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The Teacher’s Guide to
Scratch – Beginner
Kai Hutchence
Designed cover image: © iStock
First published 2024
by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2024 Kai Hutchence
The right of Kai Hutchence to be identified as author of this work has been
asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-49908-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-44817-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-39901-8 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003399018
Typeset in Palatino
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Additional copyediting and developmental editing provided by Gui de Souza
Rocha.
Scratch is a project of the Scratch Foundation, in collaboration with the
Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. It is available for free at
https://scratch.mit.edu.
The Scratch name, Scratch logo, Scratch Day logo, Scratch Cat, and Gobo are
Trademarks owned by the Scratch Team and are used for identification and do
not constitute or imply ownership or endorsement by the Scratch Foundation or
Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab.
With thanks to Gui de Souza Rocha and Terry Hoganson for their assistance,
encouragement, editing, testing, and feedback.
Contents
2 Why Coding? 10
Digital Careers 10
Automation11
Sociological11
Opportunities12
Creativity12
Thinking13
Engaging14
3 Why Scratch? 16
Accessibility and Approachability 16
Non-Commercial17
Language Support 17
Block Coding 17
Visual 19
Simple 19
Tactile 19
Modes of Access 20
Audio-Visual Feedback 21
viii ◆ Contents
Capability21
Computer Science Fundamentals 22
Digital Art 22
Extensions24
Powerful Backing 24
Community25
Inspiration25
Sharing26
Openness28
4 Scratch Basics 29
Website29
Accounts and Saving 31
Project Pages 32
Remixing32
The Scratch Editor 33
The Status Bar 34
Design Tabs 35
Stage Window 35
The Code Tab 38
Code Block Library 38
Coding Workspace 39
Colour and Categories 41
Shapes and Connections 42
Values and Data Input 45
Events, Triggering, and Timing 47
The Costumes or Backdrop Tab 47
Asset List 48
Sizing and Centring 48
Scaling and Rotating 49
Vector vs. Pixel 50
Art Tools 51
Art Tool Properties 54
Compositing 54
Undo 56
The Sounds Tab 56
Projects57
Sprite Listing 58
Stage58
Stage Code 60
Backdrops61
Stage Sounds 61
Contents ◆ ix
Sprites or Objects 61
Adding Sprites 61
Arranging and Deleting Sprites 63
Properties63
Code64
Costumes65
Sounds65
Next Step 65
Step 9: Visibility 97
Step 10: Sound Effects 98
Step 11: Transparency Using Ghost FX 99
Step 12: Duplicating More Fireworks 100
Glossary171
Index189
Meet the Author
I have a healthy appreciation for those who take on ambitious projects. Writ-
ing a thorough guide about an evolving programming environment, geared
toward teachers who manage an ever-changing education landscape, cer-
tainly falls into that category. The result – driven, I’m sure, by the type of “hard
fun” that learning visionary Seymour Papert encouraged – is a well-written
resource that will serve many types of educators, creators, and learners.
As a member of the core team that designed and delivered the first ver-
sion of Scratch, I have made it a mission to create resources for those same
groups. The journey that led me to being a part of the Scratch story, which
I’ll share here in part, underscores why I appreciate the voice that author Kai
Hutchence brings to this book and series.
Before joining the Scratch team and Mitchel Resnick’s Lifelong Kinder-
garten Research Group (LLK) at the MIT Media Lab, I spent time mentoring
at after-school learning centres called Computer Clubhouses. (Now they’re
called “Clubhouses”, after dropping “Computer” in 2015.) The Clubhouse
Network offers after-school safe spaces where imagination meets technology
in areas where they are needed the most. These spaces adhere to a learning
model built around four central themes: learning by designing, following
your interests, building a community, and fostering respect. By the time I met
Mitchel in 2002 at a Clubhouse event for teens, I had mentored at a handful of
Clubhouses, from the neighbourhood in which I grew up to others that were
close to the universities I attended. Mitchel and I spoke at length about how
we would attempted to share our passion for programming in many Club-
houses. We lamented that the existing tools for coding were not compelling
enough to gain traction in environments where young people could have fun
across domains (putting posters of digital art on the walls, making original
soundtracks, etc.). Many of the inaugural team members knew what made
the Clubhouses special and so shaped Scratch into a tool that would thrive
in them.
Scratch’s online project-sharing feature was designed to be like a virtual
wall that all creators in the community could post to. That way, people of dif-
ferent backgrounds and interests could appreciate projects ranging from ani-
mated cartoons to interactive simulations. People who identified as artists or
game designers would sometimes post how-to projects to encourage others
to create in those domains. Communities would grow as Scratchers shared
Foreword ◆ xv
their expertise across groups. Some Scratchers enjoyed building bridges and
making connections between communities.
