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FOOT-POUND

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13 March 2000
CAGE Code 18876

AERONAUTICAL DESIGN STANDARD

STANDARD PRACTICE

AIR VEHICLE TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

AMSC N/A
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.
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CONTENTS
TABLE PAGE

1. SCOPE .......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................1

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS .................................................................................1

2.1 General ...............................................................................................................1
2.2 Government documents......................................................................................1
2.3 Order of precedence ...........................................................................................2

3. DEFINITIONS...........................................................................................................2
3.1 Acronyms ...........................................................................................................2

4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................3

4.1 Documentation ...................................................................................................3
4.2 Graphs ................................................................................................................3
4.3 Tables .................................................................................................................3
4.4 Drawings ............................................................................................................3
4.5 Substantiation .....................................................................................................3

5. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................4

5.1 Air vehicle dimensional data, Level I ................................................................4
5.1.1 Drawings ............................................................................................................4
5.1.2 Tabulated dimensions and areas.........................................................................5
5.2 Air vehicle dimensional data, Level II ...............................................................6
5.2.1 Drawings ............................................................................................................6
5.2.2 Airfoil drawings .................................................................................................6
5.3 Air vehicle dimensional data, Level III..............................................................7
5.3.1 Basic drawings ...................................................................................................7
5.3.2 Structure drawings..............................................................................................7
5.3.3 Propulsion system drawings...............................................................................8
5.3.4 Equipment drawings...........................................................................................8
5.4 Description of the rotor systems.........................................................................8
5.5 Airfoil section data .............................................................................................12
5.6 Airframe aerodynamic data ................................................................................13
5.7 Rotor structural dynamics data...........................................................................15
5.8 Airframe structural dynamics data .....................................................................16
5.9 Aerodynamic surface data ..................................................................................17
5.10 Control system data ............................................................................................18
5.11 Propulsion and drive system data.......................................................................20

6. NOTES.......................................................................................................................20
6.1 Rotor wake aerodynamic interference................................................................20
6.2 Component aerodynamics ..................................................................................20
6.3 Airfoil Level III data ..........................................................................................21

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CONTENTS
TABLE PAGE

I Aerodynamic Surfaces .......................................................................................6

II Rotor Data ..........................................................................................................9
III Radial Distribution of Rotor Blade Properties Units .........................................10
IV Rotor System Data..............................................................................................10
V Radial Distribution of Rotor Blade Properties Data...........................................11
VI Aerodynamics of Fuselage Data.........................................................................14
VII Data for Ground Resonance Model....................................................................16
VIII Surface 3-dimensional Force and Moment Data................................................18
IX Control Travel Data............................................................................................19

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AIR VEHICLE TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

1. SCOPE

1.1 Scope. This standard practice Aeronautical Design Standard specifies the air vehicle
technical data necessary to perform a detailed analysis of the performance, handling qualities,
rotor dynamics, airframe dynamics, and acoustics of proposed new development or derivative
rotorcraft. It is the purpose of this standard to provide a clear technical description of the
proposed air vehicle and its components at a level of detail consistent with the current stage of its
design. To this end, the data requirements are divided into topics and the topics are divided into
three levels: Level I, Level II, and Level III. Level I (minimum) requires sufficient information
to conduct a basic performance and stability and control analysis including the aerodynamic
effects of the rotor system and the fuselage. Level II (intermediate) requires all of the data
required for Level I plus additional data required for more detailed rotor and fuselage
aerodynamics and a basic dynamic analysis of the rotors and the fuselage. Level III (detailed) is
intended to allow a very detailed aerodynamic and dynamic analysis.

This standard practice Aeronautical Design Standard is a communications tool. It is intended to

provide a standard nomenclature and format for providing a technical description of the design.
This standard contains a set of requirements designed to be tailored for each contract by the
contracting agency. The tailoring process intended for this standard is the deletion of non-
applicable requirements

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 General. The documents listed in this section are specified in sections 3, 4, and 5 of this
standard. This section does not include documents cited in other sections of this standard or
recommended for additional information or as examples. While every effort has been made to
ensure the completeness of this list, documents users are cautioned that they must meet all
specified requirements documents cited in sections 3, 4, and 5 of this standard, whether or not
they are listed.

2.2 Government documents. The following Government documents, drawings, and publications
form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise specified, the
issues are those cited in the solicitation.

NACA Report 1351 Theory of Self-Excited Mechanical Oscillations

of Helicopter Rotors with Hinged Blades

NASA TM-78627 Computer Program to Prepare Airfoil

Characteristics Data for Use in Helicopter
Performance Calculation

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USAATCOM TM 93-A-004 Second Generation Comprehensive Helicopter

Analysis System

USAAVRADCOM-TR-80-A-5,6,7 Comprehensive Analytical Model of Rotorcraft

Aerodynamics and Dynamics

USAAVRADCOM-TR-80-D-38A Rotorcraft Flight Simulation, Computer

Program C81 with Datamap Interface

USARTL-TR-77-54A Rotorcraft Flight Simulation, Computer

Program C81

2.3 Order of precedence. In the event of a conflict between the text of this document and the
references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document,
however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been
obtained.

