Answers

1. 6
2. Methane (CH₄)
3. C₂H₄
4. Allotropes are different forms of the same element that have different
physical properties.
5. Diamond or Graphite
6. A triple bond
7. CnH₂n₊₂
8. Hydroxyl group (–OH)
9. Methane
10. CH₃COOH
11. C₆H₆
12. Hydrogenation
13. Isomerism is the phenomenon where compounds have the same
molecular formula but different structural formulas.
14. Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)
15. The presence of the carboxyl group (–COOH)
16. Plants (e.g., through photosynthesis)
17. Spirit or Ethyl alcohol
18. Butane or Propane
19. Saturated hydrocarbons contain single bonds, while unsaturated
hydrocarbons contain one or more double or triple bonds.
20. C₄H₁₀
21. Alcohols
22. As a lubricant or in pencils
23. Methane (CH₄)
24. It produces carbon dioxide and water (and sodium acetate).
25. A polymer is a large molecule made up of repeating structural
units (monomers).
26. In rubber and tires
27. A double bond
28. A functional group is a specific group of atoms that impart
characteristic properties to organic compounds (e.g., –OH in alcohols).
29. Fermentation
30. It can form four covalent bonds, allowing for a variety of
compounds.

1. Carbon can form a large number of compounds due to its ability to form
four covalent bonds with other atoms, allowing for diverse structures
and functional groups.

2. Cracking is the process of breaking down larger hydrocarbon molecules

into smaller, more useful ones, often using heat or catalysts.

3. Butanol exhibits structural isomerism and positional isomerism.

4. A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that

is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.
5. The structural formula for 2-butanol is CH₃–CH(OH)–CH₂–CH₃.

6. Urea is primarily used as a nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture.

7. Carbon dioxide is considered a greenhouse gas because it traps heat in

the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

8. During the combustion of hydrocarbons, they react with oxygen to produce

carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy.

9. Alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond.

10. The presence of double bonds in alkenes makes them more reactive
than alkanes, allowing for addition reactions.

11. Primary alcohols have the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon with
one other carbon, secondary alcohols to a carbon with two others, and
tertiary alcohols to a carbon with three others.

12. The IUPAC name for CH₃–CH₂–C(CH₃)₂–OH is 2-pentanol.

13. The reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is called

esterification, producing an ester and water.

14. A condensation reaction involves the joining of two molecules with

the elimination of a small molecule, such as water (e.g., the formation
of an ester from an acid and an alcohol).

15. Benzene is classified as an aromatic compound due to its stable

ring structure and delocalized π electrons, following Huckel's rule.

16. Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while
unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds.

17. The by-products of the complete combustion of ethanol are carbon dioxide
(CO₂) and water (H₂O).

18. Carbon is the backbone of organic molecules, forming the structure

for various functional groups and enabling the formation of complex
compounds.

19. The main product of the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

is calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).

20. Graphite's layers can slide over each other easily due to weak van
der Waals forces, making it an effective lubricant.

21. The functional group in carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group (–

COOH).

22. Alkanes are generally unreactive due to the stability of their C–C and C–H
single bonds and lack of functional groups.
23. Catalysts speed up the hydrogenation of alkenes by providing an
alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.

24. Diamond's hardness is due to its strong covalent bonding in a

three-dimensional tetrahedral lattice structure.

25. The reaction of ethene with bromine is: C₂H₄ + Br₂ → C₂H₄Br₂.

26. Homolytic bond cleavage results in two free radicals, while

heterolytic bond cleavage results in charged ions.

27. Chain isomers are compounds that differ in the arrangement of

carbon chains (e.g., butane and isobutane).

28. Carbon chains in organic compounds determine their physical and

chemical properties, including reactivity and boiling points.

29. Alcohols generally have higher boiling points than alkanes of

similar molecular weights due to hydrogen bonding between alcohol
molecules.
30. The hybridization of carbon in ethyne is sp

1. A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that

is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that
molecule.

2. The functional group present in alcohols is the hydroxyl group (–OH), and
its general formula is R–OH, where R represents a carbon chain.

