REACTIONS OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Ⅰ. CARBOHYDRATES
a)A little of the substance is The substance chars with Presence of carbohydrate
heated with conc.sulphuric the smell of burnt sugar.
acid.

b)MOLISCH’S TEST: A deep violet colour is Presence of carbohydrate

To a little of the substance produced which finally
in water add a few drops of spreads throughout the
20% alcoholic solution of α- liquid. The colour is
naphthol. Then add 2ml of discharged on adding alkali.
con.sulphuric acid along the
sides of the test tube.

Tc)BARFORD’S TEST: Red precipitate of copper Presence of carbohydrate

To a little of the substance oxide
in water and an equal
volume of Barford’s reagent
is added and heated in a
water bath.

d)ACTION FEHLING’S Red precipitate Presence of carbohydrate

SOLUTION:
Fehling’s solution is
prepared by mixing 2ml
each of Fehling A and
Fehling B. To this mixture a
small quantity of the
substance is added and
gently boiled in a water
bath.

e)ACTION OF TOLLENS’S Silver mirror Presence of carbohydrate

REAGENT:
To a little of the substance
in water 2ml of Tollen’s
reagent is added and
warmed in a boiling water
bath.

f)OSAZONE TEST: Yellow precipitate of Presence of carbohydrate

To a little of the substance osazone (derivative of
in water phenyl hydrozoine monosaccride)
hydrochloride and sodium
acetate are added and
heated in a water bath for
30min

Ⅱ.ACIDS
a)Test the solubility of the Soluble and the solution is Presence of acid or phenol
substance in water acidic to litmus

b)Tested the solubility of Soluble Presence of acid or phenol

the substance in NaOH

c)To a little of the substance Brisk effervescence Presence of acid and not
in water add a saturated phenol
solution of NaHCO3

d)To 2ml of NaOH a drop of Solution turns colourless Presence of acid

phenolphthalein is added to
which a solution of the
substance in water of
alcohol is added

e)To a little of the substance Pleasant smell of an ester Presence of acid

a few drops of alcohol and
con.sulphuric acid are
added warmed and poured
into water containing
NaCO3

f)To a little of the substance Intense green fluorescence Presence of dicarboxylic

add resorcinol and acid
con.sulphuric acid heated
till a red solution is formed No intense green Presence of monocarboxylic
and then poured into water fluorescence acid
containing NaOH

g)To a little of the substance Buff coloured precipitate Presence of aromatic

NH3 is added, boiled off monocarboxylic acid
excess NH3 cooled, treated
with neutral FeCl3 and HCl No buff coloured precipitate Absence of aromatic
monocarboxylic acid

Ⅲ. PHENOLS
a)To a solution of the Violet, blue,or green colour Presence of phenol
substance add neutral FeCl3

b)LIEBERMANN’S NITROSO Red colour Prescence of phenol

REACTION:
To a little of the substance
add a few crystals of NaNO2
heated gently add after Solution turns blue red Prescence of phenol
cooling 5drops of colour
con.sulphuric acid is added.
This is poured into cold
water. Then the contents of
the beaker are made
alkaline with dil.NaOH
c)PHTHALEIN FUSION: Red colour Prescence of phenol
A little of the substance is
mixed with equal quantity
of phthalic anhydride. To
this few dros of
con.sulphuric acid is added
and heated gently for a few
minutes and poured into
water containing NaOH

d)A little of the substance is White precipitate Prescence of phenol

shaken with bromine water

e)Dissolved a few drops of No red dye is obtained Absence of bets-naphthol

aniline in HCl, cooled in ice
water and added slowly
with shaking 2ml of a 10%
solution of the substance of
the substance in NaOH

Ⅳ. ESTERS:
a)ODOUR Sweet smell Presence of ester

b)A little of the substance is Acid is precipitated Presence of ester

refluxed with a strong NaOH
till the oily layer disappears,
when the odour of the ester
is absent, cool and pour into
excess dil.HCl

c)HYDROXAMIC ACID Deep red or violet colour Presence of ester

TESTS:
To a little of the substance
hydroxylamine
hydrochloride in methanol
is added followed by the
addition of methonic KOH.
This is heated, cooled,
acidified with HCl and added
FeCl3 solution

Ⅴ.ALDEHYDES
a)A little of the substance The solution turns pink Presence of Aldehyde
add 2ml of Schiff’s reagent (When aromatic aldehydes
and shake well. (If the are present the pink colour
substance is insoluble add develops only slowly. The
1ml of alcohol) test tube should not be
warmed)
b)ACTION OF NaHSO3: Crystalline bisulphite Presence of aldehydes or
A little quantity of the addition compound ketones
substance is shaken with a seperates out
saturated solution NaHSO3

c)ACTION OF TOLLEN’S A brilliant silver mirror is Presence of aldehydes,

REAGENT: deposited reducing sugars
To a small quantity of the
substance few ml of Tollen’s
reagent is added and
heated in a boiling water
bath.

d)FEHLING’S TEST: Red precipitate of Cu2O Presence of aldehydes,

Fehling solution is prepared reducing sugars
by mixing the Fehling A and
Fehling B (2ml of each). To
this a little of the substance
is added and heated in a
boiling water bath.
e)ACTION OF BORSCHE’S Yellow crystalline Carbonyl group is present
REAGENT: precipitate
To a little of the substance
in water or alcohol a
solution of 2,4-di-
nitrophenyl hydrozine in
glacial acetic acid is added.
It is shaken well and heated
in a water bath for 10min
and cooled

f)ACTION OF SEMI- White crystalline precipitate Presence of aldehyde or

CARBAZIDE ketone
HYDROCHLORIDE:
To a little of the substance is
mixed semi-carbazide
hydrochloride and
CH3COONa. This is dissolved
in 2ml of hot water, alcohol
is added drop till a clear
solution is obtained. This is
heated and cooled

