International Journal of Research in Computer & Information Technology

(IJRCIT),
Vol.8, Issue 4, Sept 2023
E-ISSN: 2455-3743
Available online at www.ijrcit.co.in

Experimental Investigation of Yield of Agriculture Through

IOT Technology
KUNAL .P. JAVANJAL, ABHIJEET .V. THOMBRE, RITIK .A. WANGE

CO. GUIDE. NAZMUL AREFIN, ASST PROF. AMIT BANKAR

Student, T&P Officer, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Suryodaya College Of Engineering

And Technology, Nagpur 441204, Nagpur University.

ABSTRACT
The evolution of smart agricultural solutions has challenges. It ensures optimal crop yield with minimal
emerged as a prominent trend in modern daily activities. power consumption and cost. In response to this need,
Encouraging farmers to adopt advanced technologies the research presents an IoT-based agricultural
with ample resources has proven effective in optimizing monitoring system utilizing the ESP32 microcontroller
costs while maximizing output. This paper addresses the and LoRa transmission, powered by battery and accessed
challenge of soil moisture management in agricultural through a Web Server Dashboard. Tests include sensor
fields by proposing a solution that regulates water supply readings, dashboard displays, and data transmission,
based on real-time moisture levels. Leveraging a demonstrating the effectiveness of the system in
combination of LoRa (Long Range Radio) and cloud processing sensor data and transmitting it via LoRa and
technologies, this approach fosters agricultural the internet with synchronous data access.
modernization and offers solutions to various agronomic

INTRODUCTION modernize traditional farming practices. By leveraging

LoRa's long-range communication and the versatility of
ESP32 microcontrollers, farmers can remotely monitor
crucial agricultural parameters such as soil moisture,
In recent years, the agriculture industry has undergone a
temperature, humidity, and crop health with remarkable
profound transformation, driven by the adoption of smart
precision and efficiency.
technologies aimed at meeting the challenges of feeding
a rapidly growing global population while ensuring
sustainability and efficiency in farming practices. At the
This introduction lays the foundation for exploring the
forefront of these innovations is the integration of Long
transformative potential of LoRa and ESP32
Range Radio (LoRa) technology and microcontrollers
microcontrollers in agriculture, addressing critical
like the ESP32, offering unprecedented capabilities in
challenges such as resource optimization, environmental
monitoring, managing, and optimizing agricultural
sustainability, and yield maximization. Through the
processes.
integration of these technologies, farmers can make
informed, data-driven decisions, automate irrigation and
fertilization processes, and optimize resource utilization,
Smart agriculture, empowered by LoRa and ESP32
leading to increased yields, reduced costs, and
microcontrollers, represents a revolutionary shift in farm
minimized environmental impact.
management, leveraging advanced sensing,
communication, and data processing capabilities to

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10597681
 International Journal of Research in Computer & Information Technology
(IJRCIT),
Vol.8, Issue 4, Sept 2023
E-ISSN: 2455-3743
Available online at www.ijrcit.co.in

In this paper, we delve into the applications, benefits, and in agriculture. Integration of modern techniques and
challenges of deploying LoRa and ESP32 optimal resource utilization are crucial for driving
microcontrollers in smart agriculture. By examining real- continued advancements in agriculture towards greater
world examples and case studies, we showcase the efficiency and sustainability.
effectiveness of these technologies in enhancing farm
productivity, improving crop quality, and promoting
sustainable agricultural practices. By understanding the
capabilities and potential of LoRa and ESP32
REALATED WORK
microcontrollers in smart agriculture, we aim to provide
valuable insights and recommendations for stakeholders
seeking to harness technology to address the evolving
1. (Nurzaman Ahmed and Debashis De et.al 2018)
needs of modern agriculture.
have introduced an IoT-based control system to
improve agriculture and farming in rural areas.
They discuss various components and
Furthermore, as farming and agriculture remain
enhancements of the system, including testbed
fundamental to human sustenance, technological
evaluations. The MAC and routing solution for
advancements continue to play a pivotal role in
IoT boosts energy efficiency and throughput
enhancing production efficiency and sustainability. The
performance. Integration with the WiLD
emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology
network reduces delays and improves
presents a promising avenue for addressing the
connectivity. The proposed fog computing
challenges faced by farmers in agroforestry.
solution conserves bandwidth and operates with
minimal delay. Embracing modern
technologies like IoT is crucial for the
By deploying sensors and actuators across farms and economies of developing countries reliant on
machinery, farmers can access a wealth of insightful agriculture. This solution also holds promise for
data, including temperature, fertilizer usage, and water applications like smart healthcare and smart
consumption. Through IoT-enabled smart systems, grids in rural regions.
farmers gain real-time monitoring capabilities and
analytical tools to optimize crop growth and agricultural
practices. The integration of LoRa technology and cloud
2. (Babita Patel's et.al ) field study on the "Impact
interfaces further enhances real-time monitoring
of Long-Term Organic Sources on Physical
capabilities, facilitating continuous decision-making in
Properties and Yield of Vegetable Crops in
the field.
Nagpur District" for the 2018-19 seasons
demonstrated that utilizing organic sources
reduced soil bulk density compared to using
As technology continues to evolve, agriculture only inorganic fertilizer. Moreover, the
production is shifting towards intelligence, with IoT application of organic inputs resulted in
technology at the forefront of this transformation. enhanced soil hydraulic conductivity and
Leveraging LoRa technology's advantages, including overall improvement in the physical, chemical,
long-distance communication and low power and fertility attributes of the soil. Babita Patel's
consumption, enables efficient deployment in smart field study on the "Impact of Long-Term
agriculture applications. Organic Sources on Physical Properties and
Yield of Vegetable Crops in Nagpur District"
for the 2018-19 seasons demonstrated that
Water management has become a critical focus area, utilizing organic sources reduced soil bulk
with researchers developing innovative IoT-based density compared to using only inorganic
solutions to improve water efficiency and sustainability fertilizer. Moreover, the application of organic

