Nouns

1st / 2nd Declension

First Declension (mostly feminine) Second Declension (mostly masculine)

Case Singular
Singular Plural
Plural

Nominitive/ a ae
Vocative
Subject / direct
address
Genitive ae ārum
of

Dative ae īs
To, for
(possessive)
Accusative am ās
direct object,
with some preps
Ablative ā īs
From, why, by, in,
on, because of
Case
Nominitive us/- ī
subject
Genitive ī ōrum
of

Dative ō īs
To, for
(possessive)
Accusative um ōs
direct object,
with some
preps
Ablative ō īs
From, why,
by, in, on,
because of
Vocative e ī
Direct adress
Second Declesion Neuter
Case Singular Plural

Nominitive/ um a
Vocative
Subject / direct
address
Genitive ī ōrum
of
Dative ō īs
To, for
(possessive)
Accusative um a
direct object,
with some preps
Ablative ō īs
From, why, by,
in, on.

To decline a noun take the genitive singular version (second word listed in definition), take away the
ending, and add the new one.

For example: Anima, animae f. breath, soul. Life force

Animae – anim is stem – acc plural would be animās

To decline an adjective take the feminine form and drop the a (or us, or um) – bonus, bona, bonum (bon
is stem) and add the endings for whichever declension it belongs to (depends of the declension of the
noun), nouns and adjectives must have the same declension to go together

3rd Declension

Third Declension masc / fem Third Declension Neuter

Case Singular Plural Case Singular Plural

Nominitive/ --- Es Nominitive/ --- a

Vocative Vocative
Subject / Subject / direct
direct address
address
Genitive Is Um Genitive Is Um
of of

Dative Ī Ibus Dative Ī ibus

To, for To, for
(possessive) (possessive)
Accusative Em Ēs Accusative --- a
direct direct object,
object, with with some preps
some preps
Ablative E ibus Ablative E Ibus
From, why, From, why, by,
by, in, on, in, on, because
because of of

Third Declension i-stem M/F (genitive plural ening ium) Third Declension i-stem Nueter

Case Singular Plural Case Singular Plural

Nominitive/ --- Ēs Nominitive/ --- ia

Vocative Vocative
Subject / direct Subject / direct
address address
Genitive Is Ium Genitive Is Ium
of of

Dative Ī Ibus Dative Ī Ibus

To, for To, for
(possessive) (possessive)

Accusative Em Ēs / īs Accusative --- ia

direct object, direct object,
with some with some
preps preps
Ablative E Ibus Ablative Ī Ibus
From, why, by, (i when 3rd dec From, why, by,
in, on, because adjective) in, on, because
of of
4th / 5th Declension

4th Declension (mostly masc) 5th Declension (mostly fem)

Case Singular Plural Case Singular Plural

Nominitive/ Us Ūs Nominitive/ ēs ēs
Vocative Vocative
Subject / Subject / direct
direct address
address
Genitive ūs Uum Genitive Ēi/ēī ērum
of of

Dative Uī/ū ibus Dative Eī/ēī ēbus

To, for To, for
(possessive) (possessive)
Accusative Um ūs Accusative Em ēs
direct direct object,
object, with with some preps
some preps
Ablative ū Ibus Ablative Ē Ēbus
From, why, From, why, by,
by, in, on, in, on, because
because of of

Irregular Noun: vīs

, -----, ium f. – force, power, violence (in pl.) (physical) strength

Case Singular Plural

Nominitive/ Vīs Vīrēs

Vocative
Genitive ------ Vīrium

Dative ----- Vīribus

Accusative Vim Vīrēs / vīrīs

Ablative Vī Vīribus
Locative Case
Domī – at home

Dūrī – in the country (as opposed to the city)

Rōmae – in / at Rome

Athēnis – in / at Athens

Carthāginī / carthāgine – in / at carthage

Place Expressions

Personal Pronouns
1st / 2nd person

Case 1st person Sing 1st person Plur Case 1st person Sing 1st person Plural

Nom Ego – I Nōs – we Nom Tū – you Vōs – you (plur)

 Gen Meī – of me Nostrum / Gen Tuī – of you Vestrum / vestrī
sontrī – of us – of you (plur)

Dat Mihi – to/for Nōbīs – to/ for Dat Tibi – to/ for Vōbīs – to for
me us you you (plur)

Acc Me - Me (d/o.) Nōs – us (d.o.) Acc Tē – you (d.o.) Vōs – you plur
(d.o.)

Abl Mē – from me Nōbīs – from Abl Tē – from you Vōbīs – from

(etc.) us (etc.)( (etc.) you (plur) (etc.)

3rd person

Case 3rd M Sing 3rd M Plur 3rd F sin 3rd F plur 3rd N sing 3rd N plur

Nom Is -he Eī, iī – they Ea – she Eae – they Id – it Ea – they

Gen Eius – of him Eōrum – of Eius – of her Eārum – of Euis – of it Eōrum – of

them them themk
Dat Eī – to / for Eīs, iīs – to / Eī – to for Eīs, ūs – to Eī – to / for it Eīs / iīs –
him for them her for them to/for them
Acc Eum – him Eōs – them Eam – her Eās – them Id – it (d.o.) Ea –
(d.o.) (d.o.) (d.o.) (d.o) them(d.o.)
Abl Eō – from Eīs, iīs – from Eā - from her Eīs / iīs – Eō – from it Eīs, iīs – from
him them from them them
Possessive adjectives (personal pronouns cannot ascribe possession, these do):

meus, a um – mine

moster, nostra, nostrum – our, ours

tuus, a, um – your, yours

vester, vestra, vestrum – your, yours (pl)

1st and 2nd person reflexive pronouns (refers to the preestablished subject – I saw myself) take from the
1sta nd 2nd person pronouns above. The 3rd person is as follows: note there is no plural, it is all singular
and includes himself, herself, itself, and themselves

Nom – no reflexive pronoun

Gen – suī – of himself, of herself, of itself, of themselves

Dat – sibi – to/for himself …

Acc – sē, sēsē – himself (d.o.) …

Abl – sē,. Sēsē – from himself, …

(eum videt – he sees him (two people) vs. sē videt – he sees himself (sē is reflexive)

Relative Pronouns
restrictive relative clause – the clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence (men who are without
arms cannot fight – who are without arms is essential)

nonrestrictive relative clause – clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence (horace, who was
born in Rome, lives in the country – who was born in the city is not essential)

Masc sing Fem sing Neu sing Masc plur Fem plur Neu plur

Nom – Quī quae Quod Quī Quae Quae

who / which

Gen – of Cūius Cūius Cūius quōrum Quārum Quōrum

who / of
which
Dat – to Cui Cui Cui Quibus Qiubus Quibus
whom / to
which
Acc – who / Quem Quam Quod Quōs Quās Quae
which (d.o.)

Abl – by Quō Quā Quō Quibus Quibus Quibus

whom / by
which

Talks about people and things –

Antecedent is the word that the relative pronoun referes to – matches in gender and numer, but takes
the case from its function in the clause

In English – I have more concern for the soul, which is immortal, than the body. Which is immortal is the
relative clause, which is the relative pronoun. Anima (soul) is feminine singular, but quae (which) is the
subject of that clause, so it takes the nominative. Quae would go there

A poet whose books are read by all has great influence. Whose books is the relative clause. Poeta is
masc sing and whose refers to the poet, so it is possessive, so whose is in the genitive case – cūius
Interrogatives Pronouns / adjectives
The same as the relative pronouns, just being used as a question

quis, quid – who, what

Masc / fem Neu sing Masc Plur Fem plur Neu Plur
sing

Nom Quis – who? Quid – Quī Quae Quae

what?

Gen Cuius – Cuius – of Quorum Quorum Quorum

whose? what?

Dat Cui – to Cui – to Quibus Quibus Quibus

whom? what?

Acc Quem – Quid – Quōs Quas Quae

whom? what?

Abl Quō – by Quō – by Quibus Quibus Quibus

whom? what?

Same as relative pronouns, just being used as a question

Adjectives look the same, but

Quis nōs dūcet – who will lead us?

Quod ferrum optās? Which sword do you desire?

Quōs in viā vidēre potes? Who are you able to see in the road?

Dē quibus mortālibus dīxit? About which mortals did he speak?

Adjectives
 3 types of adjectives
 1. Positive – tall, quickly (default in definition)
 2. Comparative – taller, more quickly (comp in LWS)
 3. Superlative – tallest, quickest (superl in LWS)
Intensive Adjective
Ipse, ipsa, ipsum – adds emphasis or intensifies the noun it modifies (I myself, he himself, the case itself,
they themselves, etc.) –can also mean very – I was in the very field of the queen

Masc sing Fem sing Neu sing Masc Plur Fem Plur Nue Plur
Himself, very Herself, very Itself, very Themselves, Themselves, Themselves,
very very very

Nom Ipse Ipsa Ipsum Ipsī Ipsae (a is ipsa

upside down
Gen Ipsīus Ipsīus Ipsīus Ipsōrum Ipsōrum Ipsōrum

Dat Ipsī Ipsī Ipsī Ipsīs Ipsīs Ipsīs

Acc Ipsum Ipsam Ipsum Ipsōs Ipsās Ipsa

Abl Ipsō Ipsā Ipsō Ipsīs Ipsīs ipsīs

Participles
Verbal adjectives
Puer in viā ambulāns amīcōs vīdit – ambulāns is participle

Temporal – the boy walking on the road saw his friends

Attribituive, the boy, walking in the road, saw his friends
Causal – since the boy was walking in the road, he saw his friends
Conditional – if the boy walked in the road, he saw his friends
Conditional Cheat Sheet

Cum Clauses

Verbs
 The conjugation are determined by the vowel before the infinitive ending (re) (2 nd verb in definition)
 1st conjugation – ā
 2nd conjugation – ē
 3rd conjugation – e
 4th conjugation – ī

The six tenses of the indicitve mood (sing is sample verb)

Simple Progressive/repeated Completed

Present Present Present Perfect

He sings He is singing, he sings He has sung
every day
Past Perfect Imperfect Plurperfect
He sang He was singing He had sung
He sang every day
Future Future Future Future perfect
He will sing He will be singing He will have sung
He will sing every day
For present stem verbs (present, imperfect, future):

1st/2nd Declension Present, imperfect, future: To conjucate a 1st/2nd conjugation verb (present,
imperfect, future), take infinitive ending, take away the re, and add endings

3rd, 3rd IO, and 4th Present: For 3rd, and 3rd i-stem present conjugation verbs change the e to an i, then
add endings; 4th present, keep the ī ending, add endings

3rd, 3rd i-stem, 4th imperfect: take stem, change 3rd from e – ē, 3rd i-stem from e – iē, and 4th from ī to iē,
and add endings (1st person sing use m or r endings)

3rd, 3rd IO, and 4th: For future 3rd, 3rd I, and 4th , change 3rd from e – ē, 3rd i-stem from e – iē, and 4th from ī
to iē, and add use the present endings, they are marked as future because of the ē after the i and
before the endings (1st person sing use m or r endings)
Infinitives

Present Active System Indicative Endings

(take stem from infinitive, add ending)

Singular Present Imperfect Future

1st ō, m Bam Bo (am 3/4)

“I” I was I shall
2nd s bas Bis (ēs 3/4)
you you were you will
3rd t bat Bit (et 3/4)
he, she, it he, she, it he, she, it
was will
Plural Present Imperfect Future

1st mus bamus Bimus (ēmus

we we were 3/4)
we shall
 2nd tis batis Bitis (ētis
you all you all were3/4)
you all will
rd
3 nt bant Bunt (ent
they they were 3/4)
they will
rd
3 conjugation change e to i before re when conjugating

Future bo, bis, bit… for 1st/2nd conjugation verbs, am, ēs, et… for 3rd and 4th conjugation

3rd conjugation, 3rd person, change to last vowel of stem (i) to a U (regunt)

For 3rd i-stem, and 4th conjugation, 3rd person add a u before the endings (audiunt)

For 3rd, 3rd I, and 4th change the vowel before the m or r in the 1st person to an ā (or a) (regām) (can also
add a)

Passive Present System Indicative Endings

Use Present Stem, add ending

Singular Present Imperfect Future

1st or, r Bar Bor

I am being… I was being I shall be
2nd ris, re Bāris / bāre Beris / bere
You are You were You will be
being… being
3rd tur Bātur Bitur
He/she/it is He, she, it He, she, it
being… was being will be
Plural Present Imperfect Future

1st mur Bāmur Bimur

We are We were We shall be
being… being
2nd minī Bāminī Biminī
You all are You all were You all will
being… being be
3rd ntur Bantur Buntur
They are They were They will be
being… being called
Change vowel before t or nt to a short

For 3rd i-stem, and 4th conjugation, 3rd person add a u before the endings (audiunt)

For 3rd, 3rd I, and 4th change the vowel before the m or r in the 1st person to an ā (or a) (regām)

