CPT_Final Draft Report_RWASA
CPT_Final Draft Report_RWASA
,
LIMITED BANGLADESH BRANCH OFFICE (RAJSHAHI
WASA SURFACE WATER TREATMENT PLANT PROJECT)
Upazila: Godagari, District: Rajshahi
T
AF
R
D
December, 2024
1. INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------01
5. CPT INTERPRETATION-----------------------------------------------------------------05
8. ATTACHMENTS:
T
Appendix-A: ECPT Logs (Graphical)
AF
1. Introduction:
2. Scope of Work:
2.1 General:
In the Cone Penetration Test (CPT), a cone on the end of a series of rods is
pushed into the ground at a constant rate and continuous measurements are
made of the resistance to penetration of the cone and of a surface sleeve.
Figure -1 illustrates the main terminology regarding cone penetrometers. The
total force acting on the cone, Qc, divided by the projected area of the cone
Ac, produces the cone resistance, qc. The total force acting on the friction
sleeve, Fs, divided by the surface area of the friction sleeve, As, produces the
sleeve friction, fs. In a piezocone, pore pressure is also measured, typically
Page-02
behind the cone in the u2 location, as shown in Figure1.
Figure: 1, Terminology for cone penetrometers
CPTu, Cone penetration test with pore pressure measurement – piezocone test.
Cone resistance, qc
The force acting on the cone, Qc, divided by the projected area of the cone,
Ac.
qc = Qc / Ac T
Corrected cone resistance, qt
AF
Sleeve friction, fs
D
The frictional force acting on the friction sleeve, Fs, divided by its surface
area, As. fs = Fs / As
Friction ratio, Rf
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the sleeve friction, fs, to the cone
resistance, qt, both measured at the same depth. Rf = (fs/qt) x 100%
5. CPT Interpretation
characteristics, such as, grain size distribution but provide a guide to the
mechanical characteristics (strength, stiffness, compressibility) of the soil, or
the soil behavior type (SBT). CPT data provides a repeatable index of the
aggregate behavior of the in-situ soil in the immediate area of the probe.
Hence, prediction of soil type based on CPT is referred to as Soil Behavior
Type (SBT)
Page-06
T
AF
R
The above correlations require the soil grain size information to determine
the mean grain size (or fines content). Grain characteristics can be
estimated
Didirectly from CPT results using soil behavior type (SBT) charts. The
CPT SBTcharts show a clear trend of increasing friction ratio with
increasing fines content and decreasing grain size. Robertson et al. (1982)
(qc/pa)
Zone Soil Behavior Type
N60
1 Sensitive fine grained 2.0
2 Organic soils–clay 1.0
3 Clays: clay to silty clay 1.5
4 Silt mixtures: clayeysilt&siltyclay 2.0
5 Sand mixtures: silty sand to sandy silt 3.0
6 Sands: clean sands to silty sands 5.0
7 Densesandtogravellysand 6.0
8 Verystiffsandtoclayeysand* 5.0
9 Verystifffine-grained* 1.0
Soil Behavior Type index, Ic, is the radius of the essentially concentric circles
that represent the boundaries between each SBT zone. Ic can be defined as
follows;
Ic = ((3.47 - log Qt)2 + (log Fr + 1.22)2)0.5
where:
T
Qt = normalized cone penetration resistance = (qt – σvo)/σ'vo
AF
Fr = normalized friction ratio, in % = (fs/(qt – σvo)) x 100%
Soil total unit weights (γ are best obtained by obtaining relatively undisturbed
D
samples (e.g., thin-walled Shelby tubes; piston samples) and weighing a known
volume of soil. When this is not feasible, the total unit weight can be estimated
from CPT results, such as Figure 27 and the follow relationship
(Robertson,2010):
γ/ γw = 0.27 [log Rf] + 0.36 [log(qt/pa)] +1.236
where
Rf = friction ratio = (fs/qt)100 %
γw = unit weight of water in same units as γ
pa = atmospheric pressure in same units as qt
Typically, Nkt varies from 10 to 18, with 14 as an average for Su (ave). Nkt tends
to increase with increasing plasticity and decrease with increasing soil sensitivity.
Table-05, End Bearing Capacity of soil qc from CPT (Detail bearing capacity
T
has been shown in Appendix-C.)
