Cheplor—» qH omivondurtore a Difference Gelween. tondluctens Brnculedores , » Sermbtcondueten i. Conductoru | Trsudatko-c Senteomdlucbens - > They comaluct + They do not conduct | | onda nicht loca at ond thin 2-5 - mekals » Cut 24 - glass, Gulaeees amdeeths Jies | Gated eke Hl9n between conduchey | ) | } | [eo on . 7 ) r ReaeTee Res amd Ingulaton ef. i ay Jimeno filicen. > Becdtors OHt 4. No ch iH Chevige coins | Dee eee Ib Lledhons J holes || I Cue change forsden 13. The yusailumce 3. No spect ob temp.) 3 The Fenians 4 : of Lendutars | as Hs wusibence Sumiconduicd .inyrouto Wile [ction % Xeno.| cdorenre sith wue th Figen emp, | teeep 2 eS | , 4. Uonductin bond |i. torcuas yu. Concdudon bard | Padevciimeeoral liaise in aed = , # alemet band | ore 5, arated i Sepaxeted = guadep wae || Poxhi dn ond Vertu by Vey ottsn | det Ke gop 28 ne. forbid gee. Its teomducton bund || Veutmce band % is ty = , | (polly empty bitte | pe condudion ban \ | 1 \ / Compt filed. | vim bactt , Filled & sopra do | Stes resuaae Whe an tativnce | Mhe Wh Se con ducky, = foam dowel Lies | ont a nee serniconductan, - > Cxodly tn adeldle loweat oa vies weit SS | cay Durga Aor bevel. Of Corde Or duichon. “In P- type 5 Fh ts Wegheab| Fmbtingic Somicornductor POE SOME oncuckay ance, Called Tabansic . Tre lection densif 4s equal 4o hole clomsity . b LEE LEI IL eee + The enduchui it. Ie Fundion of 4empax ature, ony . y. Feta Lov) ip at combo of Unducion anol Valonce ban cls . wb dd | a ‘Staion ABhemins, 5 1% Londudtiv ite ty lov. Javel of alan band tn te! vores ore Semicrnducter Fee Impurities pentowelenk Gr cruvalent | Substance one Inbxduce to Inviaone Condacivity , ane wWod Extrinsic Seyi cond cron . 2 In N-type ,wlathen damsiky % reader thar “baa ~ hole while 7p i are » Olechon dunt, ~ US than hole donsit 3B. We tomcat Apensla On temp, 4. Ferd dewl dyno ch femtre oF conclucte, ond valine benoly | 5 TAY conclucHviby 4 yy jee machi ;Pn = a Gy se Nye Gh Petype: semaeumdtlon a | N- Type P- Type, a Theat, Wu Pomel by “hod 1. Trdvodlemt Qlowrende - we tmp Heo OF pombavalont | wohementy a oe S Sard 2. HOI WAQ masOHi 2. Lhechems oe mofarrit Negdiby : charge comienus got chorge, Careror , “ 3. oles axe minosit 3 Grek ows one Melby charge corvden - ange . = | YU. Numbur of colectsens.in | YW Number ef holes ty = Conduction band fs grote | Vatene band Po = tho purnber of holes in kay Hon numb valence bund - P oboe in ~ | : Conduction band — 5. AMen ulmating gechon, | : 4a don or aa eres / Pngae fate pee ee Post e 7 * ceep & TH Vole Charges becomes -ve change s nN x arise od a \é % a) . XS S fl 4 a7Sha Scns abi: : Sig When Poype of sern®conclucton fs fussed Hit N-type OF Semz-| *Y Concer -by special methed tatted clopping , Lt Fawm ~ Sunchon caltrcl p-N Junction comd tho clovtee Shy farwroel Fs Called PN Gurion diode ~/Deplclion layer- The region in pwhfel iO free ehage, | MeOEUEL Colecsiono ¢ holes) ow available _ Gxt fs called deple tien Joye . — POHL LOREEN s3hom sepleion Lower % formed » dioding this PHOLeAS dhe postive don fons of N- egion ~ amd Megakve acceptor fons of Poudien cumnot ~ TMOKL Atos, juncky hence Hee cote CaUecl => tmobile fens > —= Tre eposikve immobile ion present in N-sasien Cet up 3 high pokmHal and the R2EGUVE immobile ra =. Set Lp low polential, ao wlechric Plato olevelopra™ _ polensied fs developecl which att oS beuriert . (Ug). “ polenial developed avte 4 Junden in clepletion layer os 46 collect bovodet je | polenti Hie - “ss % Canword bias: phen positive, Hermined of battery io _, Cennded $0 Pe rtegion A megative deeminal) to 2 w= urgton, ft vs called Paxusaxrcl biese “ee on slalal © 44% Edd wh affostit ly churyeol chy J (0) AI See (elechons) dopleton eo]When we apply -polenitert whith Ps mone them .polentfork bawaes, He Hon sleayors become hin bewot Fhe holes” dct Sage Lted by ave Jemnal J glechworu ONL