Ⅵ. KETONES:
a)ACTION OF BORCHE’S Yellow precipitate of 2,4- Presence of carbonyl group
REAGENT: dinitrophenyl hydrazone (Ketone is present if
A little of the substance is aldehyde is absent)
dissolved in hot dil.HCl.
This is cooled and filtered.
To this filtrate a solution of
2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine
obtained by boiling the
solid reagent with 2ml od
dil.HCl (followed by
cooling) is added
b)PHENYL HYDRAZONE White crystals of phenyl Carbonyl group is present
TEST: hydrazone (Presence of ketone if
A small quantity of the aldehydes are absent)
substance is dissolved in a
little alcohol and 2ml of
phenyl hydrazone reagent
is added. It is shaken well,
heated for 10min in a
water bath and cooled

c)A little of the substance is White crystals of oxime Presence of carbonyl group
dissolved in water. To this (Presence of ketone if
few ml of hydroxylamine aldehydes are absent)
hydrochloride in water is
added. If the substance is
insoluble in water, alcohol
is added to get a clear
solution. This is heated on
a water bath and cooled in
ice.
d)A little of the substance is Reddish orange colour Presence of ketone
dissolved in 2ml of water.
To this 3 drops of sodium
nitro prusside solution is
added, followed by the
addition of few drops of On acidification the colour Presence of methyl ketone
NaOH. The mixture is change to blue
acidified with a few drops
of glacial acetic acid

e)IODOFORM TEST: Yellow precipitate is Presence of methyl ketone

To a small quantity of the formed (Smell of iodoform
substance 3ml of Na2CO3 observed)
solution and 2ml of a solution
of I2 and KI are added. Boil
the mixture and cool.
Ⅶ. AMIDES:
a)ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS: a)Evolution of NH3 turning Presence of an aliphatic or
A small quantity of the red litmus blue aromatic amide
substance is gently boiled
with 5ml of 20% NaOH.

The above solution is cooled b)On acidification a white Presence of aromatic amide
and acidified with dil.HCl. precipitate is formed

c)On acidification no white Presence of aliphatic amide

precipitate is formed
b)A little of the substance is NH3 is evolved Presence of amide
mixed with sodalime and
the mixture is heated
strongly in a hard glass
tube.

c)HOFFMANN REACTION: Offensive smell of Presence of an aliphatic or

To a small quantity of the carbylamine aromatic amide
substance 3ml of KOH
solution is added. To this
mixture Br2 water is added
in drops till the colour of Br2
is not discharged. This is
heated and cooled. To the
above 5 drops of
chloroform and 1ml of
alcoholic KOH are added
and warmed.

Ⅷ. UREA:
a)A little of the substance is Evolution of NH3 turning red Presence of urea
heated in a test tube for litmus blue
2min.

b)BIURET TEST: Purple colour Presence of urea

A little of the substance is
heated in a test tube for
2min. To the residue 2
drops of dilute CuSO4 and
NaOH are added.

c)To a strong solution of the White crystalline precipitate Presence of urea

substance con.HNO3 is of urea nitrate
added.

d)A little of the substance is NH3 is evolved turning red Presence of urea
warmed with NaOH and litmus blue
treated with red litmus.

e)To a strong solution of the A white precipitate Presence of urea

substance , a strong solution
of the oxalic acid is added

f)To a little of the substance Decolourisation with the Presence of urea

bromine water and NaOH evolution of nitrogen
are added

Ⅸ. ANILIDE:
a)A little of the substance is Aniline vapours condensing Presence of anilide
mixed with soda lime and to oily globules
the mixture is heated in a
hard test tube

b)A little of the substance is A red dye is formed Presence of anilide

boiled with 5ml of dil.HCl.
This is cooled in ice. To this
is added a strong solution of
NaNO2 and the mixture is
poured into a solution of β-
naphthol in NaOH

Ⅹ. NITRO COMPOUND
a)Appearance Yellow Presence of nitro compound

b)MULLIKEN AND BARKERS Black precipitate Presence of nitro compound

TEST:
A little of the substance is
dissolved in alcohol. To this
5drops CaCl2 and Zn dust are
added,heated to boiling and
cooled. This is filtered and
the filtrate is treated with
tested with Tollen’s reagent

c)REDUCTION AND Red dye Presence of an aromatic

DIAZOTISATION: nitro compound
To a small amount of the
substance 3ml of con.HCl
and a few pieces of
granulated Zn are added.
Boiled for a few min, cooled
and filtered. The ice cold
filtrate is diazotised with
NaNO2 and the solution is
poured into a solution of β-
naphthol in NaOH.
d)The substance is Phenolic smell Presence of nitro group
diazotised and warmed with
water
Ⅺ. AMINE:
a)To a little of the substance The substance dissolved Presence of an amine
add dil.HCl

b)CARBYLAMINE TEST: Offensive smell of Presence of primary amine

To a little of the substance carbylamine
5ml of CHCl3 and 1ml of
alcoholic KOH solution are
added and warmed gently
c)DIAZOTISATION: A clear solution is obtained Presence of primary or
1)A small quantity of the teritary amine
substance is dissolved in
HCl.
Red dye Presence of aromatic
2)The solution is cooled in primary amine
ice and 2ml of a saturated
solution of NaNO2 is added
in drops. To the above clear
solution β-naphthol in alkali
is added