3rd conjugation, 3rd person, change to last vowel of stem (i) to a U (regunt)
Active – the queen loves the farmers – subject performs action (queen is subject, and she is loving)

Passive – the farmers are loved by the queen – subject receives the action (queen is subject, farmers are
loved by the queen) – agrigola amantur ā regina

Perfect Active System Indicative Endings

Take perfect stem (3rd PP, take away ī ending) add ending

Perfect: 3rd PP, add ending: (example is rule) past tense, ed ending in english (I sang, I have sung. You
ran, you have run, he carried, he has carried, etc.) has not had

Plurperfect: 3rd PP, add infic erā, add active personal endings (m for 1st P sing) (its like taking the perfect
stem and adding the imperfect of sum) always use Had when translating plurperfect

Future perfect: 3rd PP ,perfect stem, add infix eri, add active endings (ō for 1st person sing), tells that
something will be completed in the future

Singular Perfect (has) Plurperfect (had) Future Perfect

(have been)
1st Ī (3rd PP) Eram Erō
I …ed, I have …ed I had…ed I shall have …ed
(I ruled, I have
ruled)
2nd Istī Erās Eris
You…ed, you have You had …ed You will have …ed
…ed
3rd It Erat Erit
He, she, it …ed, He, she it had …ed He, she, it will
has …ed have …ed
Plural Perfect Plurperfect Future Perfect

1st Imus Erāmus Erimus

We …ed, we have We had …ed We shall have …
…ed ed
2nd Istis Erātis Eritis
You pl. …ed, you You pl. had …ed You pl. will have …
pl have …ed ed
3rd Ērunt / ēre Erant Erint
They …ed, they They had …ed They will have …
have …ed ed
Perfect System Passives
 To form the Perfect Passive, take the 4th PP of a verb (perfect passive participle) and add the verb
Sum in the present tense. It must match the verb in gender and number
 To form the PlurPerfect Passive, take the 4th PP of a verb (perfect passive participle) and add the
verb Sum in the Impoerfect tense. It must match the verb in gender and number
 To form the Future Perfect Passive, take the 4th PP of a verb (perfect passive participle) and add the
verb Sum in the Future tense. It must match the verb in gender and number
 Only the verb sum changes, not the 4th PP
 Make sure the 4th PP has all possible adjective endings in the synopsis (us, a, um)
 Example is rectus, -a, -um – to rule
 The verb sum can be omitted, if you see a 4th PP verb, assume it is a perfect passive
 Sum can apply to more than one verb in sentence (he was seen and he was heard will have one sum

Singular Perfect (4th PP + sum Plurperfect (4th PP + Future Perfect (4th PP

in present) sum in imperfect) + sum in future)
Was, were, have been Had been Shall / will have been
1st rectus, -a, -um sum rectus, -a, -um eram rectus, -a, -um erō
I was ruled, I have I had been ruled I shall have been ruled
been ruled
2nd rectus, -a, -um es rectus, -a, -um erās rectus, -a, -um eris
you were ruled, you you had been ruled you shall have been
have been ruled ruled
3rd rectus, -a, -um est rectus, -a, -um erat rectus, -a, -um erit

Plural Perfect Plurperfect Future Perfect

1st rectus, -a, -um sumus rectus, -a, -um rectus, -a, -um erimus
erāmus

2nd rectus, -a, -um estis rectus, -a, -um erātis rectus, -a, -um eritis

3rd rectus, -a, -um sunt rectus, -a, -um erant rectus, -a, -um erunt
(the things when
neuter)

Irregular verbs

Irregular Verb: Sum, esse, fuī, futūrus – am, exist, there (is/are)
 Singular Present Imperfect Future

1st Sum Eram Erō

I am I was I shall be
2nd Es Erās Eris
You are You were You will be
3rd Est Erat Erit
He, she, it is He, she, it He, she, it
was will be
Plural Present Imperfect Future

1st Sumus Erāmus Erimus

We are We were We shall be
2nd Estis Erātis Eritis
You all are You all were You all will
be
3rd Sunt Erant Erunt
They are They were They will be

Irregular Verb: Possum, posse, potuī – to be able

Singular Present Imperfect Future

1st Possum Poteram Poterō

I am able I was able I shall be able
2nd Potes Poterās Poteris
You are able You were able You will be
able
3rd Potest Poterat Poterit
He, she, it is He, she, it was He, she, it will
able able be able
Plural Present Imperfect Future

1st Possumus Poterāmus Poterimus

We are able We were able We shall be
2nd Potestis Poterātis Poteritis
You all are You all were You all will be
able able able
3rd Possunt Poterant Poterunt
They are able They were They will be
able able
Irregular Verb: eō, īre, iī / īvī, itum – go (irregular) (not 4th conjugation)

Singular Present Imperfect Future

1st Eō Ībam Ībō

I go I went I shall go
2nd Īs Ībās Ībis
You go You went We shall go
3rd It Ībat Ībit
He, she, it He, she, it He, she, it
goes went shall go
Plural Present Imperfect Future

1st Īmus Ībāmus Ībimus

We go We went We shall go
2nd Ītis Ībātis Ībitis
You all go You all went You all shall go
3rd Eunt Ībant Ībunt
They go They went They shall go

Present Passive Infinitives

 2nd PP of every verb is the active present infinitive
 For 1st, 2nd, and 4th - To form present passive infinitive change the final e of PAI to an ī (vocāre – to
call – vocarī – to be called)
 Change from being to, to be – to move – to be moved, to hear – to be heard
 For 3rd and 3rd io to form present passive infinitive drope the ere and add an ī (regere – regī)
 Regere – to rule, regī – to be ruled, capere – to capture, capī to be captured

Present active infinitive Present passive infinitive

1st conjugation (ā) Vocāre – to call Vocārī – to be called

2nd conjugation (ē) Movēre – to move Movērī – to be moved

3rd conjugation (e) Regere – to rule Regī – to be ruled

3rd io conjugation (ie) Capere – to capture Capī – to be captured

4th conjugation (ī) Audīre – to hear Audīrī – to be heard

Present Active and Passive Imperatives
 The imperative mood gives direct commands (eat your food, give me your sword, listen people)
 Take stem, make it into a long vowel
 The commands are addressed to you (sing or plur)
 They are often found with nouns in the vocative 2nd person, which give the subject (you or you all)
 To form the imperative: take the present stem, for singular keep the present stem (vocā, move,
rege)
 For plural take the stem and add te to the ending te (vocāte, movēte, regite, capite, aduīte)
 For the present active imperative 3rd and 3rd IO stem, the e changes to an i before the te ending
 Exceptions: dīc – say (tell me), dūc – lead, fac – make, fer – carry, bring (add ite to these to make
them plural)
 For passive singular take the stem and add re (it looks like regual infinitive), tell difference by the
vocative case
 For passive plural take the stem and add minī
 Vocāre be summoned, vocāminī be summoned (plural), movēre be moved, movēmini be moved
 Exception: ferō is ferre (be carried), feriminī be carried plural, dīcō and dūcō are regular in this
 When a synopsis asks for impertives, give the above

Adverbs
Adverb can modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb, usually ends in -ly in english
To make an adverb in 1st and 2nd declension, take adjective stem (fem, 2nd in def and drop the ending),
add the ending ē

Altus, alta, altum – stem is alt – altē is adverb – highly, deeply

Some will end in e instead of ē

Adverbs are usually placed directly before the word the modify (puellam non amō) I do not love the girl,
not modifies love) – (poeta pulcherē canēbat – the poet was beautifuly singing)

Expections: Multus,a,um – multum (much) – bonus,a,um – bene (well) – malus,a,um – male (badly) –
Validus,a,um – validē or valdē (strongly)

 3rd declension adjectives become adverbs by adding -iter to the stem (fortis – fortiter)
 Irregular adverbs:
 Multum – much
 Bene – well
 Male – badly
 Valdē – strongly
 Omnīnō – entirely
 Facile – easily
 Difficulter – with difficulty
Irregular 3rd declension adverbs
 Omnīnō – entirely, at all
 Facile – easily, readily
 Difficiliter – with difficulty

Demonstrative adjectives / pronouns

Demonstartives serve to point out a noun, and usually comes before the noun

1st person – hic, haec, hoe – this / these (near me, the speaker)

M sing F sing N sing M plur F plur N plur

Nom Hic Haec Hoc Hī Hae Haec

Gen Huius Huius Huius Hōrum Hārum Hōrum

Dat Huic Huic Huic Hīs Hīs Hīs

Acc Hunc Hanc Hoc Hōs Hās Haec

 Abl Hōc Hāc Hōc Hīs Hīs hīs

2nd person – iste, ista, istud – that, those (of yours, which you know well) – can be derogative

M sing F sing N sing M plur F plur N plur

Nom Iste Ista Istud Istī Istae Īsta

Gen Istīus Istīus Istīus Istōrum Istārum Istōrum

Dat Istī Istī Istī Istīs Istīs Istīs

Acc Istum Istam Istud Istōs Istās Ista

Abl Istō Istā Istō Istīs Istīs istīs

3rd person – ille, illa, illud – that/those (near him, her, them)

M sing F sing N sing M plur F plur N plur

Nom Ille Illa Illud Illī Illae Illa

Gen Illīus Illīus Illīus Illōrum Illārum Illōrum

Dat Illī Illī Illī Illīs Illīs Illīs

Acc Illum Illam Illud Illōs Illās Illa

Abl Illō Illā Illō Illīs Illīs illīs

Is, ea, id – that (pronoun)

Masc sing Fem sing Neu sing Masc plur Fem plur Neu plur

Nom Is Ea Id Ei, iī, ī Eae Ea

Gen Ēius Ēius Ēius Eōrum Eārum Eōrum

 Dat Eī Eī Eī Eīs, iīs, īs Ēis, iīs, īs Eīs, iīs, īs

Acc Eum Eam Id Eōs Eās Ea

abl Eō Eā Eō Eīs, iīs, īs Eīs, iīs, īs Eīs, iīs, īs

Īdem, eādem, īdem – the same

Masc sing Fem sing Neu sing Masc plur Fem plur Neu plur

Nom Īdem Eādem Īdem Īdem (ei-) Eaedem Eādem

Gen Ēiusdem Ēiusdem Ēiusdem eōrundem eōrundem eōrundem

Dat eīdem eīdem eīdem Eīsdem or Eīsdem or Eīsdem or

īsdem īsdem īsdem
Acc Eundem Eandem Eōdem Eōsdem Eāsdem Eādem

Abl Eōdem eādem eōdem Eīsdem or Eīsdem or Eīsdem or

īsdem īsdem īsdem

 They often proceed the noun, and always agree in gender, number, and case when used as
adjectives
 When they stand alone they are demonstrative pronouns, and are translated with man, woman, or
thing (or plural)
 Hae – these women
 Istōs – those men
 Illud – that thing

Hic can point towards to the thing that proceeded iot, or the thing that follows

Haec de amīcitiā dīxit – these things about friendship he said

Hōc petō. Esne miser? I am asking this. Are you miserable?

Ille is the same as hic, and often is before a quote, or to point out what is celebrated or notorious

Hic and ille together can refer to two elements previously mentioned (hic -the latter, ille – the former)

Iste often shows contempt – I heard those words

Deponent verbs
Verbs with passive forms only, and active meanigs only

They have only 3 PPs, the last one is opften two words, the second being sum

To get present stem:

For 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugation deponent verbs, drop the rī from the 2nd PP

For 3rd conjugation change the final ī to an e (not exactly, but it seems to work)

In a synopsis all verbs are in passive side, but with active translation

 Semi-deponent
 These are deponent in the perfect system only
 Audeō, audēre, ausus sum – dare – semi – deponent
 First two PPs are active, 3rd is passive, still all active translations

Subjunctives
 3 basic uses
 Hortatory / jussive subjunctive – let us
 Verbs in present may suggest a strong suggestion or exhortation (urging)
 Hortatory when 1st person, jussive when 2nd or 3rd
 Rōmam eāmus – let us go to Rome (hortatory)
 Nē ex urbe discedat – let him not depart from the city (jussive)
 The word “let” is often used
 When 2nd person present / perfect (s and p) proceeded by nē, it expresses a negative command
 Ne labōrēs, serve – do not work, slave. Nē ab hostibus captī sītis – do not be captured by the
enemies
 Potential subjentive
 a verb in the present or perfect may express a possibility in the present or future time
 an imperfect may express a possibility that existed in the past
 nōn is used for negation
 Present - Might, could
 Perfect – would
 Imperfect – might have
 rōmae multa videās – you could see many things in Rome (potential, pres/fut)
 id nōn fēcerim – I would not do this thing (potential present / future)
 domum venīrent – they might have come home (potential, past time, imp)
 optative subjunctive
 often uses if only (present: if only…would, imp: if only…were, PP: if only…had)
 verb in present subjunctive may express a wish that can be fufiled in the future – if only
 imp can express a wish that cannot be fulfilled in the present
 PP can express a wish that could not be fulfilled in the past
 Optative expresses wishes, nē used for negation
 Utinam is often used, but not required
 Utinam mīlītēs nostrī superent – if only our soilders would conquer (may our soilders conquer),
future wish with capable fufilment
 Rōmae vīverem – if only I were living in Rome (present, incapable of fulfillment)
 Ne id ēgisset - if only he had not done it (past wish incapable of fulfilmet)