3. The functional group in carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group (–COOH). It

influences their properties by making them acidic and polar, allowing them to form hydrogen bonds.

4. The functional group in aldehydes is the carbonyl group (C=O) located at

the end of the carbon chain. It has a structure where the carbon atom is
double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom (R–
CHO).

5. Ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=O) that is located within the carbon
chain, whereas aldehydes have the carbonyl group at the end of the
chain.

6. A molecule containing an amine functional group has the general

structure R–NH₂, where R is a hydrocarbon group. For example, CH₃–NH₂ represents methylamine.

7. Functional groups are significant in determining the reactivity of

organic compounds because they influence how a compound reacts with
other substances and its overall chemical behavior.

8. The functional group present in esters is the ester group (–COO–). Esters are
characterized by their pleasant fruity odors and are formed from the reaction between an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid.

9. The properties of organic compounds change with different functional

groups due to variations in polarity, solubility, acidity, and the types
 of reactions they can undergo.

10. Functional groups play a crucial role in isomerism because

different functional groups can lead to structural isomers, where the
same molecular formula results in different compounds with distinct
properties.
11.

Questions
1. What is the atomic number of carbon?
2. Name the simplest hydrocarbon.
3. What is the molecular formula of ethene?
4. Define the term "allotropes."
5. Give an example of a carbon allotrope.
6. What type of bond forms between two carbon atoms in a molecule of ethyne?
7. What is the general formula for alkanes?
8. Name the functional group present in alcohols.
9. What is the IUPAC name of CH₄?
10. Which compound is known as acetic acid?
11. Write the formula for benzene.
12. What type of reaction occurs when an alkene is converted into an alkane?
13. Define isomerism.
14. What is the main product when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water?
15. What is the characteristic feature of carboxylic acids?
16. Name a natural source of carbon.
17. What is the common name for ethanol?
18. Which hydrocarbon is used as a fuel in lighters?
19. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
20. Write the formula for butane.
21. Which type of carbon compound is known for its strong odor?
22. Name one use of graphite.
23. What is the main component of natural gas?
24. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate?
25. What is a polymer?
26. Name a common use of carbon black.
27. What kind of bond is present in carbon dioxide?
28. Define a functional group with an example.
29. What is the process of converting glucose into alcohol called?
30. Identify one property of carbon that makes it essential for life.

How did food like Noodles travel to various parts of the world and got adopted
by different names?
what kind of silk routes have been idenetified by historians?
What were silk routes?
What kind of cultural exchanges were made through Silk Route?
Which common foods were introduced to our ancestors after Columbus discovered
America?
How did dependancey on potatoes kill the poorest peasants of Ireland?
The Spanish conquest and colonization of America was decisively underway be
the mid sixteenth century. Explain with example.
How did the global transfer of desease in pre modern would helped in
colonisation of the America
Why did people migrate from Europe to Australia and America?
Why didi Europeans flee to America nd the 19th century? give three reason

Explain any three types of flows whithin the internatinal economy n exchanges.

Who forced the government to abolish Corn Law?

Describe the effects of abolishing the Corn Law.
How was the food problem solved in Britain after scrapping the Corn Law?
Explain
Describe the canal colonies. Where and by whom were they introduced?
What was the impact of technology on food availability?
How frozen meat reached European market at reduced cost?
How did Rinderpest reach Africa
How did renderpest become instrumental in subjugating the Africans

1. Describe brifly the effects of Rderpest in Africa in the 1890

2. Describe the impact of Rinderpest on peoples livelihoods and local economy
in Africa
3. Who was introduced labourer?
4. Describe any three problems faced by Indian cotton weavers in the
nineteenth century.
5. Explain how the First World Was was so horrible a war like none other
before.
6. why is it said that there was no other war earlier like the first world war
? State three points.
7. Why did the household incomes decline after in the first world ws? Give two
reasons.
8. Explain the impact of first world was on the British economy.
9. How did the withdrawal of US loans during the phase the Gread Depression
affect the rest of the world? Explain the three points.