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10597681
 International Journal of Research in Computer & Information Technology
(IJRCIT),
Vol.8, Issue 4, Sept 2023
E-ISSN: 2455-3743
Available online at www.ijrcit.co.in

inputs resulted in enhanced soil hydraulic attributed to its low-power, long-range

conductivity and overall improvement in the communication capabilities, which enhance
physical, chemical, and fertility attributes of the farm connectivity and enable the deployment of
soil. decision support systems, advancing smart
agriculture. The focus is on
LoRa/LoRaWAN technology and its role in
modern farming practices.

5. (Joshi P.P et.al may 2017) investigated that A

crop monitoring system utilizing wireless
sensor networks is presented in this paper,
highlighting the significance of IoT in
advancing agricultural information technology.
This system enables remote monitoring and
control of field parameters, reducing reliance on
human labor while providing accurate real-time
data. Leveraging Embedded Web Server
technology with Raspberry Pi and IoT, it offers
cost-effective, scalable, and efficient
monitoring solutions with rapid response times.
By employing low-powered sensors and
Raspberry Pi boards, this system contributes to
industry automation at reduced energy and
financial costs. With the increasing adoption of
WSN technology in agriculture, wireless sensor
networks, supplemented with appropriate
hardware and software, emerge as efficient
solutions for Precision Agriculture.
3. (Sandip Kumar and Goyal et.al ) conducted a
comparative study on different soft computing
approaches, focusing on their objectives,
6. (Gomathi's et.al ) investigated that study
benefits, and limitations. The aim was to aid
explores an "Experimental Investigation on IoT
researchers in selecting an appropriate soft
Interfaced Smart Gardening System with
computing method for precision agricultural
Human Path Clearance Internet of Things,"
clustering protocols based on Wireless Sensor
widely used for device connectivity and data
Networks (WSNs).
gathering. This agricultural monitoring system
offers reliability and efficiency, enabling
prompt corrective action. Wireless field
4. (Antonino Pagano et.al ) investigated that, this
monitoring reduces labor requirements and
article explores how LoRa technology is
provides accurate crop yield insights. Cost-
utilized in agriculture for smart farming
applications. It assesses its effectiveness in
effective and energy-efficient, this smart
agriculture system enhances farmer
scenarios like irrigation, crop and tree
productivity. It informs farmers via MMS about
monitoring, and livestock management,
air temperature and humidity deviations from
considering factors like network bandwidth and
optimal levels, benefiting greenhouse and
sensor complexity. LoRa's adoption is
temperature-sensitive crops. Implementing