Present Active and Passive subjunctive

Take the present active infinitve, take away are, ere, ēre, īre, add this, add endings for present active or
present passive

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd i-stem 4th

ē eā ā Iā iā
(regere – movā – 1st person present subjunctive – regām)

Imperfect Active and Passive subjunctive

Take the full present active infinitive, change the final e to an ē, add the active / passive present ening
(m or r for 1st P sing)

Regere – regerēm, regerēs, regerēt…

Perfect and Plurperfect Active subjunctive

Perfect active – take the perfect active stem (3rd PP minus ending (ī)), add infix “eri”, add active personal
ending (m for 1st P sing)

Regō – rēxerim, rēxeris, rēxerit…

Plurperfect active – take perfect active stem (3rd PP minus ednign), add infix “issē”, and active person
endings (m for 1st P sing)

Regō – rēxissēm, rēxissēs, rēxissēt…

Perfect and Plurperfect Passive subjunctive
Perfect passive subjunctive – take perfect passive participle (4th PP), add as a separate word the present
subjunctive form of sum (shown below)

Regō – rēctus, a, um sim, rēctus a, um sīs … (masculine, feminine, neuter)

Remember the 4th PP has all possible endings of an adjective (a,um) because a participle is a verbal
adjective, so it has adjective properties, make sure the gender matches the noun it is modifying

Plurperfect passive subjunctive – take perfect passive participle (4th PP), add as a separate word the
imperfect subjunctive form of sum (essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent – had been, would
have been)

Regō – rēctus, a, um essem, rēctus a, um essēs … (masculine, feminine, neuter)

Remember the 4th PP has all possible endings of an adjective (a,um) because a participle is a verbal
adjective, so it has adjective properties, make sure the gender matches the noun it is modifying

Irregular subjunctive verbs

Present Active subjunctive of Sum, possum, and eō:

Singular Sum Possum eō

1st Sim Possim Eam
2nd Sīs Possīs Eās
3rd Sit Possit Eat
Plural
1st Sīmus Possīmus Eāmus
2nd Sītīs Possītis Eātis
3rd Sint Possint Eant

Vocabulary
Nouns: Nominative sing, Genitive sing gender. English definition

Adjectives: Nom sing masc, fem, neu (stem is found by taking away a from fem ending)

Verbs - First person singular present active indicative (I move), present active infinitive (to move), first
person singular perfet active indicitve (I moved, I have moved), perfect passive participle (having been
moved)

Chapter 1
Agricola, agricolae m. Farmer
Anima, animae f. breath, soul. Life force

Dea, deae f. goddess

Fāma, famae f. Report, rumor, reputation, fame

Fēmina, fēminae f. woman; wife

Fīla, fīliae, f. daughter

Īnsula, insulae f. island

Ītalia, ītaliae f. Italy

Nauta, nautae m. sailor

Patria, patriae f. country, homeland

Pecūnia, pecūniae f. money

Poēta, poētae m. poet

Puella, puellae f. girl

Rēgina, rēgīnae f. queen

Via, viae f. way, road, street

Ager, agrī m. field

Deus, deī m. god

Dominus, dominī m./ master, lord

Fīlius, filiī m. son

Gladius, gladii m. sword

Liber, libri m. book

Puer, puerī m. boy

Servus, servī m. slave

Vir, virī m. man, husband

Aurum, aurī n. gold

Bellum, bellī n. war

Cōnsillium, cōnsiliī n. deliberation, plan, advice, judgment

Donum, dōnī n. gift

Factum, factī n. deed

Ferrum, ferrī n. iron, sword

Oppidum, oppidī n. town

Perīculum, perīculī n. danger

Verbum, verbī n. word

Ā, ab (prep. + abl.) (away) from

Ad (prep. + acc.) toward, to

Com (prep + acc.) with

Dē (prep. + abl.) (down) from, about, concening

Ē, ex (prep + abl.) (out) from

Et (conj.) and, even, also

Et…et… both…and…

In (prep. + acc.) into, onto, against

In (prep + abl.) in, on

Ō (interj.) O

-que (enclitic conj., attached to end of word) and (goes before the word it is attached to, vir fēminaque –
husband and wife)

Connates, cognatus, -a, -um, related

Chapter 2
Verb PPs - First person singular present active indicative (I anie), present active infinitive (to move), first
person singular perfet active indicitve (I moved, I have moved), perfect passive participle (verbal
adjective, having been moved)

Cūra, cūrae f. care, concern, anxiety

Īra, īrae f. anger, wrath

Poena, poenae f. punishment

Sapiential, sapientiae f. wisdom

Vīta, vītae f. life

Animus, amimī m. (rational) soul, mind; spirit, in pl. strong feelings

Arma, armōrum n. pl. arms, weapons

Stadium, studiī n. zeal, enthusiasm, pursuit, study

Velum, vēlī n. sail

Ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātum - (1-intr.) walk

Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus (1 tr.) love

to (1-tr) – think, ponder, understand

Dō, dare, dedī, datus – give, grant

Poenās dare (idiom) to pay the penalty

Vela dare (idiom) to set sail

Dōnō, dōnāre, dōnāvī, donātus (1-tr.) – give, present, reward

Errō (1-intr.) wander, err, make a mistake

Labōrō (1-intr) – work, suffer, be distressed

Mōnstrō, mostrāre, monstrāvī, monstrātus (1-tr.) show, point out

Optō, optāre, optāvī, optātus (1-tr) – desire, choose

Vocō (1-tr) – call, summon, name

Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbituys – owe, ought

Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus – have, hold, consider – when passive translated as considered (to be)

Iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus – order

Moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus – move, set in motion, stir up

Respondeō, respondēre, respond, respōnsus – answer

Timeō, timēre, timuī – fear, to be afraid of

Video, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus – see

Sum, esse, fuī, futūrus – be, exist

Possum, posse, potuī – be able, can

Cūr (interrog adv.) why

Enim (postpositive conj) – in fact, indeed, for

Etenim (conj) and indeed, for a fact

Nam (conj) for

Namque (conj) for in fact

-ne (iunterrog enclitic particle) – added to the first word of a question – tune studentas? Are you a
student?

Neque / nec – and not

Neque/nec…neque/nec… - neither…nor…

Nōn (adv) – not

Sed (conj) – but

(1-tr.) – the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th verb principle parts end in -āre, -āvī, -ātus, (following the first PP) (get stem
from -re from infinitive)

(1-intr.) – 2, 3, 4 PP end in āre, āvī, ātum

Davus, davī m. Davos

Oedipus, Oedipī m. Oedipus

Barba, barbae f. beard

Nōndum (adv.) not yet

Pallium, palliī n. cloack

Philosophus, philosophī m. philosopher

Cum – with, together

Ergo – therefore

Chapter 3
Dīlgentia, dīligentiae f. diligence, attentiveness

Incola, incolae m. or f. inhabitant

Mora, morae f. delay

Prōvincia, prōvinciae f. province

Terra, terrae f. land, earth

Amicus, amīcī m. friend (friendly man when substantive)

Forum, forī n. public square, marker place, forum

Imperium, imperiī n. power, authority, command, empire

Inimīcus, inimīcī m. (personal) enemy, hostile (unfriendly man when substantive)

Odium, odiī n. hatred

Populus, populī m. (the) people, populace

Rōmānī, Rōmānōrum, m. pl. (the) Romans (roman men when used as substantive)

Mihil or nīl (indeclinable noun) n. nothing

Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus (1tr.) praise

Pugnō (i-intr.) fight

Superō, superāre, superāvī, superāvī (1-tr) overcome, conquer, surpass

Teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus hold, grasp, keep, possess, opccupy

Video, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus in passive, be seen, when passive translated as seem (seen as)

Eō, īre, iī or īvī, itum to go

Amicus, -a, -um friendly (+ dative)

Inimīcus, -a, -um unfriendly, hostile (+ dat)

Bonus. -a, -um good

Laetus, -a, -um happy, flourishing

Līber, lībera, liberum free

Magnus, -a, -um large, big, great

Malus, -a, -um bad, evil

Multus, -a, -um much, many

Miser, misera, miserum wretched, pitable, miserable

Parvus, -a, -um small, little

Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful, handsom

Rōmānus, -a, -um Roman

ā, ab (prep + abl) by

Atque or ac (conjugation) and (whats more)

Mox (adv) soon; then

Nunc (adv) now

Prō (prep + abl) in front of; on behalf of, for, in return for, instead of

Propter (prep + acc) on account of, because of

Semper (adv) always

Sine (prep + abl.) without

Bonus, bona, bonum good

Compōnō – put together

Chapter 4
Causa, causae f. reason, cause; case (legal)

Gloria, glōriae f. renown

Invidia, indidiae f. envy, jealousy; ill-will, resentment

Sententia, sententiae f. thought, feeling, opinion

Altum, altī n. deep sea; height

Auxilium, auxiliī n. aid, help

Auxilia, auxiliōrum n. pl. auxiliary troops

Caelum, caelī n. sky, heaven

Socius, socii m. ally, comrade

Agō, agere, ēgī, āctus - drive; do; spend; conduct

Causam agere (idiom) to conduct or plead a case

Canō, capere, cēpī, captus – take up, capture, win

Cōnsilium capere (idiom) to form a plan

Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus – say, speak, tell

Dūcō, dūcere, uxī, ductus – lead, consider

Faciō, facere, fēcī, factus – make, do

Gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus – bear, wage (as in war), manage, conduct, perform

Bellum gerere (idiom) to wage war

Mittō, mettere, mīsī, missus – send

Pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus – put, place, set aside

Regō, regere, rēxī, rēctus – rule, control

Scribe, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptus – write

Audio, audīre, audīvī, audītus – hear, listen to

Sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus – perceive, feel

Veniō, venire, vēnī, ventum – come

Ego, meī (personal pronoun) I, me

Nōs, nostrum/nostrī (personal pronoun) we, us

Tū, tuī (personal pron.) you

Vōs, vestrum.vestrī (Pers pro) you all

Is, ea, id (demonstr. Adj.) this, that, these, those,

Is, ea, id (prounouns) he, she, it, they, him, her, them

Altus, -a, -um tall, high, deep

Clārus, a, um bright, clear, famous

Cupidus, a, um desiorous (+gen)

Decem (indeclinable adj.) ten

Meus a, um my, mine

Noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours

Socius, a, um allied

Tuus, a, um your, yours

Validus, a, um strong, healthy

Vester, vestra, vestrum, you (plur) yours (plur)

Equidem (adv) indeed, certainly, for my part

Per (prep + acc) through

Quidem (adv) indeed certainly, at least

Ne… quidem – not even

Cupidus, a, um desirous

Utinam – if only (often a subjunctive, but doesn’t have to be)

Chapter 5
Amīcitia, amīcitiae f. friendship

inimīcitia, inimīcitiae f. enemy, hostility

fātum, fātī n. destiny, fate, (in pl.) death

-, meī (reflective pron) myself

-, nostrum, nostrī (reflexive pron(no nominive)) ourselves

-, suī (reflexive pron (no nominative))himself, herself, itself, themselves

Accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus receive, accept, hear of, learn of

Cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum go, move, yield, withdraw

Accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessum go to, come to, approach

Discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum go away, depart

Interficiō, interfiecere, interfēcī, interfectus kill

Perficiō, perficere, perfēcī, perfectus complete, accomplish

Abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum go away

Ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus bring, bear, carry, endure (irregular, ferō, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt for PAI.
Ferre is active infinitive, ferrī passive infinitive. Present active imperative is fer, ferte. Passive imperative
sing is ferre, plur is ferminī) (when in indirect statement can mean say, like they said that)

Meminī, meminisse (defective verb) remember, be mindful of

Ōdī, ōdisse (deflective verb) hate

Redo, redīre, rediī, reditum go back, return

Dūrus, a, um hard, harsh

Ipse, ipsa, ipsum (intensive adj) -self, -selves, very

Meus, a, um my (own)

Noster, nostra, nostrum our (own)

Pius, a, um ditiful, loyal

Impius, a, um disloyal, wicked

Suus, a, um his own, her own, their own

Tuus, a, um your own

Vester, vestra, vestrum your (pl.) own

Bene (avd) well

Estī (conj) although

Male (adv) badly

Multum (adv) much, a lot

Nisi (conjugation) if… not, unless

Postquam (conjugation) after

Quamquam (conjugation) although

Quoniam (conjugation) since, because

Sī (conjugation) if

Sic (avd) thus, so in this way, in such a way

Tamen (adv) nevertheless

Ubi (conjugation) when, (interrog adv) where, when, (can act like ut, making a conditional)

Ut (conjugation) as, when (also introduces a purpose clause, in order that, indirect command, that)

