8

Science
Quarter 1 - Module 7:
Basic Electricity
Science – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 7: Basic Electricity
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Rey R. Angel

Editor: Daisy Ruby Sinday
Reviewers: Bernabe L. Linog, Relyn D. Raza, Jonas F. Saldia, Delia C. Pioco
Illustrators: Rosa Mia L. Pontillo
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Nonita C. Patalinghug

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Department of Education – Caraga Region

Office Address: Teacher Development Center

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E-mail Address: [email protected]
 8

Science
Quarter 1 - Module 7:
Basic Electricity
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Basic

Electricity!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher, or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st-century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Basic

Electricity!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create, and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity, or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentences/paragraphs to be filled into the
process what you learned from the lesson.

iii
 What I Can Do This section provides an activity that will help
you transfer your new knowledge or skill in
real-life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends the retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master basic electricity. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

This module contains:

 Lesson 1 – Ohm’s Law

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Infer the relationship between current and voltage (MELC Week 5-6)

1
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a difference in electric potential energy in joule/coulomb.

A. circuit
B. current
C. resistance
D. voltage

2. What is the SI unit of voltage?

A. ampere
B. ohm
C. volt
D. watt

3. It is the number of charges passing through a wire per unit time.

A. current
B. power
C. resistance
D. voltage

4. What is the SI unit of current?

A. ampere
B. ohm
C. volt
D. watt

5. It is the opposition to the flow of electric charges as they travel through a

conducting wire.

A. circuit
B. current
C. resistance
D. voltage

2
6. What is the SI unit of resistance?

A. ampere
B. ohm
C. volt
D. watt

7. Which of the following is the correct statement of Ohm’s Law?

A. When current increases in a circuit, voltage increases and resistance

increases.
B. When current increases in a circuit, voltage decreases and resistance
increases.
C. When current increases in a circuit, voltage increases while resistance
remains constant.
D. When current decreases in a circuit, voltage decreases and resistance
increases.

8. It supplies energy in an electric circuit.

A. load
B. switch
C. voltage source
D. conducting wire

9. It converts electrical energy into different forms of energy such as light, heat, or
sound in an electric circuit.

A. load
B. switch
C. voltage source
D. conducting wire

10. According to Ohm’s law, across a resistor with constant resistance, what
happens to the current across it when the voltage applied is halved?

A. halved
B. doubled
C. quadrupled
D. remains the same

11. Consider a simple electric circuit with a voltage source of 20.0 V which has a
current of 0.500 A. What is the resistance of the load?

A. 20.0 ohms
B. 30.0 ohms
C. 40.0 ohms
D. 50.0 ohms

3
12. A laptop power charger has an output of 5.00 volts and has a resistance of 800
ohms. What is the current output of the charger?

A. 6.25 mA
B. 50.0 mA
C. 75.0 mA
D. 80.0 mA

13. A LED TV power adaptor has a 2-mA output and resistance of 900 ohms. What
is the voltage output of the adaptor?

A. 2 volts
B. 4 volts
C. 6 volts
D. 8 volts

14. A motorcycle starter motor needs 40.0 A to operate with a resistance of 0.150
ohms. What is the needed voltage to start the motor?

A. 5.00 V
B. 6.00 V
C. 7.00 V
D. 8.00 V

15. A water heater has a resistance of 22 Ω connected to a 220-V voltage source.

What is the needed current to operate the heater?

A. 5 A
B. 7 A
C. 8 A
D. 10 A

4
 Lesson

1 Ohm’s Law
Recall that when you study heat and temperature, you learned that heat
energy flows from a body of higher temperature to a lower temperature. The flow
ceases when both bodies reach the same temperature. Similarly, when an electrical
conductor is connected to different electric potentials, charge flows from one end to
the other end of the conductor. Without potential difference, no charge flows as
well.

What’s In

To attain a sustained flow of charge in a conductor, an electrical set up must

maintain a difference in potential while charge flows from one end to the other. The
situation is analogous to a flow of water from a higher reservoir to a lower one.
Water will flow in a pipe that connects the reservoirs only as long as a difference in
water level exists. Like the flow of water molecules in a pipe, electric current also is
simply the flow of electric charges in a conducting wire. These charges are free
electrons that would only flow in conducting wires, usually made of metals,
connected to a voltage source. When there is flow of electric charges, an electric
current is present.

Electric current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charges from one point to
another in a circuit. It is measured in Amperes (A). One ampere is a rate of flow
equal to 1 coulomb of charge per second. Mathematically, electrical current is given
by
𝑞
I=
𝑡

where: I = current in Amperes (A)

q = charge in coulombs (C)
t = time in seconds (s)
The standard unit of charge is coulomb. One coulomb is the electric charge
of 6.25 billion electrons. So, if a wire carries 5 amperes, 5 coulombs of charges flow
through the wire each second. This means that there are 31.25 billion electrons
flowing from one point of a circuit to another. That is a lot of electrons! How much
more if a wire carries 10 amperes, twice as many electrons would pass at any
cross-section each second.

