KEY

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Period: _________

Lecture 41
Acid-Base Reactions and Titrations (AP Chemistry Topic 8.4 & 8.5)
Student Notes

Enduring Understanding Learning Objective(s)

• The chemistry of acids and bases involves reversible proton- • Calculate the values of pH and pOH, based on Kw and the
transfer reactions, with equilibrium concentrations being concentration of all species present in a neutral solution of
related to the strength of the acids and bases involved. water.
• Identify species as Brønsted-Lowry acids, bases, and/or
conjugate acid-base pairs, based on proton-transfer involving
those species.

Neutralization Reactions

neutralization reaction
A ________________________________________ acid
is a reaction between an _________ base The products of
and a _________.
salt
a neutralization reaction are typically a _________ water
and ____________.

The following equation shows the neutralization reaction Write the equation for the neutralization reaction
between the strong acid, HCl, and the strong base, NaOH: between acetic acid, HC2H3O2 and potassium hydroxide,
KOH:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
HCzH3O2 lays
+ KOH (aq) > KCzH302 caas
- +
H2O(i)
The net ionic equation for this reaction is:
HCzH3O2 caa)
+
OHTaa) >
-

C2H3O2 can) +
H2Oc
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)

Acid-Base Titrations

titration
In an acid-base __________________, an acidic or basic solution of unknown concentration reactions with a basic or
known solution is slowly added to the
acidic solution of known concentration. The _________________________________________________________
unknown
____________________ PH is monitored
one while the ____________________________ with a pH meter or an indicator.

neutralize
As the acid and base combine, they __________________ equivalence point
each other. At the ______________________________, the
moles of base
_______________________ stoichiometrically equivalent
is ___________________________________________________ to the
moles of acid
_______________________ and the reaction is complete. At the equivalence point, [H3O+] = [OH-]

A plot of the pH of the solution during the titration is known

titration curve
as a _____________________________ or pH curve.

The exact shape of the pH curve depends on the

strength of the acid or base being titrated.
______________

A 20.0 mL sample of 0.200 M KOH is titrated with 0.100 M HI. What A 25.0 mL sample of 0.100 M HCl is titrated with 0.125 M KOH. What
is the volume of acid needed to reach the equivalence point? is the volume of base needed to reach the equivalence point?
20 0 ML 1 2 0 200m0)
100 mol
.

OH- 25 0 ML /L
.

= 0 00400 Mol 0 .

molHt
.

103ML
.

1 L = 0 00250
.

103 ML IL
0 00400 mol
. H needed to reach
equivalence OH- needed to reach equivalence
0 . 00250 mol

0 00400 mol H 1 L 103 mc

00250 Mol OH-1 L 103ML
40 0 ML HI
.

= 0 .

.
= 20 0 ML
.

0 100 mol HP 1 L 0 125 MOLOH-1L

needed Kolt
.
.

needed
 A 20.0 mL sample of a 0.125 M diprotic acid (H2A) solution is titrated A 20.0 mL sample of 0.115 M sulfurous acid (H2SO3) solution is
with 0.1019 M KOH. what added volume of base is needed to reach titrated with 0.1014 M KOH. At what volume of added base does the
the equivalence point? equivalence point occur?

At the equivalence point, the number of moles of titrant added is equal to the number of moles of analyte originally present. This relationship can
be used to _____________________________________________________________________________________.

You perform a titration on 235 mL of HCl solution of unknown It takes 38 mL of 0.75 M NaOH solution to completely neutralize 155
concentration. It takes 83.0 mL of 0.45 M NaOH to completely mL of a sulfuric acid solution (H2SO4). What is the concentration of
neutralize the HCl. What is the concentration of the HCl solution ? the H2SO4 solution?

Strong Acid – Strong Base Titration

Consider the titration of 25.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl with 0.100 M NaOH.

A. Calculate the initial pH before the addition of any base

B. Calculate the pH after the addition of 5.00 mL of NaOH

C. Calculate the pH after the addition of 15.0 mL of NaOH

D. Calculate the pH after the addition of 25.0 mL of NaOH

E. Calculate the pH after the addition of 30.0 mL of NaOH

F. Calculate the pH after the addition of 50.0 mL of NaOH

 ➔ Plot the pH vs mL of NaOH added to create a
titration curve.