Hepellad by megatve lemrinel of battery AO both Chase cave mone fowercle JuncHon On Lroscing FuncHon 4» the number of holes Crd WeUVOrs get Coming to form codem hay fovalimt bends its ale YOomen neo 4Ve Aeiminal Be bowken into leks J holes S© holes go Jo fe ruxion ¢ _efecdscens Outer to N-xeqion . Thase Plow of alechuns form Cveent FS culled Cov wand Corey , YRRVRAHRHVV SG & Qe ‘yp = (mh) (VY) vol n yr When Pp sagion by KLonmectee! fo ative AOtminel and N- segion Jo positive i : , > > , > VL charachercisti ¢ , j ; i tetminal of battery » ye function satd to & a \ 7 2]0e o lo) 0 6 IO, o i oot ht rt peel= sae ea € Jn this 5 holes In P-stegton are cctlractedl towers the Ve Joiminal while wlocbtoms In N= $3ien One ottxacted towatoly the tue feiminal- Ay rraforddy of Ghange cwuuer move acy fron Junchon » Pe Suwault » Ho whelth of depletion Joyex Tnowasts tind lao -polertial Cae Jnowasa, gO swsistawe of P-N Sundin : diode becoms vous high + Thee nil be eo Conduction duc to meforily of Chaye crvuen. 2 But vshen ht sosese voltage uf applied the minwity cheoue evuios will be pelle d and -underyo cifpusren 7 cruveend fons in Opposite ohbiectinn — pyhich ts very. smalk in(4 A) Fr¥ially Hoo wut is youg Small, bit om Incceadin, > the semeue yollage dhe Covalenr benole rigor the gun a = get broken Jesulling in Pormation of ghecbsoen hole = paix omd suddlunig gayeuse urrucr Ingieased ~ TRE voltage a at Wh dye cutuent gudelonty jrewanes 79 callool 4 Zann, bwakdewn voltage - - be eee Cea I =m YL a voltage Femur custink byeakdowwn ae voltage,ir { | FF Reaitioe The. process of cmveriion of Ac. Into DC $9 calleel sarkGeation and a dovice prbich 7s usecl La called xechfior . © Ayres of RechiPion . & Halk wave. yceckFiere GD Rul wave peectitier - t ; : e Fie Jun Amtenas > i (we “he (2) voltage. hood S ‘ 3 (BE*) j > Ptimasey cotl secondary cor } Phun dleanalin auyent passed Huy Pela cou u Jt genmiate mognoHe field and megrotic Lelol Lines , Th magnetic Pield Hines porses bo berm clary coi) , | | rs Ke flux ‘changes to change In m-F)/F magne ” emg oe qadutea cuvutent tn Aecomdoseg cea tn ofpeaite. © dinedien fron B So A (due to demz tare) * loiking - Duxing, poritive half cycle of the input Ac, the en qundion ig fourcucel bfaseel Thus, cthe vedifanee . © on Rmuion betGme four and wou Jlows. Howes , we yet vsubput fr We oad + During nore M eye of AM Input ACs Hee orn jndton Us anne 2 e 4 or anruereerrer eer eee TVAYVPARAKANA" biated Thus » tha nesidance, of pn junchton 2s r high ancl cwownt dood mot flow Nemes nd 6tfpus , In the Load . 40, Fan complete cyole mf AC > Crrunt » flows hough dhe load susisbance mr Same clinection . Voltaye at . ’ > Vollage across Rg, i Wo.tkhng é fein th poattive bolt tyele oof the Input wind. 04 % fornael biase. comol ode D, uw vuvyue biased. foworral uuulmnt fows Ahyousydle Hode D,.Dwang Xho. megetone hol. cyte of Prpuk Ne, Hho Aode Dy ta Joverse hfased und dfode 0, Js formarcl biased . “Thus » ypu flows Ubsougr, cltode Dy. Thy 5 we Pind plus Li both hedwes, Cuserink floss Jn same divection , Ce OR ee ce a Eee ne ay a ge a ne ge Logic Gute: A ligtal beaut pitch dither allows | sfgnot to para through on stop Le, Catleol a gote. G) ‘OR’ gate — Tre op gate fs lerbronic dowece Nich jos two OH MO Inputs . umd one up.a ofan ep ww 4 oO ad Le ie kn ond Ourkpur - eae ee NoF gabe - Not gor hoe One iapuks while, Hart i srt tedole A 8] i 0Nor qaee = Not + of gate fH ~ zi . ve . — AYE DAK Y= ik | (iy AND gate = AND NOT gate Avy g——— &) Cc 5 Arne OF “Hogan taterfe Untvowal ole Wi) Te thtatn Not gate Pum Nok goube . . \ S . 7 A . oe . Ll") To obtain oR got Laon Nok gate | lI A 8 A+B Atk Ate oO s a L a 0 t 4 4 e i a4 4 Oo Beale LSFwVNVNNbYOHOKA ADD VG ddd ad dee eee Iz ye | 4 < Il Sood | | C > ig i | ees | 7 7 2 \ EO ei) gooey }a! 2 ~ = 9 ~\ o) I ayte g || voter 2 | : z | é 2 [eho Zz es too < 0 6 © 2) ©