With all that in mind, I see in Kai Hutchence those same characteristics
that some of the most prolific Scratchers embody: he is a community builder
who brings people together through ambitious projects. Kai credits his expe-
riences in disparate sectors for giving him the insights and perspectives that
allowed him to write this book and series in the way he did. He has been a
web/app/game developer who also taught across every tier of formal edu-
cation and professional development, from primary to higher education, and
has experience in entertainment industries.
Readers will find influences from each of those experiences in this book
as Kai links foundational educational theorists and theory, from Dewey
to constructivism, to better understand the perils and possibilities in the
technology-saturated educational system of today and tomorrow. He shows
deference to teachers, knowing that they are the experts of their own circum-
stances, and honours their expertise in his writing. The book’s structure will
support those accustomed to tinkering with topics as well as those who prefer
planning methodically. Some of the cornerstones of Scratch are affording space
to try things out, allowing for reflection, and encouraging iteration. Hutchence
eloquently writes in a way that centres these same cornerstones throughout.
Educators who use this book to build up their Scratch expertise are also
likely to develop keen abilities to nurture their students’ Scratch skills. The
diverse journeys made possible by Kai’s guidance will undoubtedly span
a range of topics and curricula, from computing and mathematics to social
studies and art. Along these journeys, teachers, especially those with no cod-
ing experience, will encounter situations where Scratch – its tools and/or eco-
system – may seem perplexing. Hutchence deftly anticipates and plans for a
variety of instances in which confusion could potentially stifle readers. He
does an excellent job of explaining possible paths forward for readers who
follow the exercises he proposes or when Scratch responds to programs in
ways they did not expect.
Of the many connections made in this book between Clubhouses and
Scratch, it warms me to see Kai Hutchence highlight how coding is more
than a path to a career or professional pursuits. He makes a compelling case
for creative expression and lifelong learning as critical outcomes of coding
instruction. Through this ambitious undertaking, Kai has shown that he is a
lifelong learner capable of inspiring others to be the same. I am confident that
the type of thinking that this thorough and thoughtful guide cultivates will
continue to serve teachers amidst the ongoing, and simultaneous, advance-
ment of computing tools like Scratch and evolution of the education system
at large.
xvi ◆ Foreword
Sidebars
Object Selection – sprites vs. the stage 70
Animation Speed – frames per second 74
Shapes – points, line, and fill 88
Resets – editor vs. user experience 94
Graphics Modes – bitmaps vs. vectors 108
Variables – how computers use data 110
Flow of Code – controls and conditions 126
Traffic Control – stopping and starting code 131
Style Legend
To help keep the different concepts involved clear for readers, we have
adopted the following text stylings to denote particular things relating to
Scratch projects:
Style – meaning
Object – a sprite or the stage
●Code Category – one of the colour-coded categories of code blocks
[Code Block] or (Code Block) or <Code Block> – any one of the many
code components in Scratch (the brackets help convey the shape of the
code block)
“Variable Name” – a variable added to the project
//Script Name – a connected sequence of code blocks (a stack or script) in
a project object
1
Why This Series?
I wrote this series to try to help address the tremendous changes happening
in education as it attempts to incorporate coding into the standard curricu-
lum. It is important that we recognize these challenges, and opportunities,
and look at the broad picture before we get caught up in the fine details of an
applied skill. While every era within memory has had educators struggle to
adapt to new technology and changes in society, the rate and scale of change
we face today is unparalleled. It is natural that educators feel overwhelmed
or lost in the turmoil. The hope is that this series can offer not only theory
and explanation of why these changes are necessary but also practical steps
to tackle the challenge. My objective is to give some view to the future, the
goals, the purpose that we are reaching for as a society, but also the ground-
ing in applied skills that you will use to build a practice around that can help
you transform your classroom into a training ground for world changers.
We may feel tremendous pressure from change, from coding to artificial
intelligence, genetic sequencing and editing, climate change, digitization,
overpopulation, robotics, renewable energy, resource shortages, democrati-
zation, and nanotechnology – the scale and power of change is staggering
on all fronts – but we may also become some of the most justifiably proud
teachers in history, leading a generation that will see some of the most radi-
cal achievements of our species: the elimination of diseases, the eradication
of poverty, the elimination of toil, even extra-planetary habitation. The chal-
lenges are big, but the opportunities are vast.
DOI: 10.4324/9781003399018-1
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2 ◆ Why This Series?
