LECTURE NOTES ON CE-4112

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SESSIONAL-II

PREPARED BY-
DR. TAHMINA TASNIM NAHAR
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PABNA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PABNA, BANGLADESH
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: BRIDGES AND THEIR TYPES ............................................................................ 4

1.1 Bridge ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Planning of a bridge ......................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Site selection of bridge ..................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Types of Bridge ................................................................................................................ 5
1.4.1 Beam Bridge ................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.2 Truss Bridge ................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.3 Cantilever Bridge ............................................................................................................ 7
1.4.4 Suspension Bridge .......................................................................................................... 8
1.4.5 Cable-stayed Bridge ..................................................................................................... 10
1.4.6 Arch Bridge .................................................................................................................. 11
2.1 Balanced cantilever bridge .................................................................................................. 13
2.2 Design Specifications .......................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Slab Design ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Slab Design ......................................................................................................................... 20
 CHAPTER 1: BRIDGES AND THEIR TYPES
1.1 Bridge
A bridge is a man-made structure carrying a roadway, path, railway, etc. across river, valley, road or other
obstacle without closing the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over
the obstacle. There are many different designs of bridges, each serving a particular purpose and applicable
to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on factors such as:
 The function of the bridge
 The nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored and
 The material used to make it and the funds available to build it.

1.2 Planning of a bridge

There are few steps in planning of a bridge:
 Study the need for the bridge
 Assess traffic requirement
 Location study
 Study of alternatives
 Short listing feasible alternatives
 Developing plans for alternatives including materials etc.
 Preliminary design and costing
 Evaluation of alternative, risk analysis and final choice
 Finding resources, detailed survey & design
 Implementation of design, fixing agency, construction and commissioning, preparing estimates.

1.3 Site selection of bridge

Following criteria should be considered during site selection of a bridge:
 A straight reach of river
 Steady river flow without serious whirls and cross current.
 A narrow channel with firm banks
 Suitable high banks above high flood level on each side
 Rock or other hard in erodible straight close to the river bed
 Proximity to the direct alignment of the road to be connected
 Absence of sharp curves in the approaches
 Absences of expensive river training work
 Avoidance of excessive under the water construction
Site selection of a bridge depends upon the followings:
  Foundations conditions
 Clearance requirements
 Length of the bridge
 Width of the bridge
 Live load on the bridge
 Initial cost
 Operation and maintenance appearance

1.4 Types of Bridge

The most common types of bridges based on type of superstructure are described below:
1. Beam Bridge
2. Truss Bridge
3. Cantilever Bridge
4. Suspension Bridge
5. Cable-stayed Bridge
6. Arch Bridge

1.4.1 Beam Bridge

Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by substructure units and can be either simply
supported when the beams only connect across a single span, or continuous when the beams are
connected across two or more spans. Girder bridges, box girder bridge and plate girder bridge are the
different types of beam bridge. They are typically made of steel, concrete or wood. Girder bridges and
plate girder bridges, usually made from steel, are types of beam bridges. Box girder bridges, made from
steel, concrete, or both, are also beam bridges.

Fig. 1.1: Beam Bridge

 Fig. 1.2: Example of Beam Bridge: Lalon Shah Bridge, Ishwardi, Pabna, Bangladesh

Fig. 1.2: The World's Longest Beam Bridge (Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, Louisiana, USA. Length:
38.35 km, Each Span Length: 17m)

1.4.2 Truss Bridge

A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss. This truss is a
structure of connected elements forming triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight) may
be stressed from tension, compression. Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. A
truss bridge is economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials.
 Fig. 1.3: Truss Bridge

Fig. 1.4: Example of Truss Bridge: Padma Bridge, Louhajong, Munshiganj, Bangladesh

1.4.3 Cantilever Bridge

Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers which may be simple beams or trusses supported on only
one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair of continuous spans that extend from opposite sides of the
supporting piers to meet at the center of the obstacle the bridge crosses.
 Fig. 1.5: Cantilever Bridge