3. DEFINITIONS

3.1 Acronyms.

AFCS Automatic Flight Control System

cd coefficient of drag
cg center of gravity
cm coefficient of moment
cl coefficient of lift
D/q Equivalent parasite drag area
L/q Equivalent parasite lift area
L/q Equivalent Rolling Moment Volume
M Mach Number
NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
N/q yaw moment equivalent volume
RPM revolutions per minute
SDGW Structural Design Gross Weight
TBD To be determined
VTOL Vertical Take Off and Landing
Y/q Equivalent parasite side force area
3-d Three dimensional
ψ yaw angle
δ small increment
α angle of attack
∂ partial derivative
θ pitch angle

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4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Documentation. The report(s) prepared to satisfy the requirements of this standard may in
general be prepared in any format as long as the requirements stated below are met. Each report
shall include a table of contents, a list of symbols, a list of figures, a list of tables, and a list of
references and/or bibliography. The body of each report shall be organized in essentially the
same format, sequence of topics, and numbering system which is used in this standard. The air
vehicle technical description shall be a single report for level I and shall be two reports for levels
II and III. The two reports shall be bound separately and shall consist of the information
required by:

a. Paragraphs 5.0 through 5.7.

b. Paragraphs 5.8 through 5.11 plus all substantiation provided in response to paragraph 4.5
below.

4.2 Graphs. The size and scale used for graphic presentations are a function of the data to be
presented. The choice of paper size and scale shall be left to the offeror. All graphs shall be on a
separate page (unless otherwise specified). All graphs shall be on good quality engineering
graph paper with the grid retained. Odd scales (such as 7, 2.5, and 3 units per division) shall not
be used. The scale shall facilitate interpolation (i.e., there shall be sufficient grid to facilitate
reading information directly off the graph).

4.3 Tables. Tables shall be provided in order to give more detail than can be presented in
graphic presentations and, also, to provide certain types of computer inputs. As with graphic
data, the exact format of the table is a function of the variables to be tabulated. For computer
input tables, there shall be enough points tabulated to allow linear interpolation between points
without introducing significant errors.

4.4 Drawings. Drawings of the entire air vehicle (e.g., 3 view, inboard profile) shall be
accurately scaled and the scale shall be called out on each drawing. The scales used shall be
integer multiples of scales found on a conventional engineer's scale (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and
60). In addition to printed copies, the drawing geometry shall be provided in International
Graphics Exchange Standard (IGES) format.

4.5 Substantiation. All of the air vehicle technical description data shall be divided into two
parts: basic description and derived data. The basic description shall consist of physical
dimensions under the direct control of the designer or well-documented properties of standard
materials (e.g., Young's Modulus for 2024-T6). Derived data shall consist of any properties of
the proposed design which are the result of physical laws operating on the design (e.g., airfoil
section data or the stiffness and damping of a complex structure). The basic description data
shall require no substantiation. The derived data shall be substantiated for levels II and III. This
substantiation shall be complete and copies of any references (or the referenced portion(s)
thereof) shall be appended.

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5. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Air vehicle dimensional data, Level I. Level I data shall be IAW 5.1.1, 5.1.1.1, 5.1.1.2,
5.1.2, 5.1.2.1, and 5.1.2.2.

5.1.1 Drawings. A set of 3-view, inboard profile and folded/stowed engineering drawings of
the air vehicle shall be provided. Air vehicles which change configuration during normal
operation (e.g., tilting rotors or wings, stopped rotors, stowed rotors) shall be shown in vertical
take-off mode for the basic drawings with supplemental drawings showing other modes (e.g.,
short takeoff, cruise, folded/stowed). These supplemental drawings shall emphasize overall
dimensions, clearances, and operating parameters (e.g., rotor shaft angle).

5.1.1.1 Locations. The following stationline, buttline, and waterline locations (inches) shall be
clearly labeled on the appropriate drawing(s):

a. The origin of the fuselage reference system.

b. Forward and aft ends of the fuselage.

c. Each rotor hub.

d. Aerodynamic center for each aerodynamic surface.

e. Rotor shaft tilt axis and the center of gravity of the tilting mass (if applicable).

f. The ground plane (landing gear unloaded; loaded at Structural Design Gross Weight
(SDGW); and kneeled if applicable).

g. Each external store station.

h. The air vehicle center of gravity (cg) location(s) which are most critical for static
turnover, tipback and tipforward.

5.1.1.2 Dimensions. The following dimensions (in inches or degrees) shall be documented on
the appropriate drawing(s):

a. The radius of each unique rotor.

b. The angle of incidence (with respect to the fuselage reference waterline

plane/centerline plane) of the aerodynamic reference line of each non-rotating
aerodynamic surface.

c. The longitudinal and lateral shaft tilt angles or angular range (with respect to a
vertical axis perpendicular to the reference waterline plane) of each unique rotor
shall be indicated.

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d. The static and dynamic (rotors turning) clearances of the most critical rotor blade(s)
with respect to the rest of the air vehicle and/or the ground plane (landing gear
loaded at SDGW).

e. The most critical static turnover, tipback and tipforward angles.

f. The air vehicle overall length, width and height (rotors on and off).

g. The maximum airframe width, landing gear retracted and extended (without
aerodynamic surfaces).

h. The static and dynamic (limit sink speed landing) clearances of the most critical non-
rotating components with respect to the ground or deck for the most critical
operating condition(s) including slope landings and rolling decks.

i. Cargo compartment, door, and ramp dimensions.