➔ Label the equivalence point on your pH

curve

The pH curve shows the titration of HCl, a strong acid

with NaOH, a strong base.
➔ Before any base is added, the pH is low as
expected for a solution of HCl
➔ As the NaOH is added, the solution becomes less
acidic because the NaOH neutralizes the HCl
➔ The point of inflection in the middle of the curve
is the equivalence point.
➔ Beyond the equivalence point, the solution is
basic because the HCl has been completely
neutralized and excess base is being added to the
solution.

Summarizing the Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

• The initial pH is simply the pH of the strong acid solution to be titrated
• Before the equivalence point, H3O+ is in excess. Calculate the [H3O+] by subtracting the number of moles of added
OH- from the initial number of moles of H3O+ and dividing by the TOTAL volume
• At the equivalence point, neither reactant is in excess and the pH = 7.00
• Beyond the equivalence point, OH- is in excess. Calculate the [OH-] by subtracting the initial moles of H3O+ from the
number of moles of added OH- and dividing by the TOTAL volume.

A 50.0 mL sample of 0.200 M sodium hydroxide is titrated with 0.200 M nitric acid. Calculate the pH:
A. Before adding any acid

Plot the pH vs mL of HNO3 added to create a titration curve.

B. After adding 30.00 mL of HNO3
and label the equivalence point on your pH curve

C. At the equivalence point

D. After the addition of 60.0 mL of HNO3

 Weak Acid – Strong Base Titration
Consider the titration of 25.0 mL of 0.100 M HCHO2 with 0.100 M NaOH.

A. Calculate the initial pH before the addition of any base

B. Calculate the pH after the addition of 5.00 mL of NaOH

C. Calculate the pH after the addition of 10.0 mL of NaOH

D. Calculate the pH after the addition of 12.5 mL of NaOH

E. Calculate the pH after the addition of 20.0 mL of NaOH

F. Calculate the pH after the addition of 25.0 mL of NaOH

G. Calculate the pH after the addition of 35.0 mL of NaOH

H. Calculate the pH after the addition of 50.0 mL of NaOH

 ➔ Plot the pH vs mL of NaOH added to create a titration
curve.

➔ Label the equivalence point on your pH curve

➔ Label the buffering region on your pH curve

➔ Label the half equivalence point on your pH curve

➔ Label the pKa on your pH curve

The pH curve shows the titration of a weak acid with NaOH, a strong
base.
• Before any base is added, the pH is low as expected for a solution
of weak acid, but it is higher than that of a strong acid.
• As the NaOH is added, the solution becomes less acidic because
the NaOH neutralizes the acid. A buffering region is created as the
strong base converts the weak acid into its conjugate base. At the
center of the buffering region, pH = pKa.
• The point of inflection in the middle of the curve is the
equivalence point. The equivalence point occurs above pH 7
because of the conjugate base present.
• Beyond the equivalence point, the solution is basic because the
acid has been completely neutralized and excess base is being
added to the solution.

Summarizing the Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

• The initial pH is that of the weak acid solution to be titrated. Calculate the pH by working an equilibrium problem
using the concentration of the weak acid as the initial concentration
• Between the initial pH and the equivalence point, the solution becomes a buffer. Use the reaction stoichiometry to
calculate the amounts of each buffer component and then use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the
pH
• At the half-equivalence point, the buffer components are exactly equal and pH = pKa.
• At the equivalence point, the acid has all been converted into its conjugate base. Calculate the pH by working an
equilibrium problem for the ionization of water by the ion acting as a weak base
• Beyond the equivalence point, OH- is in excess. Ignore the weak base and calculate the [OH-] by subtracting the initial
number of moles of the weak acid from the number of moles of added OH- and dividing by the TOTAL volume.