Fig. 1.5: Example of Cantilever Bridge: Meghna Bridge (officially named Japan Bangladesh Friendship
Bridge 1)

1.4.4 Suspension Bridge

A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical
suspenders. The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, since any load applied to
the bridge is transformed into a tension in these main cables. The main cables continue beyond the pillars
to deck-level supports, and further continue to connections with anchors in the ground. These types of
bridges can be made with a long span. Less material may be required than other bridge types, even at
spans they can achieve, leading to a reduced construction cost. They may be better able to withstand
earthquake movements than heavier and more rigid bridges.

Fig. 1.6: Suspension Bridge

Fig. 1.7: Example of Suspension Bridge: Loharpul Bridge, Sutrapur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
 Fig. 1.8: The World's Largest Suspension Bridge: Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (Kobe, Japan. Length: 3.911 km)

1.4.5 Cable-stayed Bridge

A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons), from which cables support the bridge deck. A
distinctive feature are the cables or stays, which run directly from the tower to the deck, normally forming
a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines. This is in contrast to the modern suspension bridge, where
the cables supporting the deck are suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at both ends of the
bridge and running between the towers. The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than
cantilever bridges and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the range within which cantilever bridges
would rapidly grow heavier, and suspension bridge cabling would be more costly.

Fig. 1.6: Cable-stayed Bridge

Fig. 1.6: Example of Cable-stayed Bridge: Shah Amanat Bridge (Third Karnaphuli Bridge), Chittagong,
Bangladesh
Fig. 1.8: The World's Cable-stayed Bridge: Russky Bridge (Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia. Length:
3.1 km)

1.4.6 Arch Bridge

The arch bridge consists of a curve-shaped structure supported by abutment at each end. Generally, the
roadway of the bridge lies on the arch structure. The arch squeezes together and this squeezing force is
carried along the curve to support at each end. The abutments then push back on the arch and prevent the
arch ends from spreading apart. The span of arch bridges is normally up to 800 feet and made of stone,
steel, or concrete. Types of arch bridges are 1) Hinge-less arch bridge, 2) Two hinged arch bridges, 3)
Three hinged arch bridge and 4) Tied arch bridge.

Fig. 1.9: Arch Bridge

 Fig. 1.6: Example of Arch Bridge: Dhanmondi lake bridge, Dhaka, bangladesh

Fig. 1.8: The World's Arch Bridge: Chaotianmen Bridge (Chongqing, China. Length: 1.741 km)
 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN OF A BALANCED-CANTILEVER BRIDGE

2.1 Balanced cantilever bridge

Balanced cantilever bridges are combination of the simply supported and continuous structures. Balanced
cantilever bridges are adopted for comparatively longer spans where simply supported, continuous or
rigid frame type superstructures are found unsuitable. Simply supported decks of any type having spans
more than 20 to 25 m. require comparatively greater depths and therefore, become uneconomical.

Fig. 2.1: Balanced Cantilever Bridge

2.2 Design Specifications

Design a balanced cantilever bridge as shown in Fig. 2.1 considering the following specification
 Mid span length, = 80 ft.
 Bridge width, = 30 ft.
 No. of girders, =6
 Width of each girder, = 1.25 ft.
 Loads: HS20-44 vehicle load, wearing surface, = 30 psf
 Material Properties: = 3000 psi, = 20000 psi
 Lateral load for upper rail and lower rail = 150 and 300 plf respectively
 Vertical load for each rail = 100 plf
 Spacing between post = 6 ft.
 Height of the rail post = 3′
 Assume reasonable value as per requirements