5.1.2 Tabulated Dimensions and Areas.

5.1.2.1 Airframe. The dimensions required on the drawings shall be tabulated in a compact
format for easy reference. All angles shall be in degrees and linear dimensions shall be
converted into feet, except for clearances in inches. The following items (feet or feet2) shall be
added to this table.

a. Horizontal and/or vertical distance(s) between rotors.

b. Landing gear track and tread (feet) plus the stationline and buttline location of the
center of each ground contact patch (inches).

c. Cargo compartment floor area.

d. Wetted areas of the following mutually exclusive components: fuselage, sponsons,

nacelle(s), pylon(s), and spinner(s)/hub fairing(s).

5.1.2.2 Aerodynamic Surfaces. As a minimum, the data per Table I shall be tabulated for
each aerodynamic surface (excluding rotor blades).

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TABLE I. Aerodynamic Surfaces

ITEM UNITS
Planform area (exposed and theoretical) feet2
Span feet
Aspect ratio (theoretical) ---
Chord (tip and root) feet
Sweep angle of quarter chord degrees
Orientation w.r.t. fuselage reference system degrees
Thickness (tip and root) percent of chord
Airfoil section(s) ---
Control surface, flap or leading edge device area feet2
Control surface, flap or leading edge device span percent of span
Control surface, flap or leading edge device chord percent of chord

5.2 Air vehicle dimensional data, Level II. The requirements of Level I shall be provided with
the following additions in 5.2.1, 5.2.1.1, and 5.2.2.

5.2.1 Drawings. As a minimum drawings shall include the following documentation:

a. Inboard profile drawings depicting the major air vehicle systems in sufficient detail
to allow cross-section outlines to be drawn.

b. A set of line drawings of the air vehicle, including a cross-section for each station at
which there is a major change in shape.

5.2.1.1 Locations and dimensions. As a minimum, the following items shall be clearly
documented on the appropriate drawing(s):

a. The centerline and center of gravity of the engine, transmission, fuel, internal
armament, external stores, and major equipment.

b. Cross-section dimensions sufficient to define the configuration.

c. Landing gear dimensions and travel, including wheel and strut dimensions, under
both loaded and unloaded conditions.

5.2.2 Airfoil drawings. Separate scale drawings of each airfoil section used on the air vehicle
shall be provided. An expanded vertical scale, or "whale plot" shall be used. The reflex angle
and/or tab deflection angle shall be indicated on each drawing. A table of coordinates shall be
provided with each drawing. Not less than 50 points on both the upper and lower surfaces shall
be included in the table; at least 20 of these points shall be within the first 20 percent of the
airfoil chord. Separate drawings of each unique rotor blade shall be provided, each drawing shall
show the value(s) of blade chord, tip sweep, tip anhedral, blade taper and the radial distribution
of airfoil section. Both rotor and wing airfoil sections may be continuously varying with respect

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to radius or span. In this case, primary airfoil section drawings and the radial location of such
airfoils, shall be provided.

5.3 Air vehicle dimensional data, Level III. In addition to the Level II requirements, as a
minimum, the following drawings shall also be documented. .

5.3.1 Basic drawings. Basic drawings shall contain a three-view drawing which shall include
the overall dimensions, and an inboard drawing profile.

5.3.2 Structure drawings. Structure drawings shall contain direct and cross-sectional views (not
isometric) accurately scaled, which shall include or be attached to the drawing, with details and
dimensions that show the following:

a. Wing – Structural box including box chord and thickness along the span, typical
cross sections showing flaps, slats, etc. engine location and centroids, dimensions
and areas for flaps, slats, ailerons, spoilers, leading edge, trailing edge, major
cutouts, etc., fold and production joints, materials used, critical temperature areas
with design temperatures. Areas shall be shown in square feet and identified by
cross hatching or other suitable means.

b. Tail- Drawings and information compatible with wing requirement where applicable.

c. Rotor – Hub and hinge, including method of rotor attachment, typical cross section
including any balance weight, structural box, rotor chord and thickness along the
span. Blade area in square feet identified by cross hatching or suitable means.

d. Fuselage, hull, and booms – Primary and secondary structure including bulkheads,
frames, longerons and stingers, major cutouts, flooring, major fittings and splices,
pressurized area including volume, materials, critical temperature areas with design
temperatures indicated. Fuel tank areas shall be cross hatched and capacities
indicated (where not shown on a separate fuel system drawing). Major cutouts,
weapons bays, store provisions, engine, engine compartment and access doors,
landing gear support and cutout shall be identified.

e. Nacelle – Primary and secondary structure with details compatible with wing and
fuselage requirements when applicable.

f. Air induction system – Details may be included on a separate drawing or included on

the fuselage or nacelle drawings. Inlet design including spike, ramp, mechanisms,
etc., shall be shown.

g. Alighting gear – Main, nose, or tail, and auxiliary gear drawings detailing the gear
structure, rolling stock, retracting mechanism, attachment fittings, catapult and arrest
structure. Sizes and dimensions are to be included for the rolling stock, oleo, travel,
wheel travel (where different from oleo travel), strut length from axle to centerline
trunnion.

