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slac_reading

sample

Uploaded by

Ana Corazon Capiral
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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the ability to read and write letters, with comprehension, is the basis for success in formal education.

Adults who show greater literacy competencies often earn higher incomes, have better job prospects,
lower risk of mental illness, and enjoy better health (Fawcett, 2003;Lyon, 2002). However, no clear-cut
borders exist between the precursors of reading and spelling, such as children's vocabulary and
phonological awareness, and children's later reading and spelling skills (Bowman, Donovan, & Burns,
2003;Schatschneider, Fletcher, Francis, Carlson, & Foorman, 2004;Torgesen, 2002;Torppa et al., 2007

Reading Development: Key Concepts and Challenges

Reading development refers to the process through which children or individuals acquire the
skills needed to decode, comprehend, and engage with written text. The journey from early
literacy skills to proficient reading involves several stages, from recognizing letters and sounds
to understanding complex texts.

Stages of Reading Development

1. Pre-Reading (Early Literacy):


o Age: Birth to 5 years
o Key Skills:
 Awareness of print, letters, and sounds (phonemic awareness).
 Understanding that writing carries meaning.
 Building vocabulary through listening to stories, songs, and conversations.
2. Emergent Reader:
o Age: 5-7 years
o Key Skills:
 Recognition of letters and sounds.
 Ability to decode simple words.
 Understanding of basic phonics rules.
 Reading simple books and stories.
3. Beginning Reader:
o Age: 6-8 years
o Key Skills:
 Fluent word decoding.
 Gradual comprehension of simple texts.
 Use of context clues to infer meaning of unknown words.
4. Fluent Reader:
o Age: 8-12 years
o Key Skills:
 Reading more complex texts with fluency.
 Increased focus on comprehension, inference, and interpretation.
 Ability to analyze characters, themes, and plot.
5. Proficient Reader:
o Age: 12+ years
o Key Skills:
 Ability to read and comprehend various genres and styles of text.
 Application of advanced reading strategies for deeper understanding.
 Reading for both pleasure and information.

Key Components of Reading Development

 Phonemic Awareness: Recognizing and manipulating the individual sounds (phonemes)


in words.
 Phonics: Understanding the relationship between letters (graphemes) and sounds.
 Fluency: The ability to read smoothly with speed, accuracy, and expression.
 Vocabulary: The breadth and depth of a person's word knowledge.
 Comprehension: The ability to understand, interpret, and analyze text.
 Writing: Writing also supports reading development, as it reinforces understanding of
spelling, grammar, and meaning.

Reading Difficulties: Common Challenges

Some children face significant challenges in learning to read, which may be due to cognitive,
environmental, or developmental factors. Early identification and intervention are key to helping
students overcome reading difficulties.

Types of Reading Difficulties

1. Dyslexia:
o Description: A specific learning disability that affects reading, spelling, and
decoding abilities.
o Symptoms: Difficulty with phonemic awareness, word recognition, and spelling,
despite having normal intelligence.
o Interventions: Structured literacy programs that focus on phonics, multisensory
learning, and repetition.
2. Reading Fluency Issues:
o Description: Difficulty reading smoothly and with expression, often due to
inadequate decoding skills.
o Symptoms: Slow, choppy reading with frequent hesitations and difficulty
recognizing sight words.
o Interventions: Repeated reading, timed reading exercises, and practice with high-
frequency words.
3. Reading Comprehension Issues:
o Description: Difficulty understanding or recalling what has been read.
o Symptoms: Inability to answer questions about the text, poor retention of
information, and trouble making inferences.
o Interventions: Strategies like summarizing, predicting, questioning, and
rereading.
4. Attention Deficits (ADHD):
o Description: Difficulty sustaining attention, which can impede the reading
process.
oSymptoms: Easily distracted while reading, skipping lines, or losing place in the
text.
o Interventions: Shorter reading sessions, frequent breaks, using graphic
organizers, and minimizing distractions.
5. Language Delays or Speech Disorders:
o Description: Delayed language development or speech problems can affect
reading development, especially phonological awareness.
o Symptoms: Trouble understanding or producing sounds, limited vocabulary, or
difficulty with word recall.
o Interventions: Speech therapy, targeted vocabulary development, and focusing
on phonemic awareness.

Effective Reading Programs for Development

To support children in overcoming reading difficulties, various reading programs and approaches
have been developed. The effectiveness of a program depends on the child's specific needs, but
several approaches have shown widespread success:

1. Structured Literacy Programs:


o These programs are explicit and systematic, teaching phonemic awareness,
phonics, and other foundational skills.
o Examples: Orton-Gillingham, Wilson Reading System, Barton Reading &
Spelling System.
2. Response to Intervention (RTI):
o A tiered approach to intervention, where struggling readers are provided with
increasingly intensive support.
o RTI focuses on identifying difficulties early and tailoring interventions to the
child's needs.
3. Balanced Literacy:
o Combines explicit instruction in reading skills (e.g., phonics) with a rich array of
literature and real-world reading experiences.
o Typically includes a combination of read-alouds, guided reading, independent
reading, and writing.
4. Interactive Reading Strategies:
o Encourages active engagement during reading, with strategies such as predicting,
questioning, and summarizing.
o Builds comprehension through discussion and critical thinking.
5. Assistive Technology:
o Tools such as audiobooks, text-to-speech software, and apps designed to support
reading can help children with dyslexia or attention issues.
o These technologies can enhance accessibility, allowing children to focus on
comprehension rather than decoding.
Supporting Struggling Readers: Practical Tips

 Early Intervention: The earlier a reading difficulty is identified, the easier it is to


provide effective support. Early intervention programs can target phonemic awareness
and basic decoding skills.
 One-on-One Tutoring: Personalized instruction can provide the attention and strategies
that a struggling reader needs.
 Provide Frequent Practice: Regular reading practice is essential, even if it's only for
short periods.
 Encourage Reading Aloud: This helps with fluency, confidence, and comprehension.
 Create a Positive Reading Environment: Provide a variety of books, offer praise and
encouragement, and read together.
 Use Multisensory Techniques: Engaging multiple senses (sight, touch, hearing) can
enhance learning and memory retention, particularly for students with dyslexia.

Conclusion

Reading development is a dynamic process, and while many children will progress smoothly
through the stages, others may encounter difficulties that require targeted intervention.
Understanding these difficulties and implementing effective reading programs and strategies can
help children gain the skills they need to become confident, proficient readers.

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