Ut can also be “how” – how much better to …

Proelium, proelī n. battle

Chapter 6
Athēnae, athēnārum f. pl. Athens

Nātūra, nātūrae f. nature

Rōma, rōmae f. Rome

Dictum, dictī n. word, saying

Domus, domī f. house, home

Amor, amoris m. love

Animal, animālis, -ium n. animal

Carmen, carminis n. song, poem

Carthāgō, carthāginis f. Carthage

Cīvīs, cīvis, -ium m or f citizen

Corpus, corporis n. body

Frater, frātris m. brother

homō, hominis m. human being, man; in pl. people

Hostis, hostis, -ium m. (public) enemy

Iūs, iūris n. right, law, judgement, court

Iūre (adv) rightly, justly

Mare, maris, -ium n. sea

Māter, mātris f. mother

Mēns, mentis, -ium f. mind, intention, purpose

Mīles, mīlitis m. soilder

Moenia, moenium n. pl. (city) walls

Pater, patris m. father

Patrēs cōnscrīptī voc. Pl. enrolled fathers, senators

Rēx, rēgis m. king

Rūs, rūris n. countryside

Servitūs, servitūtis f. slavery

Soror, sorōris f. sister

Timor, timōris m. fear

Urbs, Urbis, -ium f. city

Vis, -, -ium f. force, power, violence, in pl. (physical) strength

lIberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus free, liberate

careō, carēre, caruī, caritūrus – lack, be without, be free from (+abl)

legō, legere, lēgī, lēctus gather, choose, read

intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus – understand

vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctūrus live, be alive

antīquus, a, um old, ancient

novus, a, um strange

paucī, paucae, paeca few

autem (postpositive conjugation) however, moreover

inter (prep. + acc) between, among, during

sub (prep + acc) under, up to

sub (prep + abl) under, at the foor of, near

umquam (adv) ever

numquam (adv) never

fortis, forte, fortior – strong, powerful

fēlīciter – happily
Omnia – every, all
Etsī – although
Chapter 7
Āra, ārae f. altar

Cōpia, cōpiae f. abundance, (pl) troope/forces

Fortūna, fortūnae f. fortune, chance

Īnsidiae, īnsidiārum f. pl. ambush, plot, treachery

Umbra, umbrae f. shadow, shade

Ingenium, ingenui n. ability, talent, disposition, character

Templum, templī n. temple

Ars, artis, -ium f. skill, art, guile, trick

Cīvitās, cīvitātis f. state, citizenry, citizenship

Mors, mortis, ium f. death

Pars, partis, ium f. part

Virtūs, virtutis f. manliness, courage, excellence, virtue

Vōx, vōcis f. voice, word

Maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus remain, stay, await

Terrō, terrēre, terruī, territus terrify, frighten

Cupiō, cupere, cupiī or cupīvī, cupītus desire, long for, want

Fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus to flee

Petō, petere, petiī or petīvī, petītus - ask for, seek, attack

Trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus hand over, surrender, hand down

Vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus conquer, overcome

Auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātus carry away, take away, remove

Differ, differre, distulī, dīlātus carry in different dicerctions, scatter, postone defer, (intr.) differ be
different

Acerbus, a, um bitter, harsh

Cārus, a, um precious, dear (to) (+dat)

Certus, a, um sure, certuan, reliable

Incertus, a, um unsure, uncertain, unreliable

Falsus, a, um deceptive, false

Vērus, a, um real, true

Ante (adv) before, earlier, previously, (prep + acc) befroe / in front of

Aut (conjugation) or

Aut..aut… either…or

Etiam (adv) also, even, still

Ita (adv) in this manner, thus, so

Nē (adv) not

Post (adv) after(ward), later, behind (prep +acc) after/behind

Sōlum (adv) only

Nōn sōlum…sed/vērum etiam – not only…but also

Utinam (particle) intorduces an optative subjective

Vērō (adv) certainly, indeed, but (in fact)

Vērum (conjugation) but

Suīs – family

Greetings
Salūs, salūtis f. safety, health

Salūtem dīcere (idiom) to say greetings, to say hello

Salve, salvēte hello! Good day!

Valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus be strong, be able, be well, fare well

Vale, valēte farewell (possibly greetings, but idk)

Ecce (interj.) lo! Beholh! Look!

Hercule (interj) by Hercules

Mehercule or meherculēs (interj) by Hercules!

Heu (inter) alas! Oh!

Greeting and deapture are distuingshed by singular and plural active imperative
(salve/salvēte)(valē/valēte)

Chapter 8
Fuga, fugae f. flight
Annus, annī m. year

Locus, locī m. place

Loca, locōrum n. pl. places

Consul, cōnsulis m. consul

Domus, domūs f. house, home

Exercitus, exercitūs m. army

Manus, manūs f. hand, band, troop

Mōtus, mōtūs m. motion, movement, disturbance

Senātus, senātūs m. sentae

Aciēs, aciēī f. sharp edge, keenness, battleline

Dies, diēī m or f. day

Fidēs, fideī f. faith, trust, trustworthiness, confidence

Rēs, reī f. (often an idiom) - thing, property, matter, affair, activity, situation

Rēs gestae, rērum gestārum f pl. accomplishments, history (of ones life)

Rēs novae, rērum novārum f pl revolution

Rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae g republic

Species, speciēī f. appearance, aspect

Audeō, audēre, ausus sum – dare (semi deponent)

Fatero, farērī, fassus sum confess, admit

Morior, morī, mortuus sum - die (deponent)

Relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus leave (behind), abandon

Sequor, sequī, secūtus sum - follow (deponent)

Experior, experīrī, expertus sum - test, try, expiernce (deponent)

Hic, haec, hoc (demonstr. Adj. / pron.) this, these

Ille, illa, illud (demonstr. Adj. / pron.) that those

Iste, ista, istud (demonstr. Adj. / pron.) that (of yours) those (of yours)

Pūblicus, a, um public

Ācer, ācris, ācre sharp, keen, fierce

Facilis, facile easy

Difficilis, difficile - difficult

Fēlīx, fēlīcis – fortunate, happy

Īnfēlīx, īnfēlīcis – unfortunate, unhappy

Fortis, forte brave, strong

Ingēns, ingentis huge, outstanding

Omnis, omne every, all

Quoque (adv) also, too

Saepe (adv) often

Cōnor, cōnāre, conāvī, conatus – try, attempt

Dēmōnstrō - point out

Sic fauts – this having been said

Chapter 9
Ex(s)ilium, ex(siliī n. exile, banishment

Modus, modī m. measure, limit, rhythm, mteter, manner, way

Quō modō, in what manner, how

Oculus, oculi m. eye

Lēx, lēgis f. law

Lībertās, līvertātis f. freedom

Pāx, pācis f. peace, favor

Metus, metūs m. fear, dread, anxiety

Spēs, speī f. hope

Quī, quae, quod (rel, pron) who, which, that

Quī, quae, quod (interrog adjective) what…, which…

Quis, quid (interrog pron) who, what

Hortor (1 tr.) order, urge, encourage, exhort

Imperō (1 intr), imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum give and order, order, command (+dat)

Patior, patī, passus sum – experience, suffer, endure, permit, allow (deponent)

Pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus push, drive (off)

Quaerō, quaerere, quaesiī or quaesīvī, quaesītus search for, seek, ask

Caecus, a, um blind, hidden, secret, dark

Gravis, grave – heavy, deep, important, seriopus, severe

Levis, leve – light, trivial, fickle

Alius, alia, aliud other, another

Alter, altera, alterum the other (of two)

Īdem, eadem, idem same

Neuter, neutral, neutrum – neither (of two)

Mūllus, a, um not any, no

Sōlus, a, um alone, only

Tōtus, a, um whole

Ūllus, a, um any

Ūnus, a, um one, only

Uter, utra, utrum (interrog adjective) which (of two)

Iam (adv) now, by now, by then, already

Nē (conjugation) introduces a negative purpose clause, in order that…not, negative command

Ob (prep + acc) on account of, because of

Quam ob rem (rel or interrog adv) on account of which thing, therefore, why

Qeārē (rel or interrog adv) because of which thing, therefore, why

Tande, (adv) finally, at last, in questions and command, pray, I ask you, then

Ut (conjugation) introduces a purpose clause, in order that, indirect command, that

annus, anni m. year

iussum, iussi n. order, command

nemo, neminis m. or f. no one

nox, noctis -ium f. night

tempus, temporis n. time

consulatus, consulatus m. consulship

domus, domus f. house, home

exercitus, exercitus m. army

manus, manus f. hand; band, troop

motus, motus m. motion, movement; disturbance

senatus, senatus m. senate

acies, aciei f. sharp edge; keenness; battle line

dies, diei m. or f. day

fides, fidei f. faith, trust; trustworthiness; loyalty

res, rei f. thing; property; matter, affair; situation

res gestae, rerum gestarum f. pl. accomplishments; history

res novae, rerum novarum f. pl. revolution

res publica, rei publicae f. pl. republic

species, speciei f. appearance, aspect

hortor (1-tr.), hor to urge, encourage, exhort

impero (1-intr.) to give an order (to); order, command (+dat.)

paro (1-tr.) to prepare (for); get, obtain

moneo, monere, monui, monitus to warn; remind; advise

pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus to push, drive (off)

quaero, quaerere, quaesii/quaesivi, quaesitus to search for, seek, ask (for)

publicus, a, um public

alius, alia, aliud other, another

alter, altera, alterum the other (of two)

neuter, neutra, neutrum neither (of two)

nullus, a, um not any, no

solus, a, um alone, only

totus, a, um whole, entire; all

ullus, a, um any

unus, a, um one; only

uter, utra, utrum (interrog. adj.) which (of two)

aliter (adv.) otherwise, in another way

iam (adv.) (by) now; (by) then, already; presently

ne (conj.) introduces negative purpose clause, in order that...not; introduces negative indirect
command, that...not

ob (prep. +acc.) on account of, because of

quam ob rem (rel. or interrog. adv.) on account of which thing; therefore; why

quare (rel. or interrog. adv) because of which thing; therefore; why

quo (rel. adv.) to where, whither

ubi (rel. adv.) where, (can act like ut, making a conditional)

unde (rel. adv.) from where, whence

ut (conj.) introduces purpose clause, in order that; introduces indirect command, that

us us ui/u um u us uum ibus us ibus - fourth declension endings

es ei ei em e es erum ebus es ebus - fifth declension endings

Chapter 10
legatus, legati m. legate, envoy; lieutenant

natus, nati m. son

dux, ducis m. or f. leader

finis, finis, -ium m. or f. end, limit, boundary; (pl.) territory

genus, generis n. descent, origin; race, stock; kind, sort

labor, laboris m. work, labor; effort, hardship

mos, moris m. custom, practice; (pl. sometimes), character

opus, operis n. work

opus est +abl. or nom. (idiom) there is need of

oratio, orationis f. oration, speech

orationem habere (idiom) to make a speech

orator, oratoris m. speaker, orator

pectus, pectoris n. sing. or pl. chest, breast; heart

casus, casus m. fall; occurrence; chance, misfortune

metus, metus m. fear, dread

spes, spei f. hope

quidam, quaedam, quiddam (indef. pron.) (a) certain person, (a) certain thing (dam stays the same the
qui, quae, quid changes)

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indef. adj.) (a) certain (dam stays the same the qui, quae, quid changes)

oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatus to attack

servo, servare, servavi, servatus to save, preserve

sto, stare, steti, staturus to stand; stand fast, endure

deleo, delere, delevi, deletus to destroy

cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus to fall; die

nascor, nasci, natus sum to be born

nosco, noscere, novi, notus to come to know, learn, recognize; (perfect), know

cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitus to come to know, learn, recognize; (perfect), know

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum to set out, set forth (deponent)

utor, uti, usus sum to use; experience; enjoy +abl (deponent)

perfero, perferre, pertuli, perlatus to suffer, endure; report

refero, referre, rettuli, relatus to bring back; report

aequus, a, um level, even; equitable, just; calm, tranquil

iniquus, a, um uneven; inequitable, unjust

honestus, a, um honorable, respectable

medius, a, um middle (of); (neut. subst.), midst; the open

notus, a, um known, well-known; familiar

apud (prep.) at the house of, in the presence of, among +acc.

contra (adv.) on the contrary, in opposition; in turn

contra +acc. (prep.) against, contrary to; facing

magnopere (adv.) greatly

quin (conj.) introduces Relative Clause of Characteristic, who/that...not

satis/sat (adv.) enough, sufficiently; (indeclinable neut. subst.) enough

futurus, a, um – about to / going to be (participle of sum)

