COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE PROFITABILITY OF WHITE CORN AND YELLOW CORN IN

GUINDULUNGAN MAGUINDANAO DER SUR

By

BANSUAN, KAMUTAN U.

KASIM, ALIBAI P.

MENTO, BAI ALI U.

Presented to

The faculty of the MSU Maguindanao College of

Agriculture

In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Of Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Business Management

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Corn (Zea mays L.) Corn is an annual crop that belongs to the grass family. It is the mother grain of
American people and is deemed to be the first cultivar in the new world. It is a crop that has a short life
cycle and requires warm weather, suitable apprehension and management. It is valuable animal feed,
human food, and raw material for a number of industries (Hiruy, and Getu, 2020).

According to Kpoti et al., (2018), corn has been a cornerstone of American agriculture for decades and
expects to offer a great deal of attention from the scientific community for its flexibility to address the
food, feed and fuel needs of a growing human population in a changing climate. Globally, corn is one of
the major vegetables especially because of its high demand and cash value (as cited in Borres, 2018).

In the Philippines, white corn and yellow corn are the two main types of maize that are cultivated
(Lanthier, 2013). The white corn variety mainly corresponds to the open-pollinated variety (OPV) corn
and yellow corn is represented by hybrid and GMO varieties (Gerpacio et al.,2004). Each of them is used
for different purpose. GMO and hybrid corn are also designated as high yield variety (HYT) corn.
However, the consumption of corn as food in the Philippines is unpopular. The per Capita consumption
of corn in the year 2015 to 2016 was around 14.70 kilogram.

According to Sison (2014), people in the Philippines purchase less maize as their per Capita income rises
and buy other carbohydrates such as rice. Corn is the second most important crop in the Philippines in
terms of total area planted and overall value next only the rice.

The agricultural sector in the Philippines, particularly in rural areas like Barangay Guindulungan,
Maguindanao del Sur, heavily relies on corn production. However, farmers often face challenges in
maximizing their profits due to limited access to information and resources. This study aims to address
this issue by comparing the profitability of white corn and yellow corn cultivation in Barangay
Guindulungan, providing valuable insights for farmers and stakeholders.

The Department of Agriculture (DA) recognizes the importance of corn as a staple food and a key source
of income for many Filipino farmers. The DA has implemented various programs and initiatives to
support corn production, including providing technical assistance, access to credit, and market linkages.
However, these efforts often lack a focus on specific regions and varieties, leaving farmers to navigate
the complexities of corn production independently. This study will directly benefit the farmers of
Guindulungan by providing them with data-driven insights into the profitability of different corn
varieties, empowering them to make informed decisions regarding their planting choices.

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of the profitability of white corn and
yellow corn cultivation in Guindulungan, Maguindanao del Sur. The study will investigate factors
influencing profitability, including yield, production costs, market prices, and post-harvest handling
practices. By comparing these factors across both corn varieties, the study will identify the more
profitable option for farmers in the area. The findings will be used to develop recommendations for
improving corn production practices, enhancing farmer income, and promoting sustainable agricultural
development in Barangay Guindulungan.

Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to address the lack of comprehensive data on the comparative profitability of white
corn and yellow corn cultivation in this specific barangay. The general problem is the need for informed
decision-making among farmers to improve their income and enhance the sustainability of corn
production. Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the average production costs (including labor, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and harvesting)
for white corn and yellow corn in Barangay Guindulungan?

2. What are the average yields (in tons per hectare) obtained for white corn and yellow corn in Barangay
Guindulungan?

3. What are the prevailing market prices for white corn and yellow corn in the area?

4. What is the net profit per hectare for both white corn and yellow corn cultivation in Barangay
Guindulungan, considering production costs, yields, and market prices?

5. What are the key factors influencing the profitability of white corn and yellow corn in Barangay
Guindulungan (e.g., soil conditions, climate, pest and disease incidence, access to markets)?

6. Based on the findings, what recommendations can be made to improve the profitability of corn
production for farmers in Barangay Guindulungan?

Objective of the Study

The general objective of this study is to determine the comparative profitability of white corn and yellow
corn cultivation in Barangay Guindulungan, Maguindanao del Sur, to provide farmers with data-driven
insights for improved decision-making and increased income. The specific objectives are:
1. To determine the average production costs for white corn and yellow corn in Barangay
Guindulungan, considering labor, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and harvesting.