How does the pH at the equivalence point change as the Calculate the pH at the equivalence point in titrating 30.0 mL of 0.100 M
acid being titrated becomes weaker? How does the solutions of each of the following with 0.080 M NaOH:
volume of NaOH required to reach the equivalence point
change? Can you explain these observations?
(a) hydrobromic acid (HBr)

(b) chlorous acid (HClO2)

(c) benzoic acid (C6H5COOH)

 Strong vs Weak Acid Titration Curve

Important Features of Titration Curve for Strong Acid and Strong Base:

• The __________________ is ______ and can be found from the concentration of the strong acid
• The ____________ of the pH curve ________________________until very close to the equivalence point/
• The pH at the __________________________________ is always ___________________
• The pH continues to increase, approaching the pH of the strong base added to the acid

Important Features of Titration Curve for Weak Acid and Strong Base:

• The __________________ is typically ___________________ __________________ and can be determined from the
concentration of the weak acid and an equilibrium problem
• The slope of the pH curve increases more rapidly after adding a small amount of base, but falls off as more base is
added until very close to the equivalence point
• The pH at the __________________________________(at a volume equal to half the volume needed to reach the
equivalence point) __________________ _____of the acid
• The pH at the ___________________ point is always __________________________
• The pH continues to increase approaching the pH of the strong base added to the acid.
 Weak Base – Strong Acid Titration
Consider the titration of 25.0 mL of 0.100 M NH3 with 0.100 M HCl.
A. Calculate the initial pH before the addition of any acid

B. Calculate the pH after the addition of 5.00 mL of HCl

C. Calculate the pH after the addition of 10.0 mL of HCl

D. Calculate the pH after the addition of 12.5 mL of HCl

E. Calculate the pH after the addition of 20.0 mL of HCl

F. Calculate the pH after the addition of 25.0 mL of HCl

G. Calculate the pH after the addition of 35.0 mL of HCl

 ➔ Plot the pH vs mL of HCl added to create a titration curve. 12

half
➔

·
Label the equivalence point on your pH curve
equivalence point
➔ Label the buffering region on your pH curve 10
·
↓ [NH3] [NH4+ ] =

➔ PK
......
Label the half equivalence point on your pH curve a
&

➔ Label the pKb on your pH curve g

Buffering
The pH curve shows the titration of a weak base with HCl, a strong T region
acid
• Before any acid is added, the pH is high as expected for a solution 6
of weak base, but it is lower than that of a strong base.
• As the HCl is added, the solution becomes less basic because the 5
·
equivalence
HCl neutralizes the base. A buffering region is created as the point
strong acid converts the weak base into its conjugate acid. At the 4
center of the buffering region, pOH = pKb.
• The point of inflection in the middle of the curve is the
3
equivalence point. The equivalence point occurs below pH 7
because of the conjugate acid present.
• Beyond the equivalence point, the solution is acidic because the 2

base has been completely neutralized and excess acid is being

added to the solution. I

O & 10 is 20 is 30 si 40 is 50

Summarizing the Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

• The initial pH is that of the weak base solution to be titrated. Calculate the pH by working an equilibrium problem using the concentration
of the weak base as the initial concentration

• Between the initial pH and the equivalence point, the solution becomes a buffer. Use the reaction stoichiometry to calculate the
amounts of each buffer component and then use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH

• At the half-equivalence point, the buffer components are exactly equal and pOH = pKb.

• At the equivalence point, the base has all been converted into its conjugate acid. Calculate the pH by working an equilibrium problem
for the ionization of water by the ion acting as a weak acid

• Beyond the equivalence point, H3O+ is in excess. Ignore the weak acid and calculate the [H3O+] by subtracting the initial number of moles
of the weak base from the number of moles of added H3O+ and dividing by the TOTAL volume.

Calculate the pH at the equivalence point for titrating 0.200 M solutions of each of the following bases with 0.200 M HBr:

(a) sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

PHFT at the equivalence point for any strong-strong titration blo the acid and
base are completely neutralized and only pure water remains .

HNHOH + H2O & HOT t

NH2OH
O O

[HNH2OHT] = 0 200 mol

-
.