AF
CPT Depth (m) Corrected End Bearing Capacity
No. of soil qc from CPT (Kpa)
R
1 1113
D
01 2 2155
3 2686
4 3635
5 3996
6 4173
1 1231
02 2 2404
3 1364
4 3336
5 4462
6 3035
1 1828
03 2 3022
3 3525
4 3910
5 3704
6 3969
Page-10
After a thorough analysis of the available CPT test data, this sub-soil
investigation report has been prepared. A detailed description of the soil profile
as found from CPT was mentioned earlier along with analysis of field test results.
T
Detailed bearing capacity (qc) has been shown in Appendix C.
AF
Stratification of the soil layer has been shown in CPT logs. In the CPT-1 log
R
at 0.4m to 0.7m and 1.0m depth sand layers exist. Except for the above depth
D
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
150 cm²
10 cm² Equilibirum pore pressure (u0) in MPa
Test according NEN 5140 class 1 Date : 29-Nov-24
Project : RSWTP Cone no. : S10CFIIP.S18775
Project no. : RWASA SWTP
Location: Godagari
1.47
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
150 cm²
10 cm² Effective vertical stress (rov;z`) in kPa
Test according NEN 5140 class 1 Date : 29-Nov-24
Project : RSWTP Cone no. : S10CFIIP.S18775
Project no. : RWASA SWTP
Location: Godagari
1.47
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
(2) Organic soils
(3) Clay
-21 (4) Silt mixtures
(5) Sand mixtures
(6) Sand clean to silty
-22 (7) Gravelly sand
-23
u2
-24
7 6 5 4 3 2
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-3 (9)
(6)
-4 (9) (0)
-5 (6)
(6)
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
(0) Not defined
-21 (1) Sensitive, fine grained
(2) Organic soils-peats
(3) Clays-clay to silty clay
(4) Clayey silt to silty clay
-22 (5) Sand mixtures
(6) Sands
(7) Gravelly sand to sand
-23 (8) Very stiff sand to clayey sand
(9) Very stiff fine grained
u2
-24
Soil behaviour type classification after Robertson 1990
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
150 cm²
10 cm² Equilibirum pore pressure (u0) in MPa
Test according NEN 5140 class 1 Date : 29-Nov-24
Project : RSWTP Cone no. : S10CFIIP.S18775
Project no. : RWASA SWTP
Location: Godagari
1.47
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
150 cm²
10 cm² Effective vertical stress (rov;z`) in kPa
Test according NEN 5140 class 1 Date : 29-Nov-24
Project : RSWTP Cone no. : S10CFIIP.S18775
Project no. : RWASA SWTP
Location: Godagari
1.47
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
(2) Organic soils
(3) Clay
-21 (4) Silt mixtures
(5) Sand mixtures
(6) Sand clean to silty
-22 (7) Gravelly sand
-23
u2
-24
7 6 5 4 3 2
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2 (9) (0)
-3 (9) (7)
-4
(7)
(7)
-5 (7)
(7)
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
(0) Not defined
-21 (1) Sensitive, fine grained
(2) Organic soils-peats
(3) Clays-clay to silty clay
(4) Clayey silt to silty clay
-22 (5) Sand mixtures
(6) Sands
(7) Gravelly sand to sand
-23 (8) Very stiff sand to clayey sand
(9) Very stiff fine grained
u2
-24
Soil behaviour type classification after Robertson 1990
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
150 cm²
10 cm² Equilibirum pore pressure (u0) in MPa
Test according NEN 5140 class 1 Date : 29-Nov-24
Project : RSWTP Cone no. : S10CFIIP.S18776
Project no. : RWASA SWTP
Location: Godagari
1.47
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
150 cm²
10 cm² Effective vertical stress (rov;z`) in kPa
Test according NEN 5140 class 1 Date : 29-Nov-24
Project : RSWTP Cone no. : S10CFIIP.S18776