2. To determine the average yields (in tons per hectare) obtained for white corn and yellow corn in
Barangay Guindulungan.

3. To determine the prevailing market prices for white corn and yellow corn in the area.

4. To calculate the net profit per hectare for both white corn and yellow corn cultivation in Barangay
Guindulungan, considering production costs, yields, and market prices.

5. To identify the key factors influencing the profitability of white corn and yellow corn in Barangay
Guindulungan, including soil conditions, climate, pest and disease incidence, and access to markets.

6. To formulate recommendations for improving the profitability of corn production for farmers in
Barangay Guindulungan based on the study findings.

Significance of the study

The result of this study aimed to provide significant and valuable information to the following

Consumer. This could serve as reference to the public to understand the changes of price of corn.

Producer. This could give them valuable insight in making timely decision considering the factor
affecting the price of white corn and yellow corn.

Department of Agriculture. Support to producer in terms of Agricultural subsidies and provide

additional logistics for corn production which could somehow affect the price of commodity.

Future Researcher. This study may be used as one of their reference that will give them an overview on
what are the effects calamities or crisis on the price of a specific commodity like corn.

Scope and limitation of the study

This study focused on the comparative analysis on the profitability of white corn and yellow corn in
Barangay Guindulungan Maguindanao del sur

Definition of terms

The following terms were defined as they are used in the study

1. Corn: A cereal plant that yields large grains, or kernels, set in rows on a cob. It is used as a staple food
for humans and livestock and is one of the most important crops globally.

2. Corn farmers. refers to individualss who planted corn for the purpose of selling their produce in order
to earn a living.
3. Staple food: A basic dietary item that is regularly consumed in large quantities and is a primary source
of energy and nutrients in a population’s diet.

4. Agricultural sector: A segment of the economy that deals with the production of food and goods
through farming and forestry.

5. Profitability: The degree to which a business or activity yields financial gain or profit.

6. White corn and yellow corn: Varieties of corn that differ in color and nutritional content. White corn
is commonly used for food products like tortillas, while yellow corn is often used for animal feed and
food products.

7. Barangay: The smallest administrative division in the Philippines, akin to a village or neighborhood.

8. Post-harvest handling: The processes involved in the handling, storage, and transportation of crops
after they have been harvested, which can affect their quality and profitability.

9. Yield: The amount of crop produced per unit of land area, usually measured in tons per hectare or
similar units.

10. Production costs: The total expenses incurred in the production of a crop, including inputs like
seeds, fertilizers, labor, and equipment.

11. Market prices: The current price at which a particular commodity can be bought or sold in the
marketplace.

12. Sustainable agricultural development: Farming practices that meet current food needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, focusing on environmental
health, economic profitability, and social equity.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature and Studies

Characteristics of Corn.

Maize ( Zea mays L.) or also known as corn, is one of the three main main cereal crops in the world. The
stable production of this cereal becomes a critic's task for food security. It is a cereal with high protein
content, good availability and low cost becomes one of the main sources of protein in the diet of people
in developing countries compared to other sources rich in protein. Some bioactive peptides isolated
from corn and industrial by-products have been shown to a wide variety of biological effect acting as
antioxidant, enzyme inhibitors. Chemotherapy protector inhibitors growth, an inducer of apoptosis in
cancer cells. The quality of corn has been the main criterion of selection used by our ancestors for their
improvement. Then, this is consumed by the world population has been subject for centuries to the
selection for flavor,
CHAPTER III
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the research design and methods employed in this comparative analysis of the
profitability of white corn and yellow corn cultivation in Barangay Guindulungan, Maguindanao del Sur.
It details the research Design, respondents of the study, data collection techniques, sampling
procedures, data analysis methods, and ethical considerations to ensure the study's rigor and validity.

Research Design

This study employs a quantitative research design using a comparative analysis approach. The
profitability of white corn and yellow corn cultivation will be compared using key financial indicators.
This comparative approach allows for a direct assessment of the relative profitability of each corn
variety under similar conditions in Barangay Guindulungan.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of this study were the identified 150 corn farmers in Barangay Guindulungan
Maguindanao del sur who were aging for 30 years old and above, and had been farming for more than
3-5 years.

