Name : Salsabila Sa’baniyah Fathonah

NIM : 202220046

Semester/Class : 5A

COURSE: PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETING

On-Line Lecture Assignment

[for the 3th to the 4th lectures]

*Materials:
Handout I : Principles of Interpreting [ 4 pages ]

Handout II: Steps to Consecutive Interpretation [page 1 to 31]

*Instruction:
Read handout I and II carefully, then do the task in every session.

Session 1 [handout 1, page 1]

Task:

1. Define what interpreting is.

2. Why did interpreting come into existence ?
3. What requirements should an interpreter have? Explain why he/she should have
these' requirements?

Session 2 [handout 1, page 2]

Task:
1. The product of translating is intended to read. Explain it, why?
2. The product of interpreting is intended to listen. Why? Explain it.
3. What do you know about ‘knowledge acquisition' in interpreting?
4. In interpreting, why should 'knowledge acquisition' be done before the time of the
speech delivery?
5. Explain why revision is impossible in interpreting.

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 Session 3 (Handout 1 page 3)
Task:
1. Compare the similarities and the differences between 'consecutive interpreting and
'simultaneus interpreting’.
2. What does the interpreter do when he jots down in summary interpreting?
3. How Important is jotting down in summary interpreting? Why? Give your reasons.
Session 4 (Handout I page 4 and Handout II page 4)

Session 4 (Handout I page and Handout II page 4)

Task:
1. Explain what 'discourse' means in interpreting.
2. Give some examples of 'discourse' you know in our life.
3. What problems does the interpreter usually face in his/her work?
4. How should the interpreter solve his/her problems in interpreting?
Session 5 (Handout I, page 4)

Task :

1. Explain clearly what the interpreter does in 'knowledge acquisition'?

2. Explain clearly the role of knowledge acquisition in interpreting.
Session 6 (Handout I page 1 and 4)
Task :

1. An interpreter, like a translator, is said to be facilitator of communication. Please

clarify this statement.
2. Describe the similarities and the differences between the work of an interpreter and
the work of a translator.

Keterangan

* Tugas pengganti kuliah tatap muka untuk pertemuan ke 3 dan 4

* Diketik dan diserahkan paling lambat hari Kamis, 31 Oktober 2024 pk 07.30. (pada
pertemuan ke 5)

Answer !

• Session 1
1. Interpreting is oral transfer of meaning from Source Language Discourse (SLD) to
Target Language Discourse (TLD).

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2. Interpreting came into existence to facilitate communication between individuals or
groups who do not speak the same language. It helps people conduct business, share
information, and exchange ideas when language barriers are present, such as when
Deaf and non-Deaf individuals need to communicate.
3. Requirements for an Interpreter:
 Fluency in both languages: Interpreters must have a high level of fluency in both
the source and target languages to accurately understand and convey meanings
and intentions.
 Simultaneous and Consecutive Skills: They must be skilled in both simultaneous
interpreting (translating while someone is speaking) and consecutive
interpreting (waiting until the speaker finishes an idea before translating).
 Confidentiality: Interpreters are required to maintain confidentiality, meaning
they must keep private whatever is discussed during interpreted interactions.
Why these requirements are important? Because fluency ensures accurate communication,
simultaneous and consecutive interpreting skills allow for flexibility in different
situations, and confidentiality protects the privacy of those involved in the
communication.

• Session 2
1. Translation involves the written transfer of meaning from one language to another.
Since the output is a written text (Target Language Text), it is meant to be read by the
audience. The focus is on creating a clear and accurate written document that can be
reviewed and referred to multiple times.
2. Interpreting is the oral transfer of meaning between languages. The output is spoken,
making it accessible to listeners in real-time. Since the interpretation is done on the
spot, the product is meant to be heard immediately, facilitating instant
communication between speakers of different languages.
3. In interpreting, knowledge acquisition refers to the process by which interpreters
gather and prepare relevant information about the topic, context, and terminology of
the discourse they will interpret. This preparation ensures that interpreters are
equipped to handle the language, concepts, and cultural nuances of the conversation
or event.
4. In interpreting, knowledge acquisition must be done beforehand because the
interpreter does not have time to look up information during the speech. Being well-
prepared ensures that the interpreter can understand and accurately convey the
speaker’s message without delays or errors, especially in fast-paced simultaneous
interpreting.
5. Revision is impossible in interpreting because it is a real-time process. Once the
interpreter speaks, the message is delivered to the audience immediately. There is no
opportunity to go back and revise what has already been said, unlike in translation,
where the text can be edited and improved before finalizing.

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 • Session 3
1. Similarities and Differences between Consecutive Interpreting and Simultaneous
Interpreting:
 Similarities:
Both consecutive and simultaneous interpreting involve transferring meaning
from a source language (SL) to a target language (TL). They both require the
interpreter to listen carefully to the speaker, understand the message, and
deliver it accurately in the other language.
 Differences:
1) In consecutive interpreting, the interpreter waits for the speaker to finish
a segment (word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph) before interpreting it.
There are pauses between segments.
2) In simultaneous interpreting, the interpreter starts interpreting almost
immediately after the speaker begins. There is no pause or
segmentation, making it more time-pressured and demanding.
2. In summary interpreting, the interpreter listens carefully to the entire speech and takes
notes (jots down) the key points or important ideas. After the speech is finished, the
interpreter uses these notes to summarize the content and convey the most significant
parts to the audience.
3. Jotting down is crucial in summary interpreting because it helps the interpreter capture
key points of the speech without missing important details. Since the interpreter will
need to summarize the whole speech later, these notes serve as a guide to ensure
accuracy, clarity, and a structured presentation of the speaker’s message. Without
jotting down, it would be much harder to remember and convey all the essential parts
of the speech.

