AL AIN JUNIORS SCHOOL

GRADE ;10 NOTES

Class 10- Control and Coordination ;

The changes in the environment to which living organisms respond are called stimuli. Eg :- heat, cold,
sound, smell, taste, touch, pressure, gravity, water etc. Living organisms respond to stimuli in the form
of body movements.

Coordination :- For a proper response to a stimulus many organs in the body should work together. The
working together of various organs in an organism to produce a proper response to a stimulus is called
coordination. i) In animals control and co ordination is done by the nervous system and endocrine
system. ii) In plants control and co ordination is done by chemical substances called plant hormones or
phytohormones.

Coordination in animals: - In animals control and co ordination is done by the nervous system and
endocrine system.

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

a) Receptors :- These are the sense organs which receive the stimuli and pass the message to the brain
or spinal cord through the sensory nerves. Eg :- Photoreceptors in the eyes to detect light.
Phonoreceptors in the ears to detect sound. Olfactory receptors in the nose to detect smell. Gustatory
receptors in the tongue to detect taste. Tangoreceptors in the skin to detect touch.

b) Effectors: - These are the muscles and glands which respond to the information from the brain and
spinal cord through the motor nerves.

c) Sensory nerves :- are nerves which carry information from the receptors (sense organs) to the brain
and spinal cord.

d) Motor nerves :- are nerves which carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors
(muscles and glands).

e) Mixed Nerves: These nerves contain both sensory and motor nerve fibres and perform a mixed
function. Human nervous system:- The nervous system functions in a coordinated manner. It receives a
stimulus through a receptor organ like eye, ear, tongue, etc. The stimulus through sensory nerves
reaches the brain and spinal cord, which integrates it and give action. The motor nerves pass on the
action to the required organ (muscle or gland) and this way a response is generated.
 a) Parts of the nervous system:- The human nervous system consists of the Central Nervous System and
Peripheral Nervous System. i) The central nervous system: - consists of the brain, and spinal cord. ii) The
peripheral nervous system:- consists of cranial nerves arising from the brain and spinal nerves arising
from the spinal cord

b) Nerve cell (Neuron) :- Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It has a cell
body called cyton containing a nucleus and cytoplasm. It has several branched structures called
dendrites. It has a long nerve fibre called axon which is covered by a protective covering called Myelin
sheath.

The junction between two neurons is called synapse. There is a space at the synapse between the end of
axon of first neuron and cell body or dendrite of the next neuron. This is called synaptic cleft.

Messages pass through the nerve cell in the form of chemical and electrical signals called nerve impulse.
The dendrites receive the information and starts a chemical reaction which produce electrical impulse
which passes through the axon. When the impulse reaches the end of axon of first neuron, a
neurotransmitter (a chemical substance) is released in the synaptic cleft of the synapse, which helps in
passage of nerve impulse from one neuron to the next neuron.

What does a synapse do? • It allows the information to pass from one neuron to another. • It ensures
the passage of nerve impulse in one direction only. • It helps in information processing by combining the
effects of all impulses received. • It filters out low-level stimuli.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Brain: The human brain weighs about 1200-
1400g in an adult. It is protected by the cranium. It is covered by three membranes called meninges
filled with a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid which protects the brain from shocks. The spinal cord is by
vertebral column.

The brain has three main parts. They are fore brain, mid brain and hind brain.

i) Fore brain: - It consists of the cerebrum and olfactory lobes. It is the thinking part of the brain
and controls voluntary actions. It controls mental activities like thinking, learning, memory,
emotions etc(cerebrum). and touch, smell, hearing, taste, sight(olfactory lobes).
ii) ii) Mid brain :- It connects Fore brain and Hind brain. it controls involuntary actions and reflex
movements of head, neck, eyes and ear etc.
iii) iii) Hind brain :- it connects the Fore brain & Hind brain . it consists of cerebellum, pons and
medulla.
iv) Cerebellum :- controls body muscular movements , balance and posture
v) Pons :- it acts as a bridge between brain & spinal cord. controls respiration.
vi) Medulla :- it controls involuntary action like heart beat, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing,
sneezing, vomiting etc.
vii) d) Spinal cord: - The spinal cord starts from the brain and extends through the vertebral column.
It has 31 pairs of spinal nerves. It carries messages to and from the brain. It also controls reflex

viii) actions. Cylindrical or tubular structure extending downwards from the Medulla oblongata.

Reflex action:- Reflex action is a sudden response of the effectors to a stimulus. Eg :- We

suddenly withdraw our hand if we suddenly touch a hot object. In this reflex action, the nerves
in the skin (receptor)detects the heat and passes the message through the sensory nerves to
the spinal cord. Then the information passes through the motor nerves to the muscles (effector)
of the hand and we withdraw our hand. Reflex arc :- The pathway of a reflex action is called
reflex arc. In a reflex arc the stimulus is received by the receptors (sense organs) and it passes
through the sensory nerves to the spinal cord. From the spinal cord the information passes
through the motor nerves to the effectors (muscles/glands) for the response.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Our body has a number of organs called endocrine glands that produce
chemical secretions called hormones. Hormones play an important role in control, coordination
and regulation of the functioning of tissues and organs in the body. Hormones are secreted by
ductless glands or endocrine glands regulate chemical coordination in the animals including
man.
The endocrine glands in our body are :- pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
thymus, adrenal, pancreas, testes and ovary.
Examples of coordination by endocrine glands :- i) When we are frightened or angry, the
adrenal glands produce more adrenalin hormone which is sent through the blood to the heart,
rib muscles and diaphragm. This increases breathing rate to supply more oxygen to the muscles
to prepare the body to either run away or fight with the enemy.
i) Iodine is needed by the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxin. Thyroxin
controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and helps in proper
growth. If the diet is deficient in iodine it causes goitre.
ii) The pituitary gland produce growth hormones. Deficiency of this hormone in childhood
causes dwarfism. Excess of this hormone causes tall growth.