2 L
0 100M .

-
X
+X
+X

X
*
(b) hydroxylamine (NH2OH) 0 100 - X

ANHzOHT
.

+ = 0 100 M
[H30 ][NH2OH]
-
+

NH2OH + H >
-
Ka =
0 200 mol
.
0 200 mol
.
O
Ky NH2OH = 9 / .
x 109 NH2OHT)
-

-0 200 mol-0 200 mol + 0 200 mol 1 0 x 10 x10

HNH2OHT 1 / 10
.
.
. =
= -
Ka
. .

1 1 x
/x109 =
.

9 .
x
O O 0 200
. mol
x = 0 .
000331 : [H30T]
3 48
(c) aniline (C6H5NH2) n
O PH = .

CyHsNHz + HT - CyHgNHzt Ky = 3 8 x10 .

CsHzNHg + HzO & CoHsNIz + HOT

O ka = 2 6 x 105 O
O
0 200 mol 0 200 mol , 100
0
. -

. .

70 200 mol +X

+
X
-

-0 200 mol-0 200 mol

. -

4
.
-
- - 0 100
.
-
*
0 200 mol
[Hz0t] PH
O
O = 2 80
x2
-
.
-
5
[C6H5NHzt] 0 200 mol 2 6 X 10 x 0 0016 =
= - =
=
0 100 M
. .

100 -X
.
=
- .
0 .

zu
 Polyprotic Acids

A polyprotic acid has _________________________ acidic

proton.

For these types of acids, the reaction with OH- occurs in a

_____________________________. For example, the
neutralization of H3PO4 occurs in three steps:

H3PO4 + OH- → H2O + H2PO4-

H2PO4- + OH- → H2O + HPO42-

HPO42- + OH- → H2O + PO43-

This titration has ________________ equivalence points.

For polyprotic acids, titration curves can be used to

determine the number of acidic protons. In doing so, the
major species present at any point along the curve can be
identified, along with the pKa associated with each proton
in a weak polyprotic acid.

What is the pKa1 and pKa2 for the acid shown in the titration
curve on the right?

1. How many ionizable protons does the acid have?

2. Identify the pH and the volume of the first

equivalence point and the second equivalence
point.

3. Identify the pKa1 and pKa2 of the acid

4. At a volume of 25.0 mL, is the major species H2A,

HA- or A2-? Justify your answer.
 We can monitor the pH of a titration with an
_________________. With an indicator, we rely on the point
where the ________________ ________________________
(known as the ______________) to determine the equivalence
point.

With the correct indicator, the ______________

___________________________________________________
__________________________.

An indicator is a _____________________ ________ that is a

_______________________
______________________________________.
Phenolphthalein is a common indicator whose acid form is
colorless and conjugate base form is pink.

Only a ______________________ of indicator is required- an

amount that is so small that it will not affect the pH of the
solution- because its _________ ____________________.

Indicators should be _________________________________

___________________________________________________
____________.

When the _________________________________________

____________________, the solution will have an intermediate
color which you can see during the titration.
Phenolphthalein has a pKa of 9.7. It is colorless in its acid form and
pink in its basic form. For each of the pH’s, calculate [In-]/[HIn] and
With a strong acid/strong base titration, the equivalence point
predict the color of a phenolphthalein solution.
is pH = 7. Because Bromothymol blue has a pKa = 7.0, it would
A. pH = 2.0
be a good choice for this titration.
B. pH = 5.0
Look back to the formic acid and NaOH titration problem C. pH = 8.0
earlier. What was the pH at the equivalence point? What would D. pH = 11.0
be a good indicator for this titration?

When a cetic a cid is ti trated with NaOH, the equivalence point is around pH = Referring to the table above, pick an indicator for use in the
9. Phenolphthalein is a much more suitable indicator for this ti tration than titration of each acid with a strong base
Methyl red because its color change occurs near the equivalence point. A. HBr
B. HClO 2
C. C6 H5 COOH

Referring to the table above, pick an indicator for use in the

titration of each base with a strong acid
A. NaOH
B. NH2 OH
C. C6 H5 NH2