Chapter 11
audacia, audaciae f. boldness, recklessness, audacity

campus, campi m. (flat) plain

castra, castrorum n. pl. (military) camp

murus, muri m. wall

paulum, pauli n. small amount, a little

signum, signi n. sign, signal; standard

telum, teli n. spear; weapon

ignis, ignis, -ium m. fire

imperator, imperatoris m. commander, general

legio, legionis f. legion

lux, lucis f. light, daylight

prima luce (idiom) at dawn

maiores, maiorum m. pl. ancestors

sensus, sensus m. perception, feeling; sense

arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum to judge, consider, think

puto, putare, putavi, putatus to think, suppose

soleo, solere, solitus sum to be accustomed

credo, credere, credidi, creditus +dat. to trust, believe

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus to throw; utter; lay, establish

eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectus to throw out, expel

loquor, loqui, locutus sum to speak, talk

invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus to find, discover

scio, scire, scii/scivi, scitus to know

nescio, nescire, nescii/nescivi, nescitus to not know

pereo, perire, perii, periturus to pass away, be destroyed; perish, die

longus, a, um long; far; long-standing; far-reaching

summus, a, um highest; top (of); last, final

brevis, breve short, brief

humilis, humile humble

sapiens, sapientis wise

similis, simile +gen. or dat. similar

dissimilis, dissimile +gen. or dat. dissimilar, unlike, different

diu (adv.) for a long time

igitur (postpositive conj.) therefore

longe (adv.) a long way, far; by far

parum (indeclinable subst.) (indeclinable subst.) too little, not enough

parum (adv.) (adv.) too little, inadequately

primum (adv.) first; for the first time

quam primum as soon as possible

quam (adv.) as, how; (conj.) than – when quam + comparative = “than” (I love more than you)

Chapter 12
gratia, gratiae f. favor, kindness; gratitude, thanks

littera, litterae f. letter (of the alphabet); (pl.) letter, epistle

memoria, memoriae f. memory

dubium, dubii n. doubt, hesitation

gens, gentis -ium f. nation, people; family

fors, fortis -ium f. chance, luck

mons, montis -ium m. mountain

rumor, rumoris m. rumor

fas n. (indeclinable noun) (what is divinely) right; (what is) permitted

nefas (indeclinable noun) n. (what is divinely) forbidden; sacrilege

dubito (1-tr.) to hesitate; doubt

oro (1-tr.) to beg (for)

rogo (1-tr.) to ask (for)

spero (1-tr.) to hope (for)

conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus to accomplish, complete

obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum to forget (+gen.)

praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectus to put in charge (of)

infero, inferre, intuli, illatus to carry (into); inflict (on)

praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus to prefer

praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefuturus to be in charge (of), be in command (of)

volo, velle, volui, --- to be willing, want, wish

malo, malle, malui, --- to want more, prefer

nolo, nolle, nolui, --- to be unwilling, not want, not wish

• volō, velle, voluī, to be willing, want, wish

• nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, to be unwilling, not want, not wish

• mālō, mālle, māluī, to want more/ prefer

nōlī/ nōlīte + infinitive = negative imperative (Don’t verb!) (don’t hate me friends)

quam – rather then (especially when there is a verb of preference / comparing)

Nōlīte – imperative – can just mean “don’t” as a command, don’t need wish

dignus, a, um worthy (of) +abl.

indignus, a, um unworthy (of) +abl.

dubius, a, um doubtful

an (conj.) introduces an alternative question, or introduces an indirect question, whether

cum (conj.) when; since; although

modo (adv.) only, just; now, just now

necne (conj.) in indirect question, or not

nonne (interrog. particle) introduces a direct question expection the answer "yes"

num (interrog. particle) introduces a direct question expecting the answer "no"; introduces an indirect
question, whether

praeter (prep. +acc.) beyond; except

quin (conj.) introduces doubting clause, that

quo (interrog. adv.) to where, whither

tum or tunc (adv.) then, at that time

Quis est quī – who is there that…

unde (interrog. adv.) from where, whence

utrum (interrog. particle) introduces the first question of a double direct question or indirect question

utrum...an... whether...or...

Chapter 13
nihilum, nihili or nilum, nili n. nothing, not al all

ad ūnum – every one, every single one

pretium, pretii n. price, value

honor, honoris m. honor, respect; (political) office

lumen, luminis n. light, radiance; (pl.) eyes

scelus, sceleris n. wicked deed, crime; villainy

vulnus, vulneris n. wound

aestimo, aestimare, aestimavi, aestimatus to estimate, value

ex(s)pecto, ex(s)pectare, ex(s)pectavi, ex(s)pectatus, to wait (for), await, expect

moror, morari, moratus sum to hinder, delay, wait

muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatus to change, take in exchange, give in exchange

emo, emere, emi, emptus to buy

facio, facere, feci, factus make, do, to reckon

gradior, gradi, gressus sum to proceed, walk, step

egredior, egredi, egressus sum to go out, come out

incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus to take on, begin

perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditus to destroy; lose

vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditus to sell

fio, fieri, factus sum to become, happen; be made; be done

---, ---, coepi, coeptus (defective) began, to have begun

ceterus, a, um rest (of), remaining part (of), (the) other

gratus, a, um charming, pleasing; grateful, pleased

ingratus, a, um unpleasant, displeasing; ungrateful, displeased

saevus, a, um cruel, savage

tantus, a, um so much, so great

quantus, a, um how much, how great; as much, as great

talis, tale such, of such a sort

qualis, quale what sort of; of which sort, as

tot (indeclinable) so many

quot (indeclinable) how many; as many

ad (+acc.) for (the purpose of)

antequam (conj.) before (with subjunctive = before… could/can)

causa (+preceding gen.) for the purpose of, for the sake of

donec (conj.) while, as long as; until; provided that

dummodo (conj.) provided that

gratia (+preceding gen.) for the purpose of, for the sake of

modo (conj.) provided that

priusquam (conj.) before

quia (conj.) because

quod (conj.) because (with subjunctive – allegedly because)

tam (adv.) so

Chapter 14
luna, lunae f. moon

aetas, aetatis f. age; lifetime; time

agmen; agminis n. line (of march), column; multitude, throng

auctoritas, auctoritatis f. authority; influence

nomen, nominis n. name

os, oris n. sing. or pl. mouth; face

sol, solis m. sun

aliquis, aliquid (indef. pron.) someone, something; anyone, anything

aliqui, aliqua, aliquod (indef. adj.) some, any

quis, quid (indef. pron.) someone, something; anyone, anything

qui, qua, quod (indef. adj.) some, any

quisquam, quicquam (indef. pron.) anyone, anything

quisque, quidque (quicque) (indef. pron.) each or every man or woman, each or every thing

quique, quaeque, quodque (indef. adj.) each, every

specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatus to look (at), observe

accido, accidere, accidi, --- to happen

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus to make; bring about

metuo, metuere, metui, --- to fear, dread

occido, occidere, occidi, occasurus to fall, set; die

premo, premere, pressi, pressus to press (hard); overpower; check

opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressus to press on; overwhelm, oppress

orior, oriri, ortus sum to rise, arise

absum, abesse, afui, afuturus to be absent, be distant

adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus to be present; be near

confero, conferre, contuli, collates to bring together; compare; direct

licet, licere, licuit or licitum est it is permitted

oportet, oportere, oportuit it is proper, it is right

cunctus, a, um all

reliquus, a, um remaining, rest (of)

absens, absentis absent

vetus, veteris old

necesse (indecl. adj.) necessary

adeo (adv.) to such an extent, to so great an extent, (so) very

haud (adv.) not at all, by no means

quodsi (conj.) but if

vel (conj.) or; (adv.) even

vel...vel... either...or...

vix (adv.) scarcely, hardly

Chapter 15
caput, capitis n. head

numen, numinis n. divine power, divinity, divine spirit, numen

orbis, orbis, -ium m. ring, circle

orbis terrarium world

vultus, vultus m. sing. or pl. expression; face

circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi, circumdatus to place round; surround

for, fari, fatus sum to speak, say

obsto, obstare, obstiti, obstaturus to stand in the way; hinder, block

veto, vetare, vetui, vetitus to forbid

deterreo, deterrere, deterrui, deterritus to deter, prevent

prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitus to prevent; prohibit, forbid

vereor, vereri, veritus sum to be in awe of, respect; dread, fear

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus to surround; gird (on oneself)

constituo, constituere, constituti, constitutes to set up, establish; decide

rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus to seize, tear away, carry (off)

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus to tear away, snatch away

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus to loosen; free, release; dissolve

impedio, impedire, impedii/impedivi, impeditus to hinder, impede

interest, interesse, interfuit it is important, it concerns

miseret, miserere, miseruit or miseritum est it moves (one) to pity

paenitet, paenitere, paenituit it causes (one) to repent or regret

piget, pigere, piguit it disgusts (one), it irks (one)

pudet, pudere, puduit or puditum est it makes (one) ashamed

refert, referre, retulit it is important, it concerns

taedet, taedere, taesum est it makes (one) tired or sick

celer, celeris, celere swift

dulcis, dulce sweet, pleasant

turpis, turpe foul, ugly; base, shameful

ne (conj.) (conj.) introduces positive fear clause, that

quin, quominus (conj.) (conj.) introduces prevention clause, from

quod (conj.) the fact that

ut (conj.) introduces negative fear clause, that...not

All vocab from back of book

A, ab (prep. + abi.) (away) from (1); (prep. +

abl.) by (3)

A. Aulus. AulT m. Aulus (516) abed, ablre, abil or abivi abitum go away (S) absdns, absentis absent (14)
absum, abesse, afui, afuturus be absent, be distant (14)

ac or atque (conj.) and (what’s more) (3) accedo, accfdcre, accessi, accessum go or come to. approach
(S)

accidd, accidcrc. accidl. happen (14)

accipid, accipere, acctpl, acceptus receive;

accept; hear (of), leam (of) (5)

Seer, acris. Sere sharp, keen; fierce (8) acerbus, -a, -urn bitter; harsh (7) acids, acidl f. sharp edge;
keenness; battle line (8)

ad (prep. + acc.) toward, to (1); (prep. ♦

acc. ) for the purpose of (13)

aded (adv.) to such or so great an extent,

(so) very (14)

adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus be present, be near (14)

Aen£5s, Aenfae m. Aeneas; AcnMn - acc.

sing.; Aenda ■■ voc. sing. ($16) aequus, -a, -um level, even; equitable, just; calm, tranquil (10) aestimd
(1-tr.) estimate, value (13) aetls, aetatis/ age; lifetime; time (14) ager, agrl m. field (1) agmen, agminis n.
line (of march), column; army; multitude, throng (14) ago, agere, egi, actus drive; do; spend, conduct (4)

causam agere (idiom) to conduct or plead a case (4)

gratias agerc (idiom) to give thanks (12) age. aghc, used to strengthen other commands, come on! ($32)
agricola, agricolae m. farmer (1) aliqui, aliqua, aliquod (indef. adj.) some, any (14)

aliquis, aliquid (indef. pron.) someone, something; anyone, anything (14) alius, alia, aliud other, another
(9) alter, altera, alterum the other (of two) (9) altum, alti n. deep sea; height (4) altus, -a. -urn tall, high;
deep (4) ambuld (1-intr.) walk (2) amicitia, amicitiae f friendship (5) amicus, -a, -um friendly (+ dat.) (3)
amicus, amici m. friend (3) amd (1-tr.) love (2) amor, amoris m. low (6)

Amor. Amoris m. Love. Amor ($60) an (conj.) introducti an alternative question, or; introduces an
indirect question, whether (12)

... an... whether... or... (12)

anima, animae / breath; life force; soul (1) animal, animalis, -ium n. animal (6) animus, animi m.
(rational) soul, mind;

spirit; in pl„ strong feelings (2) annus, annl m. year (8) ante (adv.) before, earlier, previously; (prep.