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5.3.3 Propulsion system drawings. Propulsion system drawings shall include the following:

a. Engine – Location and shape, mounts, access provisions, intake attachment station,
etc. (unless shown on the fuselage or nacelle structural drawings). Bleed or bypass
ducts not shown on the basic air induction drawing.

b. Fuel system – Tank location, shapes, and capacities as well as location of the major
distribution system components.

c. Transmission system – Gear boxes and supports, drive shafts and supports, from
engine to final output drive points. Horsepower, torque, RPM, and gear ratios shall
be shown for each stage.

5.3.4 Equipment drawings. Equipment drawings shall be scaled drawings to show major
component locations and schematics to show the functional layout of the flight control, mission
equipment avionics, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, air conditioning, and anti-icing groups.
Isometric drawings may be substituted.

5.4 Description of the rotor systems. Data describing the rotor systems shall be divided into two
categories: 1) information which describes the total system, and 2) those properties which vary
with radius. The tabulation shall be compact and shall exclude any items not applicable to the
type of rotor system proposed. Both graphic and tabular data shall be used in describing the
radially varying properties. Not less than 20 nor more than 50 blade stations shall be used (if the
property is piecewise linear, break points only shall be used). Blade stations should be spaced in
such a way as to insure accurate interpolation. Radially varying properties shall be documented
from the center of rotation to the blade tip. Properties which vary with collective pitch shall be
documented for three values of collective pitch (minimum, middle and maximum). Properties
which vary with operating mode (e.g., hover, cruise) shall be documented for each significant
operating mode. The following data shall be documented for each unique rotor system and
propeller, if applicable.

5.4.1 Level I. Level I data shall be as specified in 5.4.1.1 and 5.4.1.2.

5.4.1.1 Rotor Data. Rotor data shall consist of, as a minimum, the data required by Table II.

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TABLE II. Rotor Data

ITEM UNITS
A brief description of the rotor system including the hub type, arrangement and
number of blades, direction of rotation, and the hinge, and bearing ---
configuration
Radius feet
Chord (effective if not constant) inches
Geometric, thrust and torque weighted solidity ---
Thickness (effective if not constant) percent of cord
Airfoil Section (effective if not constant) ---
Twist angle of the aerodynamic reference line of the section, root to tip degrees
(positive nose up, ref. zero at zero radius; equivalent if non-linear)
Blade mass per blade (outboard of physical or equivalent flapping hinge) slugs
First mass moment of flapping inertia (about physical or equivalent flapping slug-ft
hinge)
Second mass moment of flapping inertia (about physical or equivalent flapping
slug-ft2
hinge)
Lock number (sea level, standard day conditions) ---
Flapping and lead-lag hinge offsets (articulated rotor) percent of radius
Undersling (teetering or gimbaled rotor) inches
Pitch bearing offset percent of radius
Equivalent flapping and lead-lag hinge offsets (hingeless rotor) percent of radius
First flap and lag natural frequencies per rev
Direction of rotor rotation ---
Normal design RPM, power-on and power-off (a table of values shall be RPM
provided if design RPM is a function of mast tilt or flight condition).
Hub radius feet
Frontal area of exposed hub, shaft and control rods
feet2
Equivalent parasite drag area of exposed hub, shaft, and control rods (omit if
feet2
tilting mass drag provided below)
Longitudinal mast tilt* (positive forward, show operating range if variable) degrees
Lateral mass tilt* (positive starboard) degrees
Mast length from tilt axis to rotor inches
Location of mast: tilt axis (Stationline, buttline, waterline) inches
Distance from mast tilt axis to nacelle aerodynamic center inches
Tilting mass center of gravity location (Stationline, buttline, waterline) inches
Tilting mass weight pounds
Equivalent parasite drag area of tilting components
VTOL mode feet2
Cruise mode feet2
Azimuthal relationship between rotors degrees
(ψ2 when ψ1 = 0, + counterclockwise)
*Lateral mast tilt may vary with longitudinal mast tilt due to conversion-axis or pylon dihedral
or conversion-axis or wing sweep. Quantities associated with mast tilt shall be given in terms of
a schedule of values as a function of tilt angle.

5.4.1.2 Radial distribution of blade properties. Radial distribution of blade properties data shall
consist of, as a minimum, the data required by Table III. If the item is constant with radius, it
may be omitted.

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TABLE III. Radial Distribution of Rotor Blade Properties

ITEM UNITS
Blade chord inches
Blade twist (positive nose up, zero at zero radius) degrees

5.4.2 Level II. In addition to the data required in Level I, the following items shall be
documented.

5.4.2.1 Rotor system data. Rotor system data shall consist of, as a minimum, the data required
by Table IV, unless modified by contract. Special care shall be taken to ensure that the rotor
system data presented represents an accurate and consistent model of the design from a
mathematical viewpoint (USARTL-TR-77-54A, USAAVRADCOM TR-80-A-5 and
USAATCOM TM 93-A-004).