5
 A sustained current in conducting wire requires a suitable pumping device;
meaning, charges will flow only when they are pushed or driven. The work needed
per unit charge to move between two points is called voltage (V), expressed in unit
volt (V).
Voltage (V) is what makes a current move. Mathematically voltage is given
by,

𝑊
V=
𝑞

where: V = voltage in volts (V)

W = work in Joule (J)

q = charge in coulomb (C)

A common automobile battery, as shown in figure 1, will provide a voltage of

12 volts to a circuit connected across its terminals. Then 12 joules of energy are
supplied to each coulomb of charge that is made to flow in the circuit. Remember,
voltage does not go anywhere, it only drives the charges to move. Figure 2 shows
the equivalent electrical symbol of 12-volt automobile battery. You notice that it
has 6 pairs of short and long lines that represent negative and positive terminals
respectively. Each pair corresponds 2 volts.

Fig. 1 12 V automobile battery Fig. 2 Electrical symbol of a 12 V battery

We know that batteries and generators are the primary sources of voltage in
an electric circuit. How much current exists in a circuit depends not only on the
voltage but also on the electrical resistance of the conductor.

Electrical resistance (R) is the opposition to the flow of current by the

conducting wire. The electrical resistance of the wire depends on its thickness,
length, and conductivity. Thick wires have less resistance than thin wires because
thick wires have greater cross-sectional area for the electron to flow than thin
wires. Moreover, longer wires have more resistance than shorter wires because
longer wires have longer path for the current to flow. Copper wires have less
resistance than steel wires of the same size because copper has higher conductivity
than steel. Conductivity is the property of matter that allows current to flow. The
higher the conductivity of material the more current can freely flow. Electrical
resistance also depends on temperature. At higher temperature, atoms are violently
vibrating that can result to greater collision, creating more resistance against the
flow of current. Electrical resistance is measured in ohms (Ω), named after Georg
Simon Ohm.

6
 An electronic device that is designed to resist the flow of current is known as
a resistor, shown in figure 3 with its equivalent electrical symbol in figure 4.

Fig. 3 Resistor Fig. 4 Electrical symbol of Resistor

Illustrated by: Angelo Zaldy C. Francia

A resistor can also be a light bulb, as shown in figure 5 with its equivalent
electrical symbol in figure 6, that will convert the energy that was moving the
electrons into heat and light.

Fig. 5 Light Bulb Fig. 6 Electrical symbol of light bulb

Illustrated by: Angelo Zaldy C. Francia

The relationship among voltage, current, and resistance is summarized by

Ohm's law. Ohm discovered that at constant resistance, current in a circuit is
directly proportional to the voltage established across the circuit as graphically
represented in figure 7.

Fig. 7. Graphical Representation of Ohm’s Law.

Electrical Symbol of electrical Circuit

7
 For given values of resistance, current and voltage in figure 8, current will
double if voltage is doubled at constant resistance as shown in figure 9. This means
that the greater the voltage, the greater the current. If the resistance of a circuit is
doubled, the current would be reduced to one-half when voltage is held constant.
This means that the greater the resistance, the smaller the current (figure 10).

Fig. 8. Initial values of voltage, Fig. 9. Increasing current and Fig. 10. Inverse relationship of
current, and resistance. voltage at constant. resistance. resistance and current at
constant voltage.

Ohm’s Law

In a simple circuit, voltage is directly proportional to current. Its

proportionality constant is R = Resistance.

V= I R

Where: V = voltage expressed in volt (V)

I = Current expressed in Ampere (A)
R = Resistance expressed in ohm (Ω)
Example 1
Find the resistance in kΩ of a single motor horn if it has a voltage of 6 V and
current of 2 mA.
Given: Voltage (V) = 6 V;
Current (I) = 2 mA x (1A/1000mA) = 0.002A

Required: Resistance (R)

Solution: Ohm’s Law: V = I R

𝑉
R=
𝐼

= 6V/0.002
= 3000 Ω X (1k Ω/1000 Ω)

=3kΩ

8
Example 2

If a circuit has a resistance of 44 Ω and a current of 5 A, what is its voltage?

Given: Resistance (R) = 44 Ω

Current (I) = 5 A

Required: Voltage (V)

Solution: Ohm’s Law V = I R

V = 44 Ω x 5

= 220 V

Example 3

What will happen to the current if the resistance is tripled? State the
relationship of current and resistance based on your answer.