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10597681
 International Journal of Research in Computer & Information Technology
(IJRCIT),
Vol.8, Issue 4, Sept 2023
E-ISSN: 2455-3743
Available online at www.ijrcit.co.in

such systems can advance crop harvests and encountered in Zigbee-based intelligent
global production. Future enhancements may systems.
include irrigation methods and solar power
integration. Key features include temperature
and humidity monitoring via CC3200 single- 9. (Liu Jing1, Yao Wei et.al 2019) investigated
chip sensors, with the addition of a camera for that This paper proposes a method for
image capture and MMS delivery to farmers' monitoring soil moisture levels in agricultural
mobile devices using Wi-Fi. fields and controlling water supply accordingly.
By combining LoRa (Long Range Radio) and
cloud technologies, it offers a solution to
7. (Tran Anh Khoa et.al ) investigated that The agricultural challenges and promotes
aim of this study is to develop a LoRa-based modernization in farming practices. This
smart agricultural management and approach aims to maximize crop yield while
minimizing power consumption and costs. By
monitoring system using Wireless Sensor
leveraging LoRa technology and the
Networks (WSNs) in rural areas. This system
LoRaWAN protocol, agribusinesses can
aims to replace existing agricultural monitoring
efficiently monitor and analyze various aspects
technology. Utilizing advanced embedded
of their operations.
development, LoRa wireless communication,
and Qt host computer technologies, the
intelligent agricultural system allows for real-
time monitoring of crop growth environmental 10. (Achmad Zuchriadi et.al ) explored an
parameters in agricultural greenhouses. It can Agricultural Monitoring System utilizing the
take timely actions when environmental ESP32 microcontroller with IoT-based LoRa
parameters change. This system resolves the transmission. The results indicate that the
manual data collection challenge in traditional system operates effectively, with the sensors
agricultural greenhouses and overcomes long- functioning properly and the ESP32
distance communication and interference issues microcontroller successfully processing data.
associated with Zigbee-based intelligent The data transmission, both via LoRa from
systems. microcontroller node to gateway and via
internet from gateway to server, demonstrates
proper functionality, as evidenced by
synchronized data across all three locations:
8. (S. J. Suji Prasada et.al ) investigated that This
microcontroller node, microcontroller gateway,
paper aims to integrate IoT technology with
and server.
various sensors for data collection in
agricultural greenhouses. It utilizes the ARM
core STM32 series MCU as the control center,
employing LoRa and Modbus embedded 11. (N. S. Abu and W. M. Bukhari et.al ) aim to
network technologies to design an intelligent explore the implementation of an Internet of
agricultural system based on LoRa and Qt. This Things (IoT) system in precision agriculture.
system leverages advanced embedded Farmers often face significant losses due to
development, LoRa wireless communication, insect infestations and inadequate equipment
and Qt host computer technologies to monitor for farm management. The selected article
crop growth parameters in real-time. It provides a comprehensive overview of the
addresses challenges such as manual data recommended equipment and approach for
collection in traditional greenhouses and deploying IoT in smart farming. It discusses
overcomes issues related to long-distance essential devices, cloud platforms,
communication and interference commonly communication protocols, and data processing

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10597681
 International Journal of Research in Computer & Information Technology
(IJRCIT),
Vol.8, Issue 4, Sept 2023
E-ISSN: 2455-3743
Available online at www.ijrcit.co.in

methods. This review emphasizes the updated

technology for efficient agricultural
management, including crop field data and 1.Population Growth and Food Demand: According to
application utilization. By tailoring their FAO projections, in order to satisfy the demands of a
technology investments, agriculture growing population, worldwide food consumption must
stakeholders can safeguard the environment and rise by 70% by 2050. This significantly increases the
enhance food production to meet global strain on agricultural systems to increase food
demands. The research reveals a shift from production.
traditional data processing towards systematic
management systems, incorporating cloud
technology and big data analysis. Moreover, 2. Hunger and Malnutrition: 500 million people are
artificial intelligence and computer vision are undernourished and over 821 million people remain
emerging trends aimed at improving farm hungry in spite of current ample food production. This
management practices. Through various suggests that distribution and access to food are just as
initiatives discussed in this paper, IoT important as production in this problem.
technologies play a significant role in
monitoring crop data.
3.India's population is growing quickly; projections
indicate that the country's population will surpass 2
12. The study by K. Lova Raju focuses on the billion people by a specific date. The already finite
development and implementation of an IoT resources of agriculture are further taxed by this.
system for smart agriculture, integrating LoRa
technology and cloud-enabled services. It
successfully monitors five dynamic parameters 4.Land Fragmentation: Although agriculture employs a
crucial for agriculture: air temperature, air sizable percentage of the rural Indian population, the
humidity, soil temperature, soil moisture, and average amount of land held by each individual is
soil pH value. The IoT system was thoroughly declining. Because of this, there is a reduction in the
tested and validated, ensuring accurate amount of land owned by each person, which makes it
monitoring, long-range data transmission, more difficult to attain economies of scale in agricultural
efficient data storage, visualization, and cost- output.
effective deployment, all aimed at enhancing
agricultural production.
5.Urbanisation and Industrialization: As rural regions
become urban centres or industrial zones, urbanisation
and industrialization lead to a decrease in agricultural
land. This further reduces the amount of land that may be
used for cultivation.