TABLE IV. Rotor System Data

ITEM UNITS
Flapping spring stiffness (articulated rotor) foot-pound/degree
Hub spring stiffness (teetering or gimbaled rotor) foot-pound/degree
Equivalent flapping and lead-lag spring stiffness (hingeless foot-pound/degree
rotor)
Pitch-flap coupling angle δ3, (positive for up flap yielding nose degree
down pitch)
Precone, prelag, droop and sweep angles degree
Locations at which precone, prelag, droop and sweep start percent of radius
Flapping and lead-lag damping (articulated or hingeless rotor) foot-pound/radian/second
Longitudinal and lateral gimbal damping foot-pound/radian/second
Control system stiffness (collective, cyclic, rotating) foot-pound/degree
Control system damping (collective, cyclic, rotating) foot-pound/radian/second

5.4.2.2 Rotor hub drawings. In the interest of maintaining as general a description of the rotor as
possible, a list of additional specific data shall not be provided. Instead, a set of drawings of the
rotor hub region from which all kinematics can be determined shall be documented. As a
minimum, the following items shall be included on the drawings:

a. A vertical, longitudinal, and lateral reference axis system with respect to the
fuselage.

b. The location of the axis of each hinge, and the angle between the hinge axis and the
reference axes.

c. The location of the centerline of each control link above the swashplate, the length
of each control link, and the angle between each control link and the reference axes.

d. The swashplate, shown perpendicular to the shaft.

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e. The orientation of the blade spanwise axes with respect to the reference axes (i.e.,
rotor blade droop, sweep, coning, pretwist, etc.)

f. The location and orientation of all spring and damper forces and moments.

g. The location of all mechanical coupling points and the line of action of all forces
through them.

h. All rotor blade or hub mounted vibration reduction devices.

Plots and tables of the spring forces and moments versus angular displacements for various
velocities and the damper forces and moments versus angular velocity shall be documented. The
angular location of the blade stops shall be indicated on the graphs. The displacement of all
springs and dampers as a function of rotor blade angular displacement shall be documented. Data
defining stiffness, mass, and damping for blade mounted vibration reduction devices shall be
documented. The stiffness and damping of control system components shall be documented.

5.4.2.3 Radial distribution of rotor blade properties Plan view drawing(s) of the blade shall be
documented showing the radial variation of cg, aerodynamic reference point, shear center,
tension center, pitch axis, and elastic axis, and shall be defined according to Table V. All
parameters shall be measured with respect to the blade axis system defined in
USAAVRADCOM-TR-80-D-38A and USARTL-TR-77-54A.

TABLE V. Radial Distribution of Rotor Blade Properties Data

ITEM UNITS
Airfoil section designation ---
Blade thickness percent of chord
Blade running weight pound/inch
Flapwise and chordwise bending stiffness pound/inch2
Torsional stiffness pound/inch2
Flapwise and chordwise mass moment of inertia inch-pound-second2/inch
Flapwise and chordwise shear center offset inch
Flapwise and chordwise c.g. offset inch
Aerodynamic center offset inch
Center of gravity offset (aft of elastic axis) inch
Flapwise and chordwise Principal axes (based on mass) offset inch
Section polar radius of gyration (mass) inch
Moment of inertia about elastic axis slug-feet2
Section cross-section area inch2
Flapwise and chordwise pitch axis offset inch
Tension center flapwise and chordwise offsets inch

5.4.3 Level III. Level II data shall be documented for Level III.

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5.5 Airfoil section data.

5.5.1 Level I. A simple description of the level of airfoil technology proposed shall be
documented. This may be done by reference to a well known and documented airfoil section.
For example: mix lift (at M = 0.6) 10% higher than VR-7, cd (at cl = 0.4 and M = 0.6) 10%
lower than SC-1095.

5.5.2 Level II. A set of algebraic equations describing the aerodynamic characteristics of each
airfoil section shall be documented. As a minimum, the equations should include the following
variations

a. cl vs α for M = 0 to Mmax

b. cd vs α for M = 0 to Mmax

c. cm vs α for M = 0 to Mmax

d. cd vs cl for M = 0 to Mmax

e. cm vs cl for M = 0 to Mmax

The maximum Mach number (Mmax) for each airfoil section shall be determined by considering
the specific application proposed (e.g., rotor blade tip vs blade root vs wing).

The angle of attack (α) variation shall be -180° to +180° for low Mach numbers and –20° to
+20° for high Mach numbers. Pitching moments shall be referenced to the airfoil quarter chord.
A discussion of the source of these data shall be documented, including the details of any
corrections made from the test data. A rationale as to why the form of the equations used to
represent the data was chosen shall be documented. The data shall be presented graphically and,
included on these graphs, shall be the available experimental data, which the equations are
intended to represent.

5.5.3 Level III. The following specific data describing each of the airfoil sections used shall be
documented. Airfoil section data shall be representative of two-dimensional flow conditions at
full scale Reynolds Numbers. In the case of a surface with multiple airfoil sections, data shall be
provided at enough positions along the span to allow accurate linear interpolation of airfoil
properties (cl , cd, cm). Airfoil section data shall be documented in both graphic and tabular
formats (tables according to paragraph 4.3). The range of these data shall be angle of attack (α)
-180° to +180° and Mach Number (M) 0 to Mmax. At a minimum, the following specific graphs
shall be documented:

a. cl vs α for selected Mach number

b. cd vs α for selected Mach number

c. cm (about the quarter chord) vs α for selected Mach numbers

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d. cl vs M for selected angles of attack

e. cd vs M for selected angles of attack

f. cm (about the quarter chord) vs M for selected angles of attack

g. cd vs cl for selected Mach numbers

h. cm vs cl for selected Mach numbers

Sliding scales may be used for graphs if the requirements for interpolation are met. A complete
description of the source of the data, including a description of any corrections made, shall be
documented. (See 6.3) The final data shall be representative of airfoil force coefficients
resulting from those measured in two-dimensional flow at full scale Reynolds Numbers. The
computer program described in NASA TM-78627 may be used to generate the computer deck of
the airfoil data.