• Session 4
1. Discourse in interpreting refers to the communication of ideas, information, and
messages in the source language. It involves understanding spoken or written content,
which can take the form of conversation, formal speech, lectures, or the types of
communication. Discourse plays a central role in the interpretation process, bacause
it is that the interpreter works with to convey meaning from one language to another.
2. Examples of discourse in everyday life :
 Conversations between friends or collegues.
 A lecture given by a professor in university setting.
 News broadcasts on television or youtube.
 Speeches at formal events, such as conferences.
 Discussion in class meetings.
3. Problems interpreters face :
 Language-related issues : These include difficulties with vocabulary, grammar, or
pronunciation (sound) that can affect comprehension.

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  Non language-related issues : These involve challenges such as unfamiliarity with
the content, cultural differences, or context, which may lead to
misinterpretation.
4. How to solve interpretation problems :
 Anticipatory solutions: Preparing in advance by gaining a deep understanding of
the subject matter and familiarizing oneself with the terminology used in the
discourse.
 Language Proficiency: Ensuring a deep understanding of vocabulary, grammar,
and sound in both source and target languages.
 Content Background: Gaining knowledge of the subject matter or context to
provide accurate interpretations.
 Listening and Concentration: Staying focused to capture both the literal and
implied meanings during the discourse.
 Guideposts to Analysis: Creating a structured approach to analyze discourse,
identifying the key ideas and their connections. This helps in breaking down
complex concepts into manageable sections for reconstitution.
 Life Experience: Using personal experience and cultural knowledge to handle
non-verbal cues, tone, and nuanced expressions effectively.

• Session 5
Language
Content background
1. Knowledge acquisition
Guidepost analysis
Life experience

In interpreting, 'knowledge acquisition' refers to the continual learning and

preparation that interpreters undertake to become effective communicators across
languages and cultures. These are how interpreters approach each element of
knowledge acquisition:
 Language: Interpreters continuously work on expanding their language
skills in both the source and target languages. This involves studying
vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, syntax, and grammar.
 Content Background: Interpreters often deal with specialized subjects, such
as medical, legal, or technical fields. To prepare, they should research and
study terminology, concepts, and industry standards relevant to these fields.
 Guideposts to Analysis: Interpreters develop analytical skills to help them
identify the main points, emotional tones, and subtle meanings in spoken or
written discourse. They practice analyzing different forms of
communication and understanding the speaker’s intentions and message
structure.

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  Life Experience: By drawing on life experiences, interpreters can make
sense of unfamiliar or nuanced topics, allowing them to interpret messages
in a relatable and culturally sensitive way.
2. Knowledge acquisition plays a vital role in the interpreting process by equipping
the interpreter with the necessary tools to anticipate and resolve potential
problems that may arise during interpretation. With a strong foundation in
language, content background, analytical guideposts, and life experiences, the
interpreter is better prepared to understand complex ideas, cultural nuances,
and specific vocabulary. This preparation allows the interpreter to perform
effectively as a facilitator, accurately transferring meaning between the source
and target languages and overcoming obstacles related to vocabulary, grammar,
sound, and background knowledge.

• Session 6
1. An interpreter acts as a facilitator of communication by bridging the
language gap between two people or groups who do not share a common
language. Through interpreting, they enable these individuals to understand
each other's ideas, intentions, and information effectively. By transferring
the meaning from the source language discourse (SLD) to the target
language discourse (TLD), interpreters help ensure that messages are
accurately conveyed, making it possible for individuals to engage in
meaningful communication and achieve mutual understanding, whether for
business, social, or other purposes.
2. Similarities and differences between the work of an interpreter and a
translator :
Similarities :
1) Both tasks involve the transfer of meaning from the Source Language
(SL) to the Target Language (TL).
2) Both require an understanding of the Source Language.
3) Both deal with language and non-language challenges (e.g.,
background content).
4) Both roles facilitate communication between people.
Differences :
1) Definition:
 Translating involves the written transfer of meaning from
the Source Language Text (SLT) to the Target Language
Text (TLT).
 Interpreting involves the oral transfer of meaning from the
Source Language Discourse (SLD) to the Target Language
Discourse (TLD).
2) Time:
 Translating usually takes a longer time since it involves
detailed, written text.

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  Interpreting requires less time as it is performed live,
typically during the spoken discourse.
3) Product:
 Translating produces a written document intended for
reading.
 Interpreting produces an oral output meant for listening.
4) Knowledge Acquisition:
 In translating, knowledge can be acquired while doing the
work.
 In interpreting, knowledge acquisition must be done before
the time of speech delivery.
5) Revision:
 Translators can revise their work.
 Interpreters cannot revise their work, as it is delivered live.