The Problems
Change is never easy. There are significant challenges to overcome, some
from the nature of the change, some from the nature of the system, and plenty
just from the situation we find ourselves in. The reason a book like this is
necessary is the lack of training for teachers to understand coding. Our edu-
cation faculties should have adapted at any point in the last 60 years to begin
this process but largely have not. Teacher training should have been working
us toward a greater understanding, slowly but surely, for generations. Then
this would not be so foreign. We would not lack experts within the education
system if teachers had been exposed to this sooner and under less-intensive
demands. It could have been a matter of exploration and inquiry instead of a
matter of compliance and demand.
We have failed to provide preparation, staged learning, and incorporation
around coding. Now teachers across the world are being faced with an imme-
diate need for adoption. Unfortunately, teaching continues to be a demand-
ing, life-consuming job. If they could not get trained before going into the
classroom, when, pray tell, are they supposed to manage to learn and adapt
to this new field of knowledge? There is no time off for it scheduled; I have
not heard of many paid sabbaticals to train in it and become comfortable
with it, or to make plans for their classroom to adopt it. I have not heard of
anything else being taken off teachers’ plates to accommodate for the new
demand. Seemingly, most jurisdictions and school boards, like economists,
have not learned to subtract. What time and support is being offered to teach-
ers to make this change? This change is far greater than anything else we have
thrown at teachers.
When we look past the aforementioned two systemic/governmental
issues, there is still plenty of hurdles. While coding is being taken up and
explored by the education community, it is still quite new. There are resources,
but they are still limited. There are lots of singular projects available to see,
study, or run, but there are few comprehensive guides and supports. Teachers
need learning pathways through this difficult new field but are largely at the
mercy of fate, simply searching for one shot and hoping they will be appro-
priate and complementary, often with little understanding of what is needed
or possible.
Thankfully, the coding educational tool Scratch is a leading method for
tackling coding, and it does have a lot of resources available, and some com-
munity built around it. So one can find lots of projects to work with. But
even with this great tool, there is little in the way of more comprehensive
supports. This book is largely about that, not just teaching projects, but teach-
ing underlying theories and professional practices through projects. Without
4 ◆ Why This Series?
understanding the theories and principles underlying code, we are really just
falling back to rote practice and repetition, having our students do but not
truly knowing or understanding.
One of the reasons it has been so difficult to incorporate coding into edu-
cation is that so few people have dealt with both spheres of knowledge: pro-
fessional experience as both educators and as tech professionals, especially
programmers. This means very few people can act as savants and guides to
translate between these two fields. Education tends to be a very extroverted
pursuit; programming a very introverted pursuit. The training to be a pro-
fessional in either field tends to be fairly significant. There is also very little
overlap in the skill sets, theories, and references. So this is not likely to resolve
easily either. Without tech people that know and engage in educational prac-
tice, and without education people that know and engage in tech (at both the
creation and maintenance level), we will have few luminaries to guide the
processes of this revolution.
The Good
We can be honest about the challenges and the problems but shouldn’t let that
stop us or trap us in negative thinking. There are challenges to overcome for
sure, but there is a lot of good that this work will achieve. The goal of coding
integration in classrooms, and of tech skill development in schools, is one
that will have tremendous positive impacts. So how do we acknowledge the
challenge, act on our realities, and maintain a growth mindset?
The fact is that we need to revolutionize education because there are rev-
olutionary new capabilities at our fingertips. The world has changed, and we
have to react to that change. The amazing technology that has transformed
our world has also provided us tools for that transformation. We have already
adopted to all kinds of classroom tech (EdTech); coding is simply the most
fundamental and the biggest step we have to take. Thankfully, tools exist to
make this transition happen, communities exist to support the change, and
individuals and organizations are out there fighting for the change and to
support it. You might feel like you are alone in this, but you are not; you just
might not have found or recognized your allies yet.
This book series is focused on one particular tool and its associated com-
munities. Scratch, or more specifically, Scratch 3, is an amazing tool that can
help us achieve this revolution, at least for a good chunk of basic education.
Available free online at http://scratch.mit.edu as either an online tool or as
an offline downloaded program, it can allow teachers and students to learn
a wonderful array of coding knowledge while exploring a wide range of
Why This Series? ◆ 5
creative possibilities. I think Scratch is the best tool to support this change in
education, built from the ground up to provide accessible, interesting, easy,
but deep coding educational experiences.
In teaching coding, we will be providing our students with a tremendous
benefit. Students need to be exposed to coding and understand it at least at
a basic level for the world of tomorrow. While few people would question
coding as a skill today, we always need to remember that we are trying to
prepare students for the world where they will be adults, citizens, and pro-
fessionals in ten years or more. We have to be forward-looking, and coding is
a must for that future. It is already a dominant influence on our lives, and it is
only getting stronger. Code is the technological tool this generation needs to
understand to engage, control, build, or invent the world of tomorrow.