5.6 Airframe aerodynamic data. The following specific aerodynamic data describing the
rotorcraft airframe shall be provided for all normal modes of flight. The data shall be
documented in the wind axis system. The location of the point at which the forces and moments
are defined to be acting (the aerodynamic reference point) shall be identified. The forces and
moments shall be normalized by dynamic pressure such that the units are feet2 and feet3.

5.6.1 Level I.

5.6.1.1 Aerodynamics of the fuselage. For the purposes of this section, the fuselage shall be
defined in such a way as to exclude all items in paragraphs 5.4 (rotor system) and 5.9
(aerodynamic surfaces). Fuselage aerodynamics data shall be documented according to Table
VI.

(NOTE: θW = pitch angle, Wind axis; ψW = yaw angle, wind axis; use a unit reference area)

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TABLE VI. Aerodynamics of Fuselage Data

ITEM UNITS
Equivalent parasite lift area (L/q) @ θW = ψW = 0 feet2
∂(L/q)/∂θW, ψW = 0 feet2/degree
θW at which L/q) = 0, ψW = 0 degree
Equivalent parasite drag area (D/q), θW = ψW = 0 feet2
∂(D/q)/∂θW, ψW = 0 feet2/degree
∂2(D/q)/∂θW2, ψW = 0 feet2/degree2
θW at which (D/q) is minimum, ψW = 0 degree
Equivalent pitching moment volume: (M/q), θW = ψW = 0 feet3
∂ (M/q)/∂θW, ψW = 0 (static longitudinal stability) feet3/degree
θW at which (M/q) = 0, ψW = 0 degree
Equivalent parasite side force area (Y/q), θW = ψW = 0 feet2
∂(Y/q)/ ∂ψW = 0 feet2/degree
ψW at which (Y/q) = 0, θW = 0 degree
(D/q), at θW = -90º, ψW = 0 (download drag area) feet2
Equivalent yawing moment volume (N/q), θW = ψW = 0 feet3
∂(N/q)/∂ψW θW, = 0 (static directional stability) feet3/degree
ψW at which (N/q) = 0, θW = 0 degree
Equivalent rolling moment volume (L /q), θW = ψW = 0 feet3
∂(L /q)/∂ψW, θW = 0 feet3/degree
ψW at which (L /q) = 0, θW = 0 degree
Stationline, buttline and waterline of fuselage aerodynamic data inches
reference point

5.6.1.2 Drag buildup. Analysis of the drag of each component of the airframe from both the
vertical direction (for download calculations) and from the forward and lateral directions shall be
documented for yaw angles of 0°. For purposes of this section, a component shall be any item
on the air vehicle which contributes more than 2 percent of the total drag or that cannot be
conveniently combined with another item. The effects of roughness, leakage and interference
shall be included as separate items. A table shall be provided which includes a list of the drag
items, their horizontal and vertical drag coefficients (Cd), the area used to obtain the Cd and an
indication of the source of the drag estimate.

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5.6.1.3 Stability and control derivatives. Tables of stability and control derivatives for hover and
cruise airspeed at SDGW in primary mission configuration shall be documented. A description
of the method used to obtain the derivatives shall be included.

5.6.2 Level II. In addition to all Level I items, the following specific data shall be documented.

5.6.2.1 Aerodynamics of the airframe. The aerodynamic forces and moments (normalized to free
stream dynamic pressure) generated by the entire airframe (including aerodynamic surfaces)
shall be documented in graphic and tabular form. The forces shall be documented as a function
of yaw angles which vary from -20° to +20° at zero pitch angle and as a function of pitch angles
which vary from -20° to +20° at zero yaw angle. The forces and moments generated at yaw
angles of +90°, -90°, and 180° at zero pitch angle and pitch angles of -90° and +90°, at zero yaw
angle shall also be documented.

5.6.2.2 In addition to the Level I requirements of Section 5.6.1.3 tables of stability and control
derivatives shall be documented to assess the effects of altitude, center-of-gravity and gross
weight variations.

5.6.3 Level III. The data required by Section 5.6.2 shall be provided in addition to the
following.

5.6.3.1 Component aerodynamics. The airframe aerodynamic forces and moments (normalized
to free stream dynamic pressure) generated with each of the major components removed
separately shall be documented in graphic form. The forces shall be presented as a function of
yaw angles which vary from -20° to +20° and as a function of pitch angles which vary from -20°
to +20° (matrix of forces and moments). The aerodynamic forces and moments generated with
and without the empennage at yaw angles of +90°, -90°, and 180° shall also be documented.
(See 6.2 for further information.)

5.7 Rotor structural dynamics data.

5.7.1 Level I. No data required.

5.7.2 Level II.

5.7.2.1 Blade mode shapes. Rotor blade mode data shall be documented in graphic and tabular
form. As a minimum, the following specific items shall be provided:

a. A Southwell (fan) plot of the rotor natural frequencies for fully coupled modes
showing at least the first 2N/rev frequencies, including the effect of collective
pitch. (N = number of rotor blades.)

b. Plots of the mode shapes at design, power-on RPM for the modes identified in Item a.

c. Plots of the mode shapes at minimum and maximum power-on and power-off RPM
for the modes identified in paragraph a. above.