+ acc.) before; in front of (7) antequam (conj.) before (13) antiquus, -a, -urn old. ancient (6)

M. AntOnius. M. Antoni! m. Marcus Antonius. Marc Antony ($16)

Apollo. Apollinis m. Apollo ($60)

App. T- Appius. Appi! m. Appius ($16)

Appius, Appii m. Appius ($16)

apud (prep. + acc.) at. near; at the house of.

in the presence of, among (10)

Sra, Arae/ altar (7)

arbitror (1-tr.) judge, consider, think (11) arina, arm Arum n. pi. arms, weapons (2) ars, artis, -ium / skill,
art; guile; trick (7) AthCnac. AthOnSrum/ pi. Athens (6) atque or ac (conj.) and (what’s more) (3)
auctAritas, auctAritatis / authority; influence (14)

audScia. audSciac/ boldness; recklessness, audacity (11)

audeA. audere, ausus sum dare (8) audiA. audire, audivi, auditus hear, listen (to) (4)

auterA, auferre, abstuli, ablatus carry away, take away, remove (7)
Aulus, Auli m. Aulus ($16) aurum, auri n. gold (1) aut (conj.) or. aut... aut... cither ... or ...(7)

autem (postpositive conj.) however; moreover (6)

auxilia. auxiliArum n. pi. auxiliary troops (4) auxilium, auxilii n. aid. help (4)

Bacchus. Bacchi m. Bacchus ($60) bellum, bdll n. war (1) bellum gerere (idiom) to wage war (4) bene
(adv.) well (5) bene velle (idiom) to wish well (12)

bonus, -a. -um good (3) brevis, breve short, brief (11)

C. = Caius. Call m. Gaius ($16) cadO, cadere, cecidi, c3sum fall, sink; die (10)

caecus, -a. -um blind; hidden, secret, dark (9)

caelum, caeli n. sky. heaven (4)

Caesar. Caesaris m. Caesar ($60) campus, campi m. (flat) plain (11)

Cano, canere, cecini, cantus sing (of)

(4) capio, capere, cepi, captus take (up), capture; win (4)

consilium capere (idiom) to form a plan (4)

caput, capitis n. head (15) careO, carOre. caruT. caritttrus lack, be without, be free from (+ abl.) (6)
carmen, carminis n. song, poem (6) CarthSgA, Carthaginis/ Carthage (6) cirus, -a, -um precious; dear (to)
(+ dat.) (7) castra, castrAmm n. pi. (military) camp (11) castra movere (idiom) to break camp (11) castra
pOncrc (idiom) to pitch or make camp (11)

cisus, cUsQs m. fall; occurrence, chance, misfortune (10)

Catilina. Catilinae m. Catiline ($16)

CatA, Catonis m. Cato ($60)

Catullus, Catulli m. Catullus ($16) causa (+ preceding gen.) for the purpose of, for the sake of (13)

causa, causae/ reason, cause; case (4) causam agere (idiom) to conduct or plead a case (4)

c€d0, cOdcre. cessi, cessum go, move; yield; withdraw (5)

celer, celeris, celere swjft (15) centesimus, -a. -um hundredth ($91) centum (indeclinable adj.) hundred
($91) CerOs, Cerciis / Ceres ($60) ccrtO (adv.) surely, certainly; at least (7) certO (adv.) surely, certainly
(7) certus, -a. -um sure, certain, reliable (7) citcrus. -a. -um rest (of), remaining part (of), (the) other (13)

CicerO, GcerOnis m. Cicero ($60) cingO. cingere, cinxi, cinctus surround: gird (on oneself) (15)

circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi, circumdatus place round; surround (15) civis, civis, -ium m.orf citizen
(6) civitas, civitatis / state, citizenry; citizenship (7)

dims, -a, -urn bright, dear: famous (4)

Cn. - Cnaeus. Gnaei m. Gnaeus ($16)

, . coepi, coeptus (defective verb)

began, have begun (13) cOgitO (1-tr.) think; ponder (2) cognoscO, cognOscere, cogn&vi, cognitus come
to know, learn; in perfect, know (10) cfinferO, cOn ferre, contuli, collatus bring together; collect,
compare; direct; confer (oni (14)

s# cOnferre (idiom) to betake oneself, to go (14)

c6nftci6. cOnficeTe. confeci. cOnfectus accomplish, complete (12) c6nor (1-tr.) try. attempt (8)
cdnsilium. cOnsilil n. deliberation; plan, advice; judgment (1) cflnsilium capere (idiom) to form a plan (4)

cdnstituO. ednstituere. constitui, ednstitu- tus set up, establish; decide (15) cdnsul, ednsulis m. consul
(8) cftnsulatus, cdnsulatOs m. consulship (8) contra (adv.) face to face; in opposition, in turn; (prep. ♦
acc.) facing; against, contrary to (10)

cdpia, cdpiae f. wealth, abundance; in pi. troops, forces (7)

Corinna, Corinnae f. Corinna ($60)

L Cornelius Sulla. L Cornelii Sullae m.

Ludus Cornelius Sulla ($16)

Comdlius Tacitus. Cornelii Taciti m.

Cornelius Tacitus ($16)

corpus, corporis n. body (6)

Crassus. Crassi m. Crassus ($16) credfi, credere, credidi, creditus trust, believe (+ dat.) (11)

cum (prep. ♦ abi.) with (1); (conj.) when;

since; although (12)

cunctus, -a, -um all (14)

CupidO. Cupidinis m. Cupid. Amor ($60) cupidus, -a. -um desirous (♦ gen.) (4) cupio, cupere. cupii or
cupivi, cupitus desire, long for. want (7) cur (interrog. adv.) why (2) cOra, ctirae/ care, concern; anxiety
(2) Cynthia. Cynthiae f Cynthia ($60)

D. - Decimus, Detimi m. Decimus ($16) dd (prep. ♦ abl.) (down) from; about, concerning (l)

dea, deae/. goddess (1) debed. debere, debui, debitus owe; ought (2) decern (indeclinable adj.) ten (4)
decimus, -a, -urn tenth ($91)

Decimus, Decimi m. Decimus ($16) deled, delere, delevi, deletus destroy (10) deterred, deterrere,
deterrui, deterritus deter, prevent (15) deus, del m. god (1)

Dtfna. DiSnae/ Diana ($60)

died, dicere, dixi, dictus say, speak, tell (4)

dictum, diet! n. word; saying (6)

Didd. Dlddnis/ Dido ($60) dies, diei m. or f. day (8) differo, differre, distuti. diti tus carry in different
directions, scatter; postpone, defer; (intr.) differ, be different (7) difficilis, difficile difficult (8) difficiliter
or difficulter (adv.) with difficulty (8)

dignus, -a, -um worthy (of) (+ abl.) (12) diligentia, diligentiae/ diligence, attentiveness (i)

Dis, Ditis m. Dis. Pluto

($60) discedd, discedere, discessi, discessum go away, depart (5)

dissimilis, dissimile dissimilar, unlike, different (■* gen. or dat.) (11) diO (adv.) for a long time (11)
diOtius (adv.) longer (11) dhhissim£ (adv.) longest (11) divinus, -a, -um belonging to the gods, divine
($60)

divus, -a. -uni deified, divine ($60) dd, dare, dedi, datus give, grant (2)

poen3s dare (idiom) to pay the penalty (2) v€la dare (idiom) to set sail (2) dominus, domini m. master,
lord (1) domus, domi/ house, home (6) domus. domOs/ house, home (8) dfinec (conj.) while, as long as;
until (13) d6n6 (1-tr.) give; present, reward (2) donum, dftnl «. gift (1) dubito (1-tr.) hesitate; doubt (12)

dubium, dubii n. doubt, hesitation (12) dubius, -a, -um doubtful (12) ducO, dtlccrc, dfixl, ductus lead;
consider (4) dulcis, dulce sweet, pleasant (15) dum (conj.) while, as long as; until; provided that (13)

dummodo (conj.) provided that (13) duo, duae, duo two ($91) durus, -a, -urn hard; harsh (5) dux, ducis
m. or/ leader (10)

e, ex (prep. + abl.) (out) from (1) ecce (intcrj.) lo! behold! look! efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus make;
bring about (14)

ego. mei (personal pron.) I; me (4)

—, mei (reflexive pron.) myself (5)

Egredior, egredi, egressus sum go or come out (13)

eiciO, Cicere, CiCci, Oicctus throw out, expel;

se ekere (idiom) to rush forth (11) emo, emere, emi, emptus buy (13) enim (postpositive conj.) in fact,
indeed; for (2)

eO (adv.) to that place, thither ($130) cO, Ire, i! or M, itum go (3) eodem (adv.) to the same place ($130)
equidem (adv.) indeed, certainly; for my part (4)

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus tear away, snatch away (15)

erro (1-intr.) wander; err, make a mistake (2)

et (conj.) and: et... et... both... and .. (adv.) even, also (1)

etenim (conj.) and indeed; for in fact (2) etiam (adv.) also, even; still (7) etsi (conj.) although (5)
exercitus, exercitus m. army (8) experior, experiri, expertus sum test; try; experience (8)
ex(s)ilium, ex(siilii n. exile, banishment (9) ex(s)pcct5 (1-tr.) wait for, await, expect (13)

facile (adv.) easily, readily (8) facilis, facile easy (8) facio, facere, feci, factus make; do (4); reckon (13)

factum, facti n. deed (1) falsO (adv.) falsely (7) falsus, -a, -um deceptive, false (7) fama, lamae/ report,
rumor; reputation, fame (1)

fas (indeclinable noun) n. (what is divinely) right; (what is) permitted (12) fateor, fateri, fassus sum
confess, admit (8)

fatum, fati n. destiny, fate; in pi. (often), death (5)

felix, felicis fortunate, happy (8) femina, feminae/ woman; wife (1) fero, fene, tuli, latus bring, bear,
carry; endure (5)

legem ferre (idiom) to pass a law (9) sC ferre (idiom) to proceed (quickly), to go (5)

fenum, ferri n. iron; sword (1) fides, fidei/ faith, trust; trustworthiness;

confidence (8) filia, filiae/ daughter (1) filius, filii m. son (1)

finis, finis, -him m. or/ end, limit, boundary; in pi, territory (10) fio, fieri, factus sum become, happen; be
made, be done (13) for (1-tr.) speak, say (15) fore = futOrus, -a, -um esse (11) fors, fortis, -ium/ chance,
luck (12) fortis, forte brave; strong (8) fortuna, fortunae/ fortune, chance (7) forum, fori n. public square,
marketplace, forum (3)

frater, fratris m. brother (6)

fuga, fugae/ flight (8)

fugi5, fugere, fligi, fugitOrus flee (7)

Gaius. Gau m. Gaius ($16) gens, gentis, -ium/ nation, people; clan, family (12)

genus, generis n. descent, origin; race, stock; kind, sort (10) gerO, gerere, gessi, gestus bear; manage,
conduct; perform (4) bellum gererc (idiom) to wage war (4) gladius, gladii m. sword (1) gloria, glOriae/
renown, glory (4)

Gnaeus, Gnaei m. Gnaeus ($16)

Gracchus, Gracchi m. Gracchus (either of the Gracchi brothers) ($16) gradior, gradi, gressus sum walk,
step (13)

Graecia. Graeciae/. Greece ($16) gratia (+ preceding gen.) for the purpose of. for the sake of (13)

gratia, gratiae/ favor, kindness; gratitude, thanks (12)

gratias agere (idiom) to give thanks (12) gratiam or gratias habere (idiom) to feel grateful (12)

gratiam or gratias referre

(idiom) to render thanks, to return a favor (12)

gratus, -a. -urn charming, pleasing; grateful, pleased (13)

gravis, grave heavy, deep: important, serious; severe (9)

habeo, habere, habul, habitus have, hold; consider (2)

gratiam or gratias habfre (idiom) to feci grateful (12)

Orationem habOre (idiom) to make a speech (10)

Hannibal. Hannibalis m. Hannibal ($60) haud (adv.) not at all, by no means (14) herc(u)le (interj.) by
Hercules! ($71) heu (inter).) alas! o!

hie (adv.) here, in this place; at this time ($130)

hic. haec, hoc (demonstT. adj./pron.) this; these (8)

hinc (adv.) from here, hence; henceforth; hinc... hinc ... on this side ... on that side..hinc... illinc... on this
side... on that side ... ($130) homo, hominis m. human being, man; in pi., people (6)

honestus, -a. -um honorable, respectable (10)

honor or honos, honoris m. honor, respect; (political) office (13)

Q. Horatius Flaccus, Q. Horatii Flacci m.

Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Horaee ($16) hortor (1-tr.) urge, encourage, exhort (9) hostis, hostis, -him m.
(public) enemy (6) huc (adv.) to here, hither ($130) humilis, humile humble (11)

iacio, iacere, iecl, iactus throw; utter, lay, establish (11)

iam (adv.) now; by now, by then, already (9)

ibi (adv.) in that place, there; then, thereupon ($130)

Idem, eadem, idem same (9)

igitur (postpositive conj.) therefore (11)

ignis, ignis, -ium m. fire 111)

Ilium, Ilii n. Ilium. Troy ($16) ille, illa, illud (demonstr. adj./pron.) that; those (8)

illic (adv.) there, in that place ($130) illinc (adv.) from there, thence; hinc ... illinc ... on this side... on that
side ... «130)

illuc (adv.) to there, thither ($130) impedio, impedire, impedlv! or impedii, impeditus hinder, impede
(15) imperitor, imperatoris m. commander, general (11)

imperium, imperil n. power, authority, command; empire (3) impero (1-intr.) give an order, order,
command (♦ dat.) (9) impius, -a, -um disloyal, wicked (5) in (prep. + acc.) into, onto; against; (prep. ♦
abl.) in. on (1)

inceptum, incepti n. beginning, undertaking (13)

incerto (adv.) uncertainly (7) incertus, -a, -um unsure, uncertain, unreliable (7)

incipio, incipere. inc£pi. inceptus take on. begin (13)

incob. incolae m. or / inhabitant (3) inde (adv.) from that place, from there.