iii) The pancreas produces the hormone insulin which controls the blood sugar level.
Increase in blood sugar level causes diabetes. A diabetic patient has to take insulin
injections to control his blood sugar level. v) The testes in males produces the hormone
testosterone which controls the production of sperms and changes during puberty.
iv) The ovary in females produces the hormone oestrogen which controls the production of
eggs and changes during puberty.
v) Action caused by Nervous tissue Information → Nervous tissue → Brain Muscles →
Causes action Path or actionNerve impulse → Muscle cell → Changes shape due to
special proteins
vi) ↓ Action caused ← Shorter form of muscles ← Change shape & arrangement of cell
Chemical communication by hormones-
(advantages) (i) Electrical impulses have their limitations because they reach only those
cells connected to the nervous tissue. (ii) Also the nerve cells cannot generate &
transmit impulses continuously. (iii) Electrical communication is slower.

Hormones – (i) are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands (ii) Are secreted
in small amounts & may act in nearby places or distant places. (iii) Do not take part in
the reaction & are destroyed immediately.

Hormones are secreted by- Endocrine glands & Exocrine glands

S.No. Endocrine glands Exocrine glands
1. Ducts absent Ducts present
2. Secrete hormones Secrete enzymes
3. Secreted in blood Secreted in ducts of glands
4. Situated away from the site of action Situated near the site of action

Some glands which act as both endocrine & exocrine Gland

Endocrine function Exocrine function

Pancreas Produces insulin &

Glucagon hormone. Produces digestive
enzyme. (pancreatic amylase)

Testes Produces hormone Testosterone Produces male gametes (reproductive cells)

Ovaries Produces hormone Oestrogen Produces female gametes (reproductive cells)

Endocrine gland Hormone Function

Pituitary gland Growth hormone Body growth, development of bones & muscles (If
excess- Gigantism) (If less- Dwarfism)
Thyroid gland Thyroxine Regulates carbohydrate, protein & fat metabolism( If
lessGoitre)
 Pancreas Produces insulin & Glucagon hormone Regulates blood sugar levels (if less
diabetes is caused)
Testes in males Produces hormone Testosterone Development of secondary male
characters like deep voice, beard, etc.
Ovaries in females Produces hormone Oestrogen Development of secondary female
characters like mammary glands, menstrual cycle, maintenance of pregnancy.

Coordination in plants:- In plants control and coordination is done by chemical

substances called plant hormones or phytohormones.
There are five main types of plant hormones. They are :- Auxins, Gibberillins, Cytokinins,
Abscisic acid and Ethylene.
i) Auxins :- help in cell division, cell elongation and growth.
ii) ii) Gibberillins :- help in growth of stem and branches.
iii) iii) Cytokinins:- help in cell division, formation of fruits and seeds.
iv) iv) Abscisic acid :- inhibits growth and affects wilting of leaves.
v) vi) Ethylene :- helps in flowering and ripening of fruits.

Movements in plants:- Movements in plants are of two main types. They are:-Tropic movements and
Nastic movements.

a) Tropic movements :- are directional movements towards or away from the stimulus and it depends
on growth. They are of different types like Phototropism, Geotropism, Chemotropism,
Hydrotropism etc. i) Phototropism :- is movement of plants in response to light. If it is towards light,
it is called positive phototropism. Eg:- Bending of shoot towards light. If it is away from light, it is
called negative phototropism. Eg:- Bending of root away from light.
b) ii) Geotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to gravity. If it is towards gravity it is called
positive geotropism. Eg:- Downward growth of roots. If it is away from gravity it is called negative
geotropism. Eg:- Upward growth of shoot.
c) iii) Chemotropism :- is movement of plant in response to chemical stimuli. Eg:- Growth of pollen
tube towards the ovule.

b) Nastic movements :- are non directional movements which are neither towards or away from the
stimulus and it does not depend on growth. Eg :- If we touch the leaves of touch me not plant, its leaves
fold up and droops down immediately due to the change in the amount of water in the leaves.
Depending upon the amount of water in the leaves, it swells or shrinks.
 TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS AND PLANTS.

1. What is plasma and its function?

2. How blood is circulated in fishes,reptiles,amphibians?
3. Write about double circulation?
4. How many chambers in human heart?
5. How blood reaches atria and the blood vessels?
6. How ventricle receives blood and how its distributed?
7. Which are the arteries and veins and which blood it carries and to where?
8. Write difference between arteries and veins?Which instrument used to measure blood pressure
9. Explain lymph?
10. What s chlorophyll contact organ and soil contact organ?
11. Why simple diffusion not sufficient in large plants?
12. What are the conducting tubes and its function?
13. Which are the xylem tissues?
14. What is transpiration?
15. How water is absorbed into the roots?
16. Which are the factors for transpiration?
17. Which are the phloem tissues?
18. What is translocation and which tissues undergoes this process?
19. How food is transported in phloem?
20. How food transported during spring?
21. Which are the regions translocation takes place?
22. What is excretion?What is dialysis
23. Explain the parts of kidney and function of each parts?
24. Which is the unit of kidney ND ITS PARTS?
25. How filtration takes place in nephron?
26. How excretion in pants takes place?
CONTROL AND COORDINATION.
1. What is stimuli?
2. Which are the coordinating and integrating systems in our boy?
3. Explain the parts of neuron?
4. What are receptors and its function?
5. What is a synapse?
6. What are neurotransmitters?
7. What are the two types of receptors?
8. How the impulse pass hrough the nerves?Draw a flow chart?
9. Explain reflex action?