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The mode shape plots shall include separate plots of the edgewise, flapwise, and torsional
displacements of each mode shape. A complete description of the method used, including the
hub boundary conditions assumed in calculating these mode shapes, shall be documented.

5.7.2.2 Data for ground resonance model. The following data shall be documented IAW Table
VII for the entire range of potential operating conditions including vehicle inertia, main rotor
speed, and from 0 percent to 100 percent airborne in increments of 20 percent. Definitions and
discussion of these data shall be per NACA Report 1351. Blade damper properties shall be
provided for the entire range of temperatures, frequencies and amplitudes as specified in the
operating conditions above. Effective hub parameters shall be provided for the critical body
modes.

TABLE VII. Data for Ground Resonance Model.

ITEM UNITS
Effective blade lag damper viscous damping rate foot-pound-second/degree
Effective blade lag damper spring rate foot-pound/degree
Effective hub viscous damping in the longitudinal direction pound-second/feet
Effective hub viscous damping in the lateral direction pound-second/feet
Effective hub stiffness in the longitudinal direction pound/feet
Effective hub stiffness in the lateral direction pound/feet
Effective hub mass in the longitudinal direction slugs
Effective hub mass in the lateral direction slugs
Lag hinge offset feet
First mass moment of blade about lag hinge slug-feet
Second mass moment of blade about lag hinge slug-feet2
Blade mass (outboard of lag hinge) slugs

In addition, plots of tire/oleo stiffness and damping versus load shall be documented.

5.7.3 Level III. Level II data shall be documented.

5.8 Airframe structural dynamics data. The following data shall be documented to describe the
airframe structure. The operational configuration, weight and loading shall be TBD.

5.8.1 Level I. No data required.

5.8.2 Level II. A description of a stick model approximation to the helicopter airframe shall be
documented. As a minimum, the model shall include the following items:
a. A sketch of the stick model including elements representing the fuselage, wing
structure, stores, support pylons, rotor pylons and empennage, as appropriate.

b. Definition of stationline, buttline, and waterline data for each node of each model
element.

c. Definition of Euler angle orientations of each model element.

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d. Definition of elastic and inertial properties of each model element.

5.8.3 Level III. A detailed finite element model of the airframe and any information necessary
to reproduce the modal data requested below shall be documented.

5.8.3.1 Airframe modal data. As a minimum, the following modal data shall be documented.

a. The generalized masses, frequencies, and damping of each airframe mode up to

4N/rev (N = number of rotor blades for primary lift rotor(s)).

b. Modal displacements at each rotor hub employing six degrees of freedom at each
mode (x, y, z translations and 3 corresponding rotations).

c. Modal displacements at the following locations on the airframe.

(l) Pilot and co-pilot positions

(2) Points at which stores are attached.

(3) Points at which wing stabilizing surfaces and stores support pylons are attached.

(4) Selected points at which specified forces may act (for example, forces to be
used to simulate shake test or for other known excitations).

(5) Points at which vibration absorbers and isolation devices are attached.

(6) Points at which visionic packages are attached.

5.8.3.2 Description of airframe-mounted absorbers and isolators. As a minimum, the following

data shall be documented for the airframe-mounted absorbers and isolators:

a. The stiffness, mass, and damping properties for vibration devices such as airframe-
mounted absorbers, isolators and hub-mounted absorbers. Define the stationline,
buttline, and waterline coordinates for points connection of such components to the
airframe.

b. An engineering drawing that clearly defines the specific configuration and

installation of all vibration absorption and isolation devices.
5.9 Aerodynamic surface data. The following data shall be documented for each non-rotating
aerodynamic surface.
5.9.1 Level I.
5.9.2 Level II. Level II data shall be documented per 5.9.2.1.

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5.9.2.1 Surface 3-dimensional force and moment data. The 3-dimensional lift, drag, and
pitching moment coefficients (as a function of angle of attack and control surface position) of
each of the aerodynamic surfaces shall be documented to include stall and any reasonable area of
negative angle of attack operation of the surface (e.g., download in hover). Also, documentation
shall include the items in Table VIII.

TABLE VIII. Surface 3-dimensional Force and Moment Data

ITEM UNITS
Surface lift curve slope at zero lift (3-D) per degree
Surface drag coefficient at zero lift (3-D) ---
Surface pitching moment coefficient at zero lift ---

5.9.3 Level III. Level III data shall be documented per 5.9.3.1.

5.9.3.1 Rotor wake aerodynamic interference. As a minimum, the wake model shall consist of
coefficients which multiply the baseline wake-induced velocities as a function of flight
conditions, or the wake-induced velocities as a function of flight conditions at various points on
the airframe. In either case, it shall either be a mathematical function suitable for rapid
calculation on a digital computer, or a set of tables and graphs. (See additional information in
6.1.)