thence; from that time, thereupon ($130) indignus, -a. -um unworthy (of) (* abl.) (12) infelix, infelicis
unfortunate, unhappy (8) Infero. Inferre, intuli, illatus carry (into); inflict (on) (12)

ingenium, ingenii n. ability, talent; disposition (7)

ingens, ingentis huge (8)

ingratus, -a. -um unpleasant, displeasing;

ungrateful, displeased (13) inimicitia, inimicitiae/, enmity, hostility;

in pi., unfriendly relations, enmity (5) inimicus, -a. -um unfriendly, hostile Mat.) (3)

inimicus, inimici m. (personal) enemy (3) iniquus, -a, -um uneven; inequitable, unjust (10)

Insidiae. insidiārumf. p1. ambush. plot, treachery (7)

insulacf. island (1)

intent-go, inteflegere, intelltictus

understand (6)

inter (prep. + acc.) between, among; during (6)

interest, interesse, interfuit it is important, it concerns (15)

interfici6, interficere, interlbci, interfectus kill (5)

invenia, invenire, invent, inventus find. discover (11)

invidia, invidiaef envy, jealousy; resentment (4)

ipso, ipsa, ipsum (intensive adj.) -self, -selves; very (5)

Ira. Traci anger. wrath (2)

is, ea, id (demonstr. adj.) this, that; these, those; (personal pron.) he. she, it; they; him, her, it; them (4)

isle, Isla, istud (demonstr. adj./pron.) that (of yours); those (of yours) (8)

ita (adv.) in this manner, thus, so (7) Italia, Italiae f Italy (1)

1005, iubire, hiss!, iussus order (2) [alias Ialiaef. Julia (516)

C tabus Caesar. C. lalii Caesaris rn. Gains Julius Caesar (560)

land. law:mist Juno 160)

luppiter, lovis itt. Jupiter ($60)

lam (adv.) rightly, justly (6)

fits, Bins n. right. law; judgment; court (6)

L - Lucius. LOCH m. Lucius (516)

labor, laboris ns. work; effort, hardship (10) laborer (1-intr.) work; suffer, be distressed (2)

Wins, -a, -urn happy (3)

tannin, Latta m. Latins ($60)

laud!! (I-tr.) praise (3)

rn. legate, envoy; lieutenant

(10)

legi6.1egionist legion (11)

[ego, legere, leg!, !taus gather; choose; read (6)

Lesbia, Lesbiaef. Lesbia (560)

levis, !eve light; trivial; fickle (9)

Ifs. legis f. law

legem Jerre (idiom) to pass a law (9) Itber, !theca, liberum free (3)

Wier. Liberl m. 'abet. Bacchus (560) liber, libri m. book (1)

liberō (I'tr.) free, liberate (6)

libertas, libertatis [f.] - freedom

licet, flare, licuit or lkitum est it is permitted (14)

M. Licinius Crassus, M. Licina Crass! rn. Marcus Licinius Crassus (516)

littera, litterae I letter of the alphabet); in pl., letter. epistle; literature (12)

Livia, Liviaef. Livia ($16)

locus, loci in. place; loca, locOrum n. pi. places (8)

lone (adv.) a long way, far; by far (11) longus. -a. -urn long; far; long-standing; far•reaching (11)

loquor, loqur, locutus sum speak (11) Lucius, Luca nt. Lucius (516)

lumen, luminis n. light, radiance; in pi., eyes (13)

Tana, lunacf moon (14)

lax, lacisf. light, daylight (II)

pain* lace (idiom) at daybreak (11)

M.. Marcus, Marc! m. Marcus (516) M' Manius, Mani!, in. Manius (516) magis (adv.) more greatly (11)

magnopere (adv.) greatly (10)

magma, -a, -urn large, big; great (3) maior. mains (adj.) greater (11)

mai6rum tn. pl. ancestors (11) male (adv.) badly (5)

male velle (idiom) to wish ill (12) milk. mita — want more, prefer (12)

males. -a. -urn bad, evil (3)

maned. rawest. mina ininsarus remain, stay; await (7)

Manius, Mana, tn. Manius ($16) mantis, manasf. hand; band, troop (8) Marcus, Marc! tn. Marcus (516)

mare. marls, !Num n. sea (6)

Mars, Maths rn. Mars (560)

miter. mitrisf. mother (6)

maximi (adv.) most greatly; especially (11) maximus, -a, -tun greatest (11)

medics. a. -urn middle (of); as subst., midst (10)

mehercule or meherculils (interj.) by Hercules! 1571)

meī (reflexive pron.) myself (5)

melior, melius (adj.) better (11) melius (adv.) better (11) memini, meminisse (defective verb) remember.
be mindful (of) (5) memoria, memoriae/. memory (12) mins, mentis, -ium/ mind; intention.

purpose; attitude (6)

Mercurius, Mercurii m. Mercury ($60)

mctuO, metuere, metui, fear.

dread (14)

metus, metGs m. fear, dread, anxiety (9) meus, -a, -um my, mine (4); my (own)

ml, mosc. ring. voc. of meus, -a, -um (4) miles, militis m. soldier (6) mille; milia, milium thousand ($91)
millesimus, -a, -um thousandth ($91) Minerva, Minervae/ Minerva ($60) minimi (adv.) least, not at all
(11) minimus, -a, -um smallest (11) minor, minus (adj.) smaller (11) minus (adv.) less (11)

miser, misera, miserum wretched, pitiable, miserable (3)

miseret, miserere, miseruit or miseritum

est it moves (one) to pity (15) mitti, mittere, misi, missus send (4) modo (adv.) only, just; now, just now
(12);

(conj.) provided that (13)

modus, modi m. measure; limit; rhythm, meter; manner, way

(9) qu6 modo in what manner, how (9) moenia, moenium n. pi. (city) walls (6) moncO. monlre. monui,
monitus warn; remind; advise (9)

mons, montis, -ium m. mountain (12) mOnstrO (1-tr.) show, point out (2) mora, morae f. delay (3)
morior, mori, mortuus sum die (8) moror (1-tr.) hinder, delay, wait (13) mors, mortis, -him f. death (7)
mOs. mOris m. custom, practice; in pi.

(sometimes), character (10) mOtus, mOtus m. motion, movement; disturbance (8)

moved, movere, mOvi, motus set in motion, stir (up), move (2) mox (adv.) soon; then (3) multum (adv.)
much, a kit (5) multus, -a. -urn much, many (3) mOtus. murl m. wall (11)

mfltd (1-tr.) change; take in exchange, give in exchange (13)

nam (conj.) for (2) namque (conj.) for in fact (2) nlscor, nisei, natus sum be bom (10) n2t0ra. naturae/
nature (6) natus, nati m. son (10) nauta, nautae m. sailor (1)

-ne (interrog. enclitic particle) added to the first word of a question (2)

•ne ... an... whether ... or... (12) ne (adv.) not (7); (conj.) introduces negative Purpose clause, in order
that... not (9); introduces negative Indirect Command. that... not (9); (conj.) introduces positive Fear
clause, that (15) ne... quidem not... even (4) nec or neque (conj.-adv.) and not;

neque/nee ... neque/nec... neither... nor... (2)

nec esse (indeclinable adj.) necessary (14) nccne (conj.) in Indirect Question, or not (12)

nefis (indeclinable noun) rt. (what is divinely) forbidden, sacrilege (12) nlmd, nlminis m. or/ no one (10)
Neptunus, Neptuni m. Neptune ($60) neque or nec (conj.-adv.) and not;

neque/nec ... neque/ncc ... neither ... nor ... (2)

Nerō Claudius Caesar, Neronis Claudii Caesaris m. Nero Claudius Caesar, Nero

nescio, nescire, nescivi or nescii, nescitus not know (11)

neuter, neutra, neutrum neither (of two) (9) nihil or nil (indeclinable noun) n. nothing (3)

nihilum, nihili or nilum, nili n. nothing (13) nisi (conj.) if... not. unless (5)

ndld. nolle, nolul. be unwilling, not

want, not wish (12) noli, ndllte (+ inf.) do not (12) nOmcn, nOminis n. name (14) ndn (adv.) not (2)

non solum ... sed/verum etiam... not only... hut also... (7) ndnnc (interrog. particle) introduces a direct
question expecting the answer yes" (12) ndnus. -a. -um ninth ($91)
nos. nostrum/nostri (personal pron.) we; us (4)

nOscfl. n&scere, rtevl, nOtus come to know.

leant; in perfect, know (10) noster, nostra, nostrum our. ours (4); our (own) (5)

. nostrum/nostri (reflexive pron.) ourselves (5)

novem (indeclinable adj.) nine ({91) novus, -a, -um new. strange (6) nox. noctis, -ium/. night (8) nQUus. -
a, -um not any. no (9) num (interrogative particle) introduces a direct question expecting the answer
'no"; introduces an Indirect Question, whether (12) nbmen. nOminis n. divine power, divinity.

divine spirit, numen (15) numquam (adv.) never (6) nunc (adv.) now (3)

0 (tntevj.) O (1)

ob (prep. + acc.) on account of. because of (9)

obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum forget (+ gen.) (12)

obstfl, obstire. obstiti, obstitum stand in the way; hinder, block (15) occidSns. occidentis m. west (14)
occidfl. occidere, occidi. occlsQrus fall, set; die (14)

octivus, -a, -um eighth ({91) oct6 (indeclinable adj.) eight ({91) oculus. ocuG m. eye (9)

6d\, adisse (defective verb) hate (5) odium, odii n. hatred (3) omnino (adv.) entirely: in negative or
virtual negative statements or questions, at all (8) omnis, omne every; all (8) oportet, oportere, oportuit,
it is proper, it is right (14)

oppidum, oppidi n. town (1) opprimO. opprimere, oppressi, oppressus

press on; close; overwhelm, oppress (14) oppugnd (1-tr.) attack (10) optime (adv.) best (11) optimus, -a,
-um best (11) opt6 (1-tr.) desire; choose (2) opus, opens n. work, need (10) opus est there is need of (+
abl. or nom.)

OritiO. Oratidnis f. oration, speech (10) 6rati0ncm habf re (idiom) to make a speech (10)

dritor. Oritoris m. speaker (10) orbis, orbis, -ium m. ring, circle (15) orbis terrarum world (15) orifns.
orientis m. east (14) orior, oriri, ortus sum rise, arise (14)

6r6 (1-tr.) pray (for), beg (for) (12)

5s. oris n. in sing, or pi. mouth; face (14)

P. Ovidius NSs5. P. Ovidii NSsdnis m. Publius Ovidius Naso. Ovid ({60)

P. - Publius. Publii m. Publius ({16) paenitet. paenitere. paenituit it causes (one) to repent or regret (15)
pSreb, patere, parul. paritiims be obedient, obey (+ dat.) (9)

pars, partis, -ium/. part; in sing, or pi, (political) faction (7) parum (indeclinable subst.) too little, not
enough; (adv.) too little, inadequately (11) parvus, -a, -um small, little (3) pater, patris m. father (6)
patior, pa. passus sum experience, suffer.
endure: permit, allow (9) pattes c <3 n scripti voc. pi. enrolled fathers, senators (6)

patria, patriae/. country, homeland (1) pud. pucae. puca few (6) pulum, * pauli n. small amount, a little
(11) pSx, pScis/. pace; favor (9) pectus, pectoris n. chest, breast*, heart (10) pecunia, pecuniae/. money
(1) peior, peius (comprative adj.) worse (11) petus (comparative adv.) worse (11) pdl5. pellere, pepuli,
pulsus push, drive (off) (9)

per (prep. + acc.) through (4) perditi (adv.) recklessly, desperately, ruinously (13)

perditus, -a. -um (morally) lost, ruined, depraved (13)

perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditus destroy; lose (13)

pereO, perire, peril, peritflrus pss away, be destroyed; perish, die (11) perfero, perferre, pertuli, pcrUtus
suffer, endure; report (10)

perficio. perficere, perftcl. perfectus complete, accomplish (5) periculum, periculi n. danger (1) pessime
(adv.) worst (11) pessimus, -a. -urn worst (11) pet6, petere, petii or petM. petitus ask for, seek; attack (7)

piget, pigere, piguit it disgusts (one), it irks (one) (15)

pius. -a. -um dutiful, loyal (5) placed, placdre. placui, placitum be pleasing, please (+ dat) (9) plurime
(adv.) most (11) plurimus, -a, -um most (11) plus (adv.) more (11) plus; plQres. plura (adj.) more (11)
poena, poenae/ punishment, penalty (2) poenas dare (idiom) to pay the penalty (2)

poc-ta. podtae m. poet (1)

Cn. Pompeius Magnus. Cn. Pompeii Magni m. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Pompey the Great ($16) pond,
ponere, posui, positus put, place, set aside (4)

populus, populi m. (the) people; populace (3)

M. Porcius Cato, M. Porcii Catonis m. Marcus Porcius Cato, Cato the Elder or Cato the Censor ($60)

possum, posse, potul. be able,

can (2)

post (adv.) after(ward), later; behind:

(prep. + acc.) after; behind (7) postquam (conj.) after (5) praeferd, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus prefer
(to) (12)

praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectus put in charge (of) (12) praesum, praeessc, praefui, praefuturus
be in charge (of) (12) praeter (prep. + acc.) beyond; except (12) premd, premere, pressi, pressus press
(hard); overpower; check (14) pretium, pretii n. price, value (13)

Priamus, Priami m. Priam ($60) primum (adv.) first; for the first time (11) quam primum as soon as
possible (11) primus, -a, -um first ($91) prima luce (idiom) at daybreak (11) prior, prius (adj.) earlier (11)
prius (adv.) before, sooner (11)
priusquam (conj.) before (13) prd (prep. ♦ abl.) in front of; on behalf of, for; in return for, instead of (3)
proelium, proelii n. battle (5) proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum set out. set forth (10)

prohibed, prohibdre, prohibui, prohibitus prevent; prohibit, forbid (15)

Sex. Propertius. Sex. Propertii m. Sextus Propertius ($60)

propter (prep. + acc.) on account of, because of (3)

provincia, provinciae/. province (3) publicus, -a, -um public (8)

Publius, Publii m. Pubbus ($16) pudet, pudere, puduit or puditum est it makes (one) ashamed (15)
puella, puellae/ girl (1) puer, pueri m. boy (1) pugno (1-intr.) fight (3) pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
beautiful, handsome (3)

putd (1-tr.) think, suppose (11)

Q. ■ Quintus. Quinti m. Quintus (§16) quaero, quaerere, quaesii or quaesivi.

quaesitus search for, seek, ask (9) qualis. qu3le what sort of; of which sort, as (13)

quam (adv.) as, how; (conj.) than (11) quam ob rem (adv.) on account of which thing, why; therefore (9)
quam primum as soon as possible (11) quamquam (conj.) although (5) quantus, -a, -um how much, how
great;

as much, as great (13) quard (adv.) because of which thing, why; therefore (9)

quartus, -a, -um fourth ($91) quattuor (indeclinable adj.) four ($91)

-que (enclitic conj.) and (1)

qul, qua. quod (indef. adj.) some, any (14)

qul. quae, quod (interrog. adj.) what.... which... (9)

qul, quae, quod (reL pron.) who. which, that(9)

quia (conj.) because (13)

quidam, quaedam, quiddam (indcf. pron.)

(a) certain person, (a) certain thing (10) quidam, quaedam, quoddam (indcf. adj.)

(a) certain (10)

quidem (adv.) indeed, certainly; at least (4) n£... quidem not even (4) quin (rcl. adv.) introduces Relative
Clause of Characteristic, who. that... not (10); (conj.) introduces Doubting clause, that (12); (conj.)
introduces Prevention clause. that... not. from (15) quinque (indeclinable adj.) five ($91) quintus, -a. -urn
fifth ($91)

Quintus, Quinti m. Quintus ($16) quique, quaeque, quodque (indcf. adj.) each, every (14)

quis, quid (interrog. pron.) who, what (9); (indef pron.) someone, something; anyone, anything (14)
quisquam, quicquam (indef. pron.) someone. something; anyone, anything (14) quisque, quidque
(quicque) (indcf pron.) cach/evcry man/woman, cach/cvcry thing (14)

qud (rcl. adv.) to where, whither (10);

(interrog. adv.) to where, whither (12) quod (conj.) because (13); (conj.) the fact that(15)

quodsi (conj.) but if (14) quominus (conj.) introduces Prevention clause, by which the less, from (15) qud
mod6 in what manner, how (9) quoniam (conj.) since, because (S) quoquo (adv.) also, too (8) quot
(indeclinable adj.) how many; as many (13)

rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus seize, tear away, carry (off) (15)

reded, redire, redii, reditum go back, return (5)

refers, referre, rettuli, relitus bring back; report (10)

gritiam or gritiis referre (idiom) to render thanks, to return a favor (12) rffert. referre, rttulit it is
important, it concerns (15)

rtglna. reginae f. queen (1) regd. regere, rC*I. rectus rule, control (4) relinqud. relinquere, reliqui,
relictus leave (behind), abandon (8) rdiquus. -a, -um remaining, rest (of) (14) Remus. Remi m. Remus
($16) res. rdf. thing; property, matter, affair; activity; situation (8) i*s gestae, rfirum gestarum/, pi
accomplishments; history (8) rds novae, r£mm novirum / pi. revolution (8)

res publica, rei publicae f republic (8) responded. respondere. respondi, rcspdn- sus answer (2) r£x. regis
m. king (6) rogd (1-tT.) ask (for) (12)

Rdma, Rdrnac f Rome (6)

RornSni, Rdm3ndrum m. pi (the)

Romans (3)

Romanus, -a, -um Roman (3)

Romulus, Rdmuli m. Romulus ($16)

rumor, rumdris m. rumor (12)

rils, runs n. in sing, or pi. country(sidc) (6)

saepe (adv.) often (8) saepius (adv.) more often (11) saepissimd (adv.) most often (11) saevus, -a, -um
cruel, savage (13)

C. Sallustius Crispus, C. Sallustii Crispi m.

Gaius Sallustius Crispus, Sallust ($16) salOs. salutis/ safety; health ($71) salQtcm dicere to say
"greetings,’' to say hello ($71)

salve/salvete hello! good day! ($71) sapiens, sapientis wise (11) sapientia, sapientiae/. wisdom (2) satis
or sat (indeclinable subst.) enough;

(adv.) enough, sufficiently (10) scelus, sceleris n. wicked deed, crime; villainy (13)
scid, scire, seiv! or scii, scitus know (11) scribd, scribere, scripsi, scriptus write (4) secundus, -a, -um
second ($91) sed (conj.) but (2) semper (adv.) always (3)

Sempronia. Scmptdniae/.

Sempronia ($16)

C Sempronius Gracchus, C. Semprdnil Gracchi m. Gaius Sempronius Gracchus ($16)

Ti. Scmprdnius Gracchus, n. Semprdnil Gracchi m. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus ($16) senatus, senatus
m. senate (8)

sensus, sdnsus m. perception, feeling, sense (11)

sententia, sententiae/, thought, feeling; opinion (4)

sentifi. sentire, sensi, sdnsus perceive; feel (4)

septem (indeclinable adj.) seven ($91) septimus, -a, -urn seventh ($91) sequor, sequi, sectitus sum
follow (8)

Ser. «= Servius, Servii m. Servius ($16)

L. Sergius Catilina, L Sergii Catilinae m.

Lucius Sergius Catilina, Catiline ($16) servitiis. servitutis/ slavery (6)

Servius, Servii m. Servius ($16) servd (1-tr.) save, preserve (10) servus, servi m. slave (1) sex (indeclinable
adj.) six ($91)

Sex. - Sextus, Sexti m. Sextus ($16) sextus, -a, -um sixth ($91)

Sextus, Sexti m. Sextus ($16) si (conj.) if (5)

sic (adv.) thus, so. in this way. in such a way (5)

signum, signi n. sign, signal; standard (11) similis, simile similar (+ gen. or dat.) (11) sine (prep. * abl.)
without (3) socius, -a. -urn allied (4) socius, socii m. ally, comrade (4) sdl, solis m. sun (14) soleS. solere,
solitus sum be accustomed (11) sdlum (adv.) only (7) stilus, -a, -um alone, only (9) solvd. solvere, solvi,
solutus loosen; free.

release; dissolve (15)

soror, sordris f. sister (6)

Sp. = Spurius, Spurii m. Spurius ($16) specids. *speciei/. appearance, aspect (8) spectb (1-tr.) look at,
observe (14) spdrd (1-tr.) hope (for) (12) spds, spei f. hope (9)

Spurius, Spurii m. Spurius ($16) stO, stare, steti, statum stand; stand fast, endure (10)

studium, studii n. zeal, enthusiasm; pursuit, study (2)

sub (prep. + acc.) under, up to; (prep.

+ abl.) under; at the foot of; near (6)

—, sul (reflexive pron.) himself, herself.

itself; themselves (5)

Sulla, Sullae m. Sulla

sum. esse. ful. futflrus be; exist (2) summus, -a, -um highest; top (of); last, final (11)

supero (1-tr.) overcome, conquer; surpass (3) suus. -a, -um his (own), her (own), its (own); their (own)
(5)

T. - Titus. Tit! m. Titus ($16)

Tacitus, Taciti m. Tacitus ($16) taedet, taedere, taesum est it makes (one) tired or sick (15)

talis, tale such, of such a sort (13) tarn (adv.) so (13) tamen (adv.) nevertheless (5) tandem (adv.) finally,
at last; in quesliorts and commands, pray. 1 ask you. then (9) tantus, -a, -um so much, so great (13)
telum, teli n. spear; weapon (11) temphim, templT n. temple (7) tempus, temporis n. time (8) teneo,
tenere, tenui, tentus hold, grasp;

keep, possess; occupy (3) terra, terrae f. land, earth (3) t erred, terrere, terrui, territus terrify, frighten
(7)

tertius, -a. -um third ($91)

Ti. * Tiberius. Tiberii m. Tiberius ($16) Tiberius. Tiberii m. Tiberius ($16)

timed, timere, timui, fear, be afraid

(of) (2)

timor, timoris m. fear (6)

Titus, Titi m. Titus ($16) tot (indeclinable adj.) so many (13) tdtus. -a, -um whole (9) tradd, tradere,
tradidi, traditus hand ovrr, surrender, hand down (7) tres, tria three ($91)

Troia, Troiae f. Troy ($16) tu, tul (personal pron.) you (4)

—. tui (reflexive pron.) yourself (5)

Tullia, Tulliae/ Tullia ($16)

M. Tullius Cicerd. M. Tullii Cicerdnis m.

Marcus Tullius Cicero ($60) tum or tunc (adv.) then, at that time (12) Turnus, Tumi m. Turnus ($60)
turpis, turpe foul, ugly; base, shameful (15) tuus, -a, -um your, yours (4); your (own) (5)

ubi (conj.) when (5); (interrog. adv.) where, when (5); (rel. adv.) where (10) ullus, -a, -um any (9) (can act
like ut, making a conditional)

umbra, umbrae f shadow, shade (7)

umquam (adv.) ever (6)

unde (rei. adv.) from where, whence (10);

(interrog. adv.) from where, whence (12) Onus, -a, -um one; only (9) urbs, urbis, -ium/ city (6) ut (conj.)
as; when (5): (conj.) introduces Purpose clause, in order that (9); introduces Indirect Command, that (9);
(con).) introduces negative Fear clause, that... not (15)

uter, utra, utrum (intereog. adj.) which (of two) (9)

utinam (particle) introduces an Optative subjunctive (7)

Qtor, ut!. Osus sum use; experience, enjoy (♦abl.) (10)

utrum (interrog. particle) introduces the first question of a double direct or Indirect Question (12)

utrum ... an ... whether ... or ... (12)

vald£ (adv.) strongly valf/valftc greetings! farewell! ($71) valeO. valere, valui. valitfirus be strong, be
able; be well, fare well ($71)

C. Valerius Catullus, C. Valerii Catulli m.

Gaius Valerius Catullus ($16) validus, -a, -um strong; healthy (4) vel (conj.) or; vel... vel... either ...

or ...; (adv.) even (14) velum, veil, n. sail (2) vela dare (idiom) to set sail (2) vendb, vendere, vendidi,
venditus sell (13) venio, venire, veni, ventum come (4)

Venus, Veneris f. Venus ($60) verbum, verbi n. word (1) vereor, vereri, veritus sum be in awe of. show
respect to; dread, fear (15)

P. Vergilius Mar6. P. Vergilii Maronis m.

Publius Vergilius Maro. Vergil ($60) vero (adv.) certainly, indeed; but (in fact) (7) v£rum (conj.) but (7)
verus, -a, -um real, true (7)

Vesta. Vestae/ Vesta ($60)

vester, vestra, vestrum your (pi ), yours (pi.)

(4); your (pi.) (own) (5)

—, vestrum/vestri (reflexive pron.) yourselves (5)

veto, vetare, vetui, vetitus forbid (15) vetus, veteris old (14) via. viae f. way. road, street (1) video.
vid£te, vktt, visus see (2); in passive, be seen; seem (3)

vincO, vincere, vici, victus conquer, overcome (7)

vir. virl m. man; husband (1)

virtOs, virtOris f manliness, courage; excellence, virtue (7)

vis, , -ium f. force, power; violence;

in pi., (physical) strength (6)

vita, vitae/ life (2)

viv5, vivere, vixi, vlctOrus live, be alive (6) vix (adv.) scarcely, hardly (14) voco (l tr.) call; summon; name
(2)

volO, velle, volul, be willing, want,

wish (12)

bene velle (idiom) to wish well (12) male velle (idiom) to wish ill (12) vOs, vestrum/vestri (personal
pron.) you

—, vestrum/vestri (reflexive pron.) yourselves (5)

v6x, vOcis / voice; word (7)

Vulcanus, Vulcani m. Vulcan ($60)

vulnus, vulneris n. wound (13)

vultus, vultus m. in sing, or pi. expression; face (15)