 Rail post Suspended girder
Railing Cantilever span
Bearing plates Anchor span

Articulation
Abutment
Piers

0.8L 0.2L 0.6L 0.2L 0.8L

Fig. 2.1: Elevation of Balanced Cantilever Bridge

Railing

Rail post Girders Side walk

Wearing coat Slab
Kerb

Interior girders
Exterior girders

Fig. 2.2: Cross section of superstructure of bridge

0.8L 0.2L 0.6L 0.2L 0.8L

Fig. 2.3: Line Diagram of Balanced Cantilever Bridge

2.3 Design of Railing
Assume,
Section of railing =
Section of railing post =

Clear span of rail =

Load:

Self-weight = plf

Total vertical load = Self-weight + additional vertical load = 26.04 + 100 =126.04 plf
Moment calculation:
For simplicity railing is designed as simply supported beam.

w lb/ft.

Fig.2.: Line diagram of railing

i) For vertical load, lb-ft

ii) For horizontal load (as the load on the lower rail is greater then the upper rail, therefore it is

recommended to design the lower rail), lb-ft

Depth check:
Given, = 3 ksi and = 20 ksi
ksi

√ √

, ,

psi

√ √ √
 - ( )
and (OK).
Reinforcement calculation:
( )
i) For vertical load, in2

( )
ii) For horizontal load, in2

Corner reinforcement = in2

Use #4 bar at four corner

Shear check:
lb.

psi

√ psi
(Ok)
Use #3 nominal stirrup in 12″ c/c.
Bond check:

psi

√
√
psi

(Ok)
Reinforcement diagram:

2-#4 top straight bars

X X

X X 4-#4 bars 5

#3@12 c/c stirrup

#3@12 c/c
2-#4 bottom straight bars

Longitudinal section X-X section

Fig.2.: Reinforcement details of railing

2.4 Design of Rail post
Load calculation:
Here, the rail post is designed as cantilever beam and only horizontal load on railing is considered for
design load.
Load due to lower railing (half portion of railing from both side) = 300 × (0.5×5.33+0.5×5.33) = 1599 lb.
Load due to upper railing (half portion of railing from both side) = 150 × (0.5×5.33+0.5×5.33) = 799.5 lb.
Moment calculation:

1599 lb. 799.5 lb.

1.5 1.5'
3

Fig.2.: Line diagram of rail post

Moment, lb-ft

Depth check:

√ √

- ( )
and (OK).
Reinforcement calculation:
in2

Corner reinforcement = in2

Use #5 bar at four corner

Shear check:
lb.

psi

√ psi
(Ok)
Use #3 nominal stirrup in 12″ c/c.
Bond check:

psi

√
√
psi

(Ok)
Reinforcement diagram:

2-#5 straight 2-#5 straight bars

bars
#3@12 c/c stirrup
X X X

X 4-#5 bars 8
X X
#3@12 c/c

Longitudinal section X-X section

Fig.2.: Reinforcement details of rail post

2.5 Design of Sidewalk and Kerb

8"

150 plf

300 plf

100 psf.
100 plf. b
2"

500 plf
3" 1

10"
2

a a
10"
3.5'

Load calculation:
Assume, live load on sidewalk = 100 psf and kerb = 500 plf.
a) Vertical load (due to self-weight) on post per ft. of side walk:

i) Weight of post = plf

ii) Weight of railing = plf

b) Vertical live load on rail = 100 plf.
c) Horizontal live load:
i) For upper rail = 150 plf
ii) For lower rail = 300 plf.
d) Self-weight of side walk:
i) Weight for rectangular area  = plf
 ii) Weight for triangular area  = plf

e) Live load on sidewalk = = 100 plf

Moment calculation:
a) Design moment for side walk,

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) lb-ft.

b) Design moment for kerb,

( ) ( ) lb-ft.

Depth check:
a) For sidewalk:

√ √

(Ok)
b) For kerb:

√ √

(Ok)
Reinforcement calculation:
a) For sidewalk:
in2

But according to ACI code minimum reinforcement = in2

Spacing for #4 bars

Use #4 bars @ 8″ c/c.
Use distribution reinforcement: #4 bars @ 8″ c/c.
b) For kerb:
in2

Thus use minimum reinforcement: #4 bars @ 8″ c/c.