Coding is more than a career, though. Through teaching coding, we teach
our students new ways of thinking. Whether they pursue it as a calling, enjoy
it as a hobby, or just have it as part of their skill set, coding creates lifelong
learners. Code is always changing and is so deep in capability that it can
6 ◆ Why This Series?
[107]Grande quantidade.
[108]Corregosinho.
[109]Talvez seja o nome deste fazendeiro Padua. Entretanto é
geralmente conhecido por Pauda.
[110]Mora.
[111]Esse collector, de que fala Pereira e cuja alma anda, no dizer
dos sertanejos, vagando pelas solidões de Sant' Anna, era um
empregado publico, que foi processado e preso depois de provada
a concussão praticada n exercicio das suas funcções. Falleceu na
prisão, e como o Estado lhe sequestrou todos os bens, cahiram em
abandono a excellente casa e fazenda que formara a umas trinta
leguas da villa.
CAPITULO XXIV
A VILLA DE SANT'ANNA
[112]Dominar, desmoralisar.
[113]Modificação familiar de Clotilde.
[114]Enjoado é qualitativo muito usado na provincia de Goyaz. Tem
muitas accepções, desde engraçado, tolo, até impostor, vaidoso.
[115]Tem muitos conhecimentos.
CAPITULO XXV
A VIAGEM
* * * * * * *
Transpondo, na manhã seguinte, o rio Paranahyba, pisou Cyrino
territorio de Minas-Geraes.
Depois de legua e meia em matta semelhante á da margem direita,
abrem-se campos dobrados, um tanto crestados do sol, de aspecto
pouco variado, mas abundantissimos em perdizes e codornas.
Tão preoccupado levava o moço o espirito que, nem sequer uma só
vez, imitou o pio daquellas aves; distracção, a que aliás não se furta
quem por lá viaja, tão instantes são os motivos de instigação.
Foi com impaciencia mais e mais crescente que percorreu as
dezeseis leguas intermedias á fazenda do Padua.
Ia com o coração cheio de aprehensões e os olhos se lhe arazavam
de lagrimas, de cada vez que contemplava o melancolico bority. Então
pelo pensamento voava á casa de Innocencia. Tambem, alli junto ao
corrego em cuja borda se déra a ultima entrevista, se erguia uma
daquellas palmeiras, rainha dos sertões.
Que estaria fazendo a querida dos seus sonhos?
Que lhe aconteceria? E Manecão?! Já teria lá chegado?
Ao pensar nisto, augmentava-se-lhe a agitação e com vigor
esporeava a cavalgadura.
Transformava-se para elle o caminho em dolorosa via, que numa
vertiginosa carreira quizera vencer, mas que era preciso ir tragando
pouso a pouso, ponto por ponto.
A magestosa impassibilidade da natureza exasperava-o.
Quando o homem soffre devéras, desejara nos raptos do allucinado
orgulho, ver tudo derrocado pela furia dos temporaes, em harmonia
com a tempestade que lhe vae no intimo.
—Meu Deus! murmurava Cyrino, tudo quanto me rodeia está tão
alegre e é tão bello! Com tanta leveza voam os passaros: as flores são
tão mimosas; os ribeirões tão claros ... tudo convida ao descanço ... só
eu a padecer! Antes a morte... Quem me dera arrancar do coração
este peso! esta certeza de uma desgraça immensa! Que é afinal o
amor!... Daqui a annos talvez nem me lembre mais da pobre
Innocencia... Estarei me atormentando á tôa... Oh não! Essa menina é
a minha vida! é o meu sangue ... o meu pharol para os céus... Quem
m'a rouba, mata-me de uma vez. Venha a morte ... fique ella para
chorar por mim ... um dia contará como um homem soube amar!...
Levantara Cyrino a voz. De repente, deu um grande grito, como que
o suffocava:
—Innocencia!... Innocencia!
E as sonoridades da solidão, doceis a qualquer ruido, repetiram
aquelle adorado nome, como repetiam o uivo selvatico da çuçuarana,
a nota plangente do sabiá ou a martellada metallica da araponga...
Como tudo, afinal, tem termo, alcançou Cyrino, no quarto dia, a
casa de Antonio Cesario. Acolheu-o este com toda a amabilidade e
franqueza.
CAPITULO XXVI
RECEPÇÃO CORDIAL
CAPITULO XXXVII
SCENAS INTIMAS
Santa Maria, advogada nossa, ouvi nossos rogos. Virgem pura, ante
Vós se prostra uma infeliz donzella.
WALTER SCOTT.—Os dois desposados.