5.10 Control system data.

5.10.1 Level I. A general description of the control system concept shall be documented. As a
minimum, the description of stability augmentation (e.g., electronic, fluidic, hybrid), shall
include the type of system (e.g. fly-by-wire, fly-by-light, mechanical), type of augmentation
(e.g. fluidic, electronic, etc.) anticipated redundancy, and control surface implementation.

5.10.2 Level II. The following data shall be documented for each rotor as applicable.

5.10.2.1 Control travel. Control travel shall be documented according to Table IX.

(NOTE: The rotor blade feathering angle is θf = θ0 - θ1c cos ψ - θ1s sin ψ measured at
theoretical root)

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TABLE IX. Control Travel Data

ITEM UNITS
Minimum and maximum root collective pitch (θ0) blade angle degree
Minimum and maximum longitudinal cyclic pitch (θ1c) blade degree
angle (w.r.t. θ0)
Minimum and maximum lateral cyclic pitch (θ1s) blade angle degree
Maximum collective stick position (+ up: 0 = full down) inches
Minimum and maximum longitudinal cyclic stick position inches
(+ forward) *
Minimum and maximum lateral cyclic stick position * inches
Minimum and maximum pedal position (+ right) * inches
*Reference control position is in middle of range. If the longitudinal and lateral cyclic
swashplate deflections are not symmetric about the reference control position, the offset shall be
provided.

5.10.2.2 General description. A general description of the total control system shall be
documented. As a minimum, the topics to be addressed shall include the following:

a. Type of system: Linkage description (e.g., mechanical, electronic, hybrid), boost

system, trim system, backup control system(s), level of augmentation, unique or
nonstandard features (e.g., control mixing, non-linearities).

b. Augmentation system: Axes augmented, type of hardward (mechanical, electronic,

fluidic, hybrid), type of augmentation (e.g., rate command, attitude command,
use of feed forward and feedback loops), actuator functional installation (e.g.,
parallel, series), actuator type (e.g., electrical, electro-hydraulic).

c. Cockpit controls: Configuration (e.g., conventional, side-arm), control travels, pilot

station arrangement (e.g., side-by-side, tandem, staggered).

d. Swashplate: Method of mechanization (e.g., rise-and-fall, collective sleeve).

e. For applicable configurations, a description of the coupling between longitudinal

mast tilt and rotor control inputs shall be provided.

f. Descriptions of any rotor-to-rotor control couplings shall be provided. (i.e.

differential cyclic, main rotor collective to tail rotor collective, etc.)

g. An algebraic model shall be provided for the relationship between the rotor controls
and any non-rotating aerodynamic surfaces linked to them and a brief description of
any augmentation systems.

5.10.2.3 Cockpit to swashplate linkages. The control linkages between the cockpit and the
swashplate shall be documented in each of the following formats:

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a. Block diagram(s): Including such items as cockpit controls, boost/AFCS servos;

control mixing; bunge springs and/or force feel system (break-out forces and
gradients) pylon coupling; swashplate; sensors which drive servos, swashplate, or
aerodynamic surfaces; control system stiffness, and linkage to aerodynamic surfaces.
b. Algebraic representation of items in block diagram(s): in particular, transfer
functions for sensors, stabilization or control augmentation loops, and servos;
control linkages; control mixing; and control stiffness.

5.10.2.4 Swashplate to blade linkages. The control of linkages between the swashplate and the
rotor blades shall be documented in each of the following formats:

a. Block diagram(s): Including swashplate, control inputs from augmentation

systems above the swashplate (e.g., stabilizer bar, control gyro), non-unity gearing in
the control linkage servos, blade feathering angle, angular travel of swashplate and
resulting blade feathering.

b. Algebraic representation of items in the block diagram(s): In particular, transfer

functions for augmentation systems, non-unity gearing.

5.10.3 Level III. In addition to the data required in Level II, a detailed algebraic representation
of control system flexibility, nonlinearities and dynamics and tabular and graphic
representations of the data in Sections 5.10.2.2 and 5.10.2.3 shall be documented.

5.11 Propulsion and drive system data.

5.11.1 Level I. A summary of all propulsion and drive system losses assumed for flight
performance estimates shall be documented. All losses which affect the power available at the
engine output shaft(s) shall be labeled "engine installation losses". All other losses or power
requirements occurring between the engine output shaft(s) and the main rotor(s) shall be labeled
“accessory losses" "drive system losses", or "anti-torque losses", as appropriate. Any variation
of losses with air vehicle operating condition which is assumed for flight performance estimates
shall be fully described.

6. NOTES

6.1 Rotor wake aerodynamic interference. Rotor wakes may impinge upon various parts of
the airframe causing significant aerodynamic interference. The baseline model for these
wakes is a uniform-inflow, momentum theory wake whose trajectory is determined by the wake
induced velocity and the freestream. A more sophisticated wake model may be provided for
interference calculations, if this is necessary to accurately model the proposed design.

6.2 Component aerodynamics. The definition of a "major component" is left to the discretion of
the offeror; those items usually tested in a component buildup (e.g., fuselage, Wings, stores,
landing gear and stabilizing surfaces) would be sufficient.

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6.3 Airfoil Level III data. Corrections include wind tunnel wall corrections, adjustments to the
measured data to account for any other known wind tunnel inadequacies, and adjustments in data
to account for "surface roughness". If insufficient or no wind tunnel tests of an airfoil section
exist, then the procedure by which the data are estimated should be completely explained.

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