V=IR
𝑉
So originally 𝐼 =
𝑅

𝑉 1𝑉
If R is tripled then, 𝐼 = =
3𝑅 3𝑅

Therefore, when resistance is tripled, the current is reduced by one third.

The result shows that when resistance is increased at constant voltage, the current
is reduced.

Activity 1. Voltage, Current and Resistance Relationship

Directions: Provide what is asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of

paper.

1. What will happen to the current if the voltage is decreased by one half while the
resistance is held constant? State the relationship of voltage and current based
on your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What will happen to the current if resistance is doubled while voltage is kept
constant? State the relationship of current and resistance based on your
answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Rubric for Scoring

2 points Relationship is completely explained using Ohm’s Law.
1 point Incomplete explanation of relationship using Ohm’s Law.
0 point No explanation.

9
Activity 2. Ohm’s Law Application

Directions: Complete the solutions of the problems. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. A multi-cab starter motor has a current of 60.0 A and a voltage of 12 V. What is

the resistance of the starter motor?

Given: Current (I) = _______ A

Voltage (V) = _______ V
Required: Resistance (Ω)

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Formula: R= =
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

Solution: V = IR
Answer: Resistance = ______Ω, the resistance of the electric motor.

2. An electric fan has a resistance of 3.0 kΩ and a voltage rating of 220 volts. What
is the current needed to operate the electric fan?

Given: Resistance (R) = ______ kΩ x (1000 Ω /1 kΩ) = _____ Ω

Voltage (V) = ______ volts

Required: Current (I)

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Formula: I= =
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Solution: V = IR
Answer: Current = ______ A, the current needed to operate
the electric fan

3. A traffic light has a total resistance of 22 kΩ and requires 10 mA of current to

operate. What is the voltage required to operate the traffic light?

Given: Resistance (R) = ______ kΩ x (1 000 Ω/1 k Ω) = ______ Ω

Current (I) = ______ mA x (1 A/1000 mA) = ______ A

Required: Voltage(V)
Solution: V=IR

V = (_______ A) (_______ Ω)

Answer: Voltage = ________ volts

10
Directions: Provide what is asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. State the relationship of current, voltage, and resistance.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Rubric for Scoring

2 points The relationship is completely stated.
1 point The relationship is partially stated.
0 No answer.

2. What is the product of resistance and current in Ohm’s Law? ___________

3. In Ohm’s Law, what is the electrical quantity if the voltage is divided by its
current? ___________

4. In Ohm’s Law, what is the electrical quantity if the voltage is divided by its
resistance? ___________

Activity 3. Ohm’s Law at Home

Directions: Read and understand the situation below. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

In the Philippines, an electric energy distributor supplies each household

220 volts of voltage and 60 A of current. Applying your knowledge on Ohm’s Law,
in what way your appliances be used at home to maintain a safe amount of
current?

Rubric for Scoring

2 points The answer is consistent with the concept of Ohm’s Law.
1 point The answer is not consistent with concept of Ohm’s Law.
0 No answer.

11
Directions. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the electric current if a circuit has a resistance of 100 Ω and voltage of
12.0 V?

A. 0.120 A
B. 9.00 A
C. 12.0 A
D. 25.0 A

2. What is the electric current if a circuit has a resistance of 100 Ω and a voltage
of 6.00 V?

A. 0.0600 A
B. 4.50 A
C. 6.00 A
D. 12.5 A

3. What is the voltage of a circuit that has a resistance of 6 kΩ and a current of 2

mA?

A. 9V
B. 10 V
C. 11 V
D. 12 V

4. What will happen to the current if the voltage is reduced to one half?

A. tripled
B. doubled
C. decreased by one half
D. decreased by one fourth

5. Calculate the voltage if the current passing through the wire is 3 A, and has a
resistance of 10 Ω.

A. 6V
B. 30 V
C. 75 V
D. 150 V

6. What is the voltage across a 6 Ω load when 3 A of current passes through it?

A. 2V
B. 9V
C. 18 V
D. 36 V

12
 7. Which of the following properties of materials does NOT affect resistance?

A. length
B. thickness
C. temperature
D. strength of the material

8. Ampere is a unit of what electrical quantity?

A. current
B. load
C. resistance
D. voltage

9. What happens to the current across a circuit when the voltage is doubled while
the resistance is held constant?

A. tripled
B. halved
C. doubled
D. remains the same

10. Which of the following statements is correct about the relationship of voltage
and current?

A. Current varies directly with voltage and resistance is changing.

B. Current varies indirectly with voltage and resistance is changing.
C. Current varies directly with voltage when resistance remains
constant.
D. Current varies indirectly with voltage when resistance remains
constant.