Use distribution reinforcement: #4 bars @ 8″ c/c.
Shear check:
√ psi
a) For sidewalk:
 lb.

psi

(Ok)
b) For kerb:
lb.

psi

(Ok)
Development length calculation:

√
√
psi

a) For sidewalk:

c) For kerb:

d)

Reinforcement diagram:

#4 bar @ 8" c/c

#4 bar @ 8" c/c

#4 bar @ 8" c/c

#4 bar @ 8" c/c

10"
 Fig.2.: Reinforcement details of sidewalk and kerb

2.4 Slab Design

1.25' 4.5'

Clear span between girders,

Assuming slab thickness,

Load calculation:
a) Dead load due to self-weight and wearing course-
Slab weight, psf = 75 psf. (∵ unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf)

Dead load, ksf

Moment calculation:
a) Moment due to dead load-

i) Positive moment, lb-ft.

ii) Negative moment, lb-ft.

b) Moment due to HS20 live load (AASHTO specified),

( ) ( )
lb-ft [∵ ]

c) Impact moment

Impact factor, [Maximum value of is 30% = 0.3]

Impact moment, lb-ft.

Total moment, lb-ft
Depth Check:
 √ √

- ( )
and (OK).
Reinforcement calculation:

Required reinforcement, in2

Spacing for #5 bars

Use #5 bars @ 6.5″ c/c.

Distribution steel, ( ) in2

Spacing for #3 bars

Use #3 bars @ 7″ c/c.

Reinforcement diagram:

#5 bar @ 6.5" c/c #3 bar @ 7" c/c

2.4 Design of interior suspended girder

D2

D1

C=0.2L=16' S=0.6L=48'

Properties of girder depth:

( )
80% of suspended span (feet in inch) =
Let the equation of the curve (parabola),
( ) ( )

    i

    i
24' 24'

Depth of the girder at different location as follows,

( )
 ( )

( )

( )

Similar calculation will be applied for the right part of the girder.
Cross beam:
Assume width of the cross beam = 8″
Depth of the cross beam is as follows,

    i

6"

10"

    i
24' 24'

Load calculation:
a) Calculation for dead load:
i) Concentrated dead load due to self-weight of cross beam-
Section Load (lb.)

i-i

-
 -

-

-

ii) Load from slab weight = ( ) plf

iii) Load from weight of wearing surface = ( ) plf

iv) Load coming from rectangular portion of girder = plf

Total distributed load = 431.25 + 172.5 + 600 = 1203.75 plf

v) Peak load of triangular part (for simplicity bottom parabolic portion is considered as
triangle) = lb/ft.
Loading, shear force and bending moment diagram for dead load as follows-

1406.25 lb 1406.25 lb
1158.38 lb 1158.38 lb
981.38 lb 981.38 lb
875.25 lb 875.25 lb 235.94 lb
840 lb

1203.75 lb/ft

6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6'

36562.54 lb 36562.54 lb
 35.16 k

26.70 k
25.54 k

17.43 k
16.45 k

8.70 k
+
7.82 k

0.42 k

6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6'

413.89 k
389.35 k

314.10 k

185.38 k

6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6'

a) Calculation for live load:

 8 kips 32 kips 32 kips
14' 14'~30'

HS20-44 Truck

18 kips for moment

Concentrated load
26 kips for shear
Uniform load 0.64 k/ft.

Equivalent lane loading

i) For shear
    i

    i
Line diagram with sections
26 k

0.5 k/k
0.64 k/

IL with loading for V0-0

26 k

0.625 k/k
0.64 k/

IL with loading for V1-1

26 k

0.75 k/k
0.64 k/

IL with loading for V2-2

26 k

0.875 k/k
0.64 k/

IL with loading for V3-3

26 k

1 k/k
0.64 k/

IL with loading for V4-4