumber = 6244;
Battery1.partnumber = 373;
Battery1.cost = 217.55;
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 Other Structure Features

3. Structure Variables in Assignment Statements

part Battery1 = {6244, 373, 217.55};

part Battery2;
Battery1 = Battery2

■ Each member of Battery2 will be assigned to the corrsponding

member of Battery1
■ Battery1 and Battery2 must be of the same structure type

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 Other Structure Features
Remark
part Battery1 = { 6244, 373, 217.55 };
part Battery2 = { 2000, 15, 430.65 };
Part Battery3;
Battery3 = Battery1 + Battery2; // invalid!

■ You cannot perform arithmetic operations on structure

variables
■ You can perform arithmetic operations on members

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 Other Structure Features
4. Structures can be nested within other structures
struct Distance
{
int feet;
float inches;
};

struct Room
{
Distance length;
Distance width;
};
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 Other Structure Features
4. Structures can be nested within other structures
struct Distance
{
• How to initialize nested structure variables? int feet;
float inches;
• How to access members? };

struct Room
{
Distance length;
Distance width;
};
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 Example
#include <iostream> int main()
using namespace std; {
Room dining;

struct Distance
dining.length.feet = 13;
{
dining.length.inches = 6.5;
int feet;
float inches;
dining.width.feet = 10;
};
dining.width.inches = 0.0;

struct Room
float l = dining.length.feet + dining.length.inches/12;
{
float w = dining.width.feet + dining.width.inches/12;
Distance length;
Distance width;
cout << “Dining room area is ” << l * w
};
<< “ square feet\n” ;
return 0;
} 16
 Initializing Nested Structures
Room dining = { {13, 6.5}, {10, 0.0} };
#include <iostream>
Is equivalent to using namespace std;

Room dining;
struct Distance
{
dining.length.feet = 13; int feet;
float inches;
dining.length.inches = 6.5;
};
struct Room
dining.width.feet = 10; {
Distance length;
dining.width.inches = 0.0; Distance width;
};
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 Today’s menu

■ Structures

■ Enumerations

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 Enumerations
■ Enumeration is a different approach to define your own data

■ Enumerated types work when you know in advance a finite (usually

short) list of values that a data type can take on

■ An enumeration is a list of all possible values

■ When you define your own data types, you can simplify and clarify your
programming

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 Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
enum days_of_week { Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat };
int main()
{
days_of_week day1, day2;
day1 = Mon;
day2 = Thu;
int diff = day2 - day1;
cout << “Days between = ” << diff << endl;
if(day1 < day2)
cout << “day1 comes before day2\n”;
return 0;
}

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 Enumerations sytax

Enumerations are treated internally as integers, the first name is

given the value 0, the next name is given the value 1, and so on
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 Enumerations rules
#include <iostream>
▪ You cannot use values that were using namespace std;
not listed in the declaration enum days_of_week { Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu,
Fri, Sat };
▪ You can use arithmetic and int main()
comparison operators on enum {
types days_of_week day1, day2;
day1 = Mon;
▪ Arithmetic operations on enum day2 = Thu;
types take place on the integer int diff = day2 - day1;
cout <<“Days between = ” << diff << endl;
values
if(day1 < day2)
cout << “day1 comes before day2\n”;
return 0;
}

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 Specifying Integer Values

▪ You can change the starting integer value

enum days_of_week {Sun=1, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat};

▪ You can give a specified value to any enumerator

enum days_of_week {Sun=1, Mon=3, Tue=12, Wed=40, Thu=5, Fri=7, Sat=2};

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 Not perfect
▪ What do you expect for the output of the following code

enum direction { north, south, east, west };

direction dir1 = south;

cout << dir1;

▪ C++ I/O treats variables of enum types as integers, so the output

would be 1.

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 Examples of enumerated data
enum months { Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun,

Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec };

enum switch { off, on };

enum meridian { am, pm };

enum chess { pawn, knight, bishop, rook, queen, king };

enum coins { penny, nickel, dime, quarter, half_dollar, dollar };

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Exercise

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 Wrap up
■ We have covered two topics: structures and enumerations

■ Structures are an important component of C++

■ Structures used to group several data items together to form a single entity

■ Values inside a structure variable called members

■ Enumeration is a programmer-defined type limited to a fixed list of values

■ Values inside an enumeration called enumerators

■ Internally the compiler treats enumeration variables as integers

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Next Lecture …

Functions

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Questions?

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