Study Area and Population

The study area is Barangay Guindulungan, Maguindanao del Sur, Philippines. The target population
comprises corn farmers actively cultivating either white or yellow corn within the barangay. The specific
sampling method will be used to select a representative sample of farmers for data collection.

Sampling Procedure

A stratified random sampling technique will be used to ensure representation from different farming
groups within the barangay. The sample size will be determined using quantitative research methods to
ensure sufficient statistical power. The number of farmers to be included in each stratum in 8 Barangay
will be proportional to the size of the stratum in the population.

Data Collection Instruments and Procedures

Data will be collected primarily through structured interviews using a pre-tested questionnaire. The
questionnaire will gather information on:

- Production inputs: Seed costs, fertilizer costs, labor costs, pesticide costs, irrigation costs, etc.

- Production outputs: Yield (in kilograms or tons per hectare), quantity sold, and prices received for both
white and yellow corn.

- Post-harvest handling: Costs associated with drying, storage, and transportation.

- Farmer characteristics: Years of experience, farm size, access to credit and extension services.

Research Questionnaire

Part I. Demographics profile of corn farmers in Guindulungan Maguindanao del sur

1.1 Name of Respondents____________

1.2 Age:____

1.3 Sex:

( ) Male

( ) Female

1.4 Marital status

( ) Single
( ) Married

( ) Separated

( ) Annulled

( ) Widowed

1.5 Educational Attainment

( ) Elementary level

( ) Elementary graduate

( ) High school level

( ) High school graduate

( ) College level

( ) College graduate

1.6. Number of household involved in farming

( ) 1-2 members

( ) 3-4 members

( ) 5-6 members

( ) 7 members and above

1.7. Years of farming experience ______

1.8. tenurial status

( ) Tenant

( ) Owner

( ) Owner and tenant

1.9. Measure of land in terms of hectare_______

1.10. Number of harvest per year:

( ) Once

( ) Twice
( ) Trice

Part II. Comparative Analysis

1. 1.Which type of corn is more profitable for you?

a) White corn

b) Yellow corn

c) Both equally

2. 2. Factors influencing your corn farming decisions (check all that apply):

a) Market demand

b) Climate and soil suitability

c) Pest and disease management

d) Government support and subsidies

e) Other (please specify)

3.3. What challenges do you face in corn farming? (check all that apply):

a) Market fluctuations

b) Weather conditions

c) Pest and disease management

d) Limited resources

e) Other (please specify)

4.4. Where do you sell your corn? _________________________

4.5. What support would improve your corn production profitability?

( ) access to credit

( ) improved seeds

( ) better infrastructure, etc.)

Part III. Farming practices

2.1.Land preparation
( ) Manual plowing

( ) Water buffalo plowing ( carabao)

( ) Tractor

2.2. Types of Ecosystem

( ) Irrigated

( ) Rainfed

( ) Upland

2.3. Types of seeds

( ) Hybrid

( ) Inbrid

( ) Registered seeds

( ) Certified seeds

( ) Farmer seeds

2.4. Pesticide

( ) Insecticides

( ) Herbicides

( ) Fungicides

( ) Rodenticides

( ) Molluscicides

( ) Nematocides

2.5. Fertilizer

( ) Urea

( ) Ammosul/ Ammophos

( ) Complete

( ) Crop Giant
( ) Chemical fertilizer

( ) Manure/ organic

2.6. No. Of bags (seeds) per hectare _______

2.7. Harvesting method

( ) Manual harvesting

( ) Mechanical harvesting

( ) Both

2.8. Threshing method

( ) Used of petal thresher

( ) Trampling

( ) Used of threshing rack

( ) Mechanical threshing

( ) Other ( please specific)

2.9. labor employment

( ) Family labor

( ) Hired labor

( ) Pintakasi system

( ) Exchange or mutual help labor

Part IV. Number of sacks yield and total income from harvest

1.1 Number of sacks yield

( ) 5-10 sacks

( ) 20- 30 sacks

( ) 30 -40 sacks
( ) 50 - 60 sacks

( ) 70 and above

1.2. Total income from harvest ___________