11. What type of conducting wire has the greatest resistance to the flow of current?

A. thin, long wire

B. thick, long wire
C. thin, short wire
D. thick, short wire

12. Which of the following conducting wires has the least resistance?

A. Steel wire at room temperature

B. Steel wire at higher temperature
C. Copper wire at room temperature
D. Copper wire at higher temperature

13
13. How many coulombs does a 3-A current have in one second?

A. 3 C
B. 4 C
C. 5 C
D. 6 C

14. How many billions of electrons are there in a 3.000-A current?

A. 6.250
B. 12.50
C. 18.75
D. 25.00

15. What is the amount of current when 60 coulombs of charges pass through a
circuit in 10 seconds?

A. 3 A
B. 4 A
C. 5 A
D. 6 A

14
Activity 4. Graphing Current vs Voltage

Directions: Calculate the current and complete the table below. Using the values
of voltage and current on the table, plot the V versus I graph. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Voltage (V) Current (mA) Resistance kΩ

0.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
2.0 1.0
3.0 1.0
4.0 1.0
5.0 1.0
6.0 1.0
7.0 1.0
8.0 1.0
9.0 1.0

Notes to the Teacher

Provide extra copies of this activity for students’ use.

15
 16
Activity 2
1. Given: current = 60.0 A
voltage = 12 volts
Required: resistance (R)
Solution: V=IR
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 12 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
Formula: Resistance = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 60.0 𝐴
Ω
Answer: Resistance = 0.200 Ω, the resistance of electric motor.
2. Given: Resistance (R) = 3.0 kΩ x 1000 Ω/1 kΩ = 3000 Ω
Voltage (V) = 220 volts
Asked: current (I)
Solution: V=IR
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 220 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
I= 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 3000 Ω
Answer: current = 0.073 A, the current needed to operate the electric fan
What I know
Activity 1
1. D
1. V = IR 2. C
When: V = V/2 3. A
4. A
R is constant 5. C
V/2 = IR 6. B
I = V/2R 7. C
Therefore, current is decreases by one half if
8. C
voltage is decreased by one half while resistance
is held constant. 9. A
10.A
2. V = IR 11.C
When: R = 2R 12.A
13.A
V is constant
14.B
V = I(2R) 15.D
I = V/2R
Therefore, when resistance is doubled while
Voltage is held constant, Current is halved.
 17
Assessment
1. A
Activity 3
2. A
The following are possible answers: 3. D
4. C
5. B
a. The conducting wire has maximum 6. C
current capacity to operate safely. To prevent 7. D`
consumption more than the safe amount of current, 8. A
the appliances should be used when necessary. 9. C
10. C
b. Turn off television if no one is watching. 11. C
c. Unplug all appliances from the outlet 12. C
when these are not used. Even if the appliance is 13. A
turned off, it is still consuming current especially if 14. C
it is operated using a remote-control switch. 15. D
1. The relationship among current, voltage and, resistance is stated in Ohm’s
law: Current is directly proportional to voltage when resistance is held
constant; however, at a constant voltage, current decreases when resistance
is increased.
2. Voltage
3. Resistance
4. Current
Continuation of Activity 2
3. Given: Resistance (R) = 22 k Ω x (1 000 Ω/1 k Ω) = 22000 Ω
Current (I) = 10 mA x (1 A/1000 mA) = 0.01 A
Required: Voltage(V)
Solution: V=IR
V = (0.01 A) (22000 Ω)
V = 220 volts
Answer: V = 220 volts is needed to operate the traffic lights.
 18
Additional Activities
Activity 5
Current (mA)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
References

Gil Nonato S. Santos, Alfonso D. Danac. 2010. “Resistance in Electric Circuits.” In

O-Physics IV, by Gil Nonato S. Santos, Alfonso D. Danac, 208. Manila,
Philippines: Rex Book Store.

Paul G. Hewitt. 2006. “Electric Current”. In Conceptual Physics, by Paul G. Hewitt,

437. San Francisco, California: Pearson Addison-Wesly.

Hugh D. Young, Roger E Freedman, Lewis A. Ford. 2008. "Ohm's Law." In

University Physics, by Roger E Freedman, Lewis A. Ford Hugh D. Young,
855. San Francisco, California: Pearson Addison-Wesley.

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2020. https://pixabay.com/vectors/bulb-light-lamp-electric-160207/

Paul G. Hewitt. 2006. “ Electric Current .“ The Physics Place Circuit. In Conceptual
Physics. Accessed May 9, 2020.
http://schools.misd.org/upload/page/1757/ELECTRIC%20CURRENT.pdf
Ck-12. “Ohm’s Law Ck-12 Foundation.”Accessed May 26, 2020.
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-
2.0/section/16.5/primary/lesson/resistance-and-ohms-law-phys

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