6.Diminished Returns: Farmers that have tiny

landholdings struggle to produce profitable and large
returns. Reduced crop rotation, inefficient use of
machinery, and reduced capacity to invest in methods or
technology that may boost production are all
consequences of restricted land.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10597681
 International Journal of Research in Computer & Information Technology
(IJRCIT),
Vol.8, Issue 4, Sept 2023
E-ISSN: 2455-3743
Available online at www.ijrcit.co.in

of Things (IoT) for Smart Precision. Agriculture and

Farming in Rural Areas IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS
7.Economic Viability of Farming: Many small-scale
JOURNAL, VOL. 5, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2018
farmers find it difficult to make a living from agriculture
when land holdings decrease and production stays flat. 2. Babita Patel, RM Ghodpage, J Patel, SG Karwade and
In farming areas, this can result in food insecurity and AA Ekka , Impact of long term organic sources on
poverty. physical properties and yield of vegetable crops in
Nagpur district, International Journal of Chemical
Studies 2020; 8(2): 2723-2722.
8.Policy Implications: To address these issues,
3. Vatan, Sandip Kumar Goyal, Soft Computing based
comprehensive policies that guarantee fair access to
Clustering Protocols in IoT for Precision and Smart
resources like land, financing, and technology, assist
Agriculture, ISIC‟21: International Semantic
small-scale farmers, and encourage sustainable
Intelligence Conference, February 25–27, 2021, New
agricultural practices are needed.
Delhi, India Mail:[email protected](vatan),
[email protected] (sandip kumar goyal)

4. Antonino Pagano , Daniele Croce , Ilenia Tinnirello ,

CONCLUSION and Gianpaolo Vitale , Senior Member, IEEE, A Survey
on LoRa for SmartAgriculture: Current Trends and
The integration of LoRa technology in smart agriculture
Future Perspectives, 3664 IEEE INTERNET OF
offers a transformative approach to farming
THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 10, NO. 4, 15 FEBRUARY
management. By deploying LoRa-enabled nodes with
2023
sensors and actuators, farmers can collect, transmit, and
act upon real-time data, improving traditional farming 5. Joshi P.P et.al may 2017.
practices. This empowers agribusinesses to digitally
monitor and manage their operations efficiently, from 6. K. Gomathi a,⇑, A. Balaji a, et .al investigation on IOT
soil moisture to automated irrigation systems. interfaced smart gardening system with human path
clearance, a a Department of Mechatronics Engineering,
Despite challenges like latency and energy management, Kongu Engineering College, Erode – 638052,
LoRa technology's scalability and ease of deployment Tamilnadu, India
make it integral to the future of smart agriculture.
Emerging technologies like machine learning and edge 7. Smart Agriculture Using IoT Multi-Sensors: A Novel
computing show promise in addressing these challenges Watering Management System. Tran Anh Khoa 1,2 , Mai
and optimizing agricultural processes. Minh Man et .al mart Agriculture Using IoT Multi-
Sensors: A Novel Watering Management System
Overall, the proposed smart agriculture system Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
represents a promising solution for modern farming Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics
challenges. Through IoT integration, cloud computing, Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University Faculty
and mobile applications, real-time monitoring and data- of Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic and Automotive
driven decision-making are enabled, enhancing Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi
productivity and sustainability in agriculture. This Minh 700000, Vietnam
advancement paves the way for a more efficient and
resilient agricultural industry.
.8 S. J. Suji Prasad, M. Thangatamilan, et.al An efficient
LoRa-based smart agriculture management and
REFERANCE monitoring system using wireless sensor networks An
efficient LoRa-based smart agriculture DOI:
1..Nurzaman Ahmed, Debashis De , Senior Member, 10.1080/01430750.2021.1953591. To link to this article:
IEEE, and Md. Iftekhar Hussain, Member, IEEEInternet https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2021.1953591

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10597681
 International Journal of Research in Computer & Information Technology
(IJRCIT),
Vol.8, Issue 4, Sept 2023
E-ISSN: 2455-3743
Available online at www.ijrcit.co.in

9. Intelligent Agriculture System Based on LoRa and Qt

Technology. Liu Jing1, Yao Wei1 1. College of
Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310027 E- mail: [email protected]

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10597681