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Mole Concept Theory JH SIR PDF

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35 views12 pages

Mole Concept Theory JH SIR PDF

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damdardamdar4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

NEET
Mole Concept
www.etoosindia.com
Classification of Matter :
Matter - Anything which has mass and occupies space is
called matter. Everything around us, for example, book,
pen, pencil, water, air, all living beings etc. are composed of
matter. You know that they have mass and they occupy
space.
Physical Classification :
Based on physical state under ordinary condition of temperature
and pressure, matter is classified into the following three types :
Chemical Classification :
This classification of matter is based upon chemical composition
of various substance, According to this matter can be classified
into two major categories, pure substance and mixtures. Pure
substance can be further divided into two types, element and
compound. Mixture are also of two types, homogeneous
mixture and heterogeneous mixtures.
(i) Mixture :
Mixtures may be defined as the substances which are made
up of two or more pure substances. They can posses
variable composition and can be separated into constituent
components by some suitable physical means/methods.
For Example : Alloys (Brass, Bronze) (Brass = Copper + Zinc)
(Bronze = Copper + TIn)
Water + alcohol, Water + Salt, Water + mustard Oil, Water +
Sugar, Water + Kerosine
(a) Homogeneous mixture :
The mixtures which have same composition throughtout.
These mixtures are also known as solutions. The components
of such a mixture cannot be seen even under a microscope.
Some examples of homogeneous mixtures are air, gasoline,
sea water, brass, coloured glass, Alloys, Water + alcohol,
Water + Salt, 22 carat Gold, Water + Sugar. etc.
Phase :
A distinct portion of matter that is uniform in composition
and property called a phase.
(b) Heterogeneous mixture :
In this type of mixture the components are not mixed
uniformly. It has two or more phases.
For Example : Water + Sand, Water + Mustard oil, Milk,
Blood Air, plastic Smoke ; petrol etc.

(a) Element :
It is defined as the pure substance containing only one
kind of atoms and can not be decomposed into simpler
substances by chemical or physical method.
For Example : Zn, Cu, Hg, Ac, Sn, Pb-Metal , N2, O2, Cl2,
Br2, F2 etc - Nonmetal , B, Si, As, Te - Metalloid
(b) Compound :
It is defined as pure substance containing more than one
kind of elements or atoms which are combined together in
a fixed proportion by weight and which can be decomposed
into simpler substances by the suitable chemical method.
The properties of a compound are completely different
from those of its constituent elements.
Compounds are further classfied in two categories.
(1) Organic Compound
For Example : Sources, Oils, fats, derivative of hydrocarbon.
(2) Inorganic Compound
For Example : HCl, H2O, H2SO4, HClO4, HNO3 etc.
1. Classify the following as pure substances or mixtures.
Also separate the pure substances into elements and
compounds and divide mixture, into homogeneous and
hetergeneous categories :
(i) Graphite (ii) Milk (iii) Air (iv) Oxygen
(v) 22 carat gold (vi) Iodized table salt (vii) Wood
(viii) Cloud
Dalton’s Atomic Theory :

Dalton’s atomic theory was given by John Dalton in 1808. The


main postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are:
1. Elements consist of indivisible, indestructible particles called
atom.
2. Atoms of an element are indentical to each other. They
have the same mass and size.
3. Atoms of different elements differ in properties and have
different masses and sizes.
4. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements
combine with each other in simple numerical ratio such as
1 : 1, 2 : 2, 2 : 3 and so on.
5. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or transofrmed into
atoms of other elements.
The main failures of Dalton’s atomic theory are :
1. It failed to explain how atoms of different elements differ
from each other i.e., did not tell anything about structure
of the atom.
2. It could not explain how and why atoms of different element
combine with each other to form compound.
3. It failed to explain the nature of forces that bind together
different atoms in a molecule.
4. It failed to explain Gay Lussac’s law of combining volumes.
5. It did not make any distinction between ultimate particle
of an element that takes part in reaction (atoms) and
ultimate particle that has independent existence (molecules).

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