Project no. : RWASA SWTP
Location: Godagari
1.47
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
(2) Organic soils
(3) Clay
-21 (4) Silt mixtures
(5) Sand mixtures
(6) Sand clean to silty
-22 (7) Gravelly sand
-23
u2
-24
7 6 5 4 3 2
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
(9) (0)
-2
(9) (0)
-3
-4
-5
-6 (9) (0)
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
(0) Not defined
-21 (1) Sensitive, fine grained
(2) Organic soils-peats
(3) Clays-clay to silty clay
(4) Clayey silt to silty clay
-22 (5) Sand mixtures
(6) Sands
(7) Gravelly sand to sand
-23 (8) Very stiff sand to clayey sand
(9) Very stiff fine grained
u2
-24
Soil behaviour type classification after Robertson 1990
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
150 cm²
10 cm² Equilibirum pore pressure (u0) in MPa
Test according NEN 5140 class 1 Date : 30-Nov-24
Project : RSWTP Cone no. : S10CFIIP.S18776
Project no. : RWASA SWTP
Location: Godagari
1.47
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
150 cm²
10 cm² Effective vertical stress (rov;z`) in kPa
Test according NEN 5140 class 1 Date : 30-Nov-24
Project : RSWTP Cone no. : S10CFIIP.S18776
Project no. : RWASA SWTP
Location: Godagari
1.47
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
(2) Organic soils
(3) Clay
-21 (4) Silt mixtures
(5) Sand mixtures
(6) Sand clean to silty
-22 (7) Gravelly sand
-23
u2
-24
7 6 5 4 3 2
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
-3 (3)
(4)
-4
(3)
-5 (4)
-6
(5) (4)
-8 (3)
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
(0) Not defined
-21 (1) Sensitive, fine grained
(2) Organic soils-peats
(3) Clays-clay to silty clay
(4) Clayey silt to silty clay
-22 (5) Sand mixtures
(6) Sands
(7) Gravelly sand to sand
-23 (8) Very stiff sand to clayey sand
(9) Very stiff fine grained
u2
-24
Soil behaviour type classification after Robertson 1990
150 cm²
10 cm²
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Depth in m to reference level (NAP)
-9
-10
-11
T
-12
AF
-13
-14
R
D
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
u2
-24
150 cm²
10 cm²
T
AF
R
D
CPT-02
Max.
Corrected Corrected Soil Internal
Cone Cone Sleeve Undrained Equivalent
Depth cone cone behaviour friction
resistance resistance friction (fs) shear SPT N60
[m] resistance resistance type index angle in
(qc) in MPa (qc) in KPa in MPa strength (Su) Value
(qt) in MPa (qt) in KPa (Ic) degrees
in kPa
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 UNDEF UNDEF 0
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 UNDEF UNDEF 0
0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 UNDEF UNDEF 0
0.3 0.8 807.8 0.0 0.8 807.5 2.1 UNDEF UNDEF 2
0.4 1.0 959.7 0.0 1.0 959.3 2.1 UNDEF UNDEF 2
0.5 1.0 1022.0 0.1 1.0 1025.4 2.2 UNDEF UNDEF 2
0.6 0.9 920.8 0.1 0.9 924.2 2.3 UNDEF UNDEF 2
0.7 1.0 1014.2 0.1 1.0 1022.7 2.2 UNDEF UNDEF 2
0.8 1.2 1170.0 0.1 1.2 1176.4 2.2 UNDEF UNDEF 3
0.9 1.2 1236.2 0.1 1.2 1240.8 2.3 UNDEF UNDEF 3
1.0 1.2 1224.5 0.1 1.2 1230.9 2.2 UNDEF UNDEF 3
1.1 1.2 1162.2 0.1 1.2 1168.8 2.3 UNDEF UNDEF 3
1.2 1.4 1364.7 0.1 1.4 1375.6 2.2 UNDEF UNDEF 3
1.3 1.8 1758.0 0.1 1.8 1766.8 2.2 UNDEF UNDEF 4
1.4 2.0 2022.8 0.1 2.0 2026.3 2.2 UNDEF UNDEF 4
1.5 2.5 2505.6 0.1 2.5 2505.5 2.1 UNDEF UNDEF 5
1.6 2.7 2700.4 0.1 2.7
T
2698.5 2.1 UNDEF UNDEF 6
AF
1.7 2.6 2595.2 0.1 2.6 2597.5 2.1 UNDEF UNDEF 6
1.8 1.9 1921.5 0.1 1.9 1922.0 2.3 UNDEF UNDEF 4
1.9 2.3 2303.2 0.1 2.3 2305.9 2.2 UNDEF UNDEF 5
R
Photographs
D
D
R
AF
T
D
R
AF
T