Name: ____________________________ Date: ________________

Introduction to Genetics Reading

Over 150 years ago, in the 1850s, in a small country called the Czech
Republic, there lived a monk named Gregor Mendel. In the monastery where
Mendel lived, there was a garden that grew pea plants. Mendel was in charge
of tending to this garden and as he did, he noticed that pea plants have many
different traits. A ​trait​ is any characteristic belonging to an organism or object.
Mendel noticed that some pea plants were tall, some were short, some have
round yellow seeds, and others wrinkled green seeds. Some pods (where the
pea grew) were round and others were flat. He soon became curious about
the connection between the color of a pea flower and the type of seed the
plant would produce. This curiosity inspired him to experiment with garden
peas in 1856.
Each time Mendel studied a trait, he would cross
two plants with different expressions of a trait.
Crossing is another way to say that he bred the
two plants so they would produce offspring. In
one experiment he conducted, he crossed a tall
pea plant with a short pea plant. He found that
the offspring of these two parents were all tall!
Since Mendel knew that during reproduction,
each parent plant would give one gene for height
to its children, he determined that there must be
dominant and recessive traits. ​Dominant traits
are those that, when inherited, will cover over or
be more powerful than another trait—like the gene for a tall pea plant. ​Recessive traits​ are
those that, when inherited will be hidden by the dominant trait—like the gene for a short pea
plant.
Mendel made careful use of scientific
methods, which resulted in the first recorded study of
how traits passed from one generation to the next.
The study of how traits are inherited is now called
genetics​. Mendel’s work with pea plants is important
because he was the first to trace one trait through
several generations. He was also the first to use the
mathematics of probability to explain heredity.
Because of this, Mendel is often called the “Father of
Genetics.”
Dominant and Recessive Genes
Coded within an organism’s DNA are thousands of genes. ​Genes​ contain the code for
certain characteristics and are passed down from the parents to the offspring. Gregor Mendel is
famous for a series of experiments he did on pea plants in which he proved that genes can be
recessive or dominant. A ​dominant gene​ is one that cannot be covered up. A ​recessive gene​,
on the other hand, is a gene that can be hidden by the dominant version.

Two Alleles for Each Gene

For each gene that codes for a certain trait (pea color), you have two ​alleles​, or versions
of that trait. This is because you get one version from your mom and one version from your dad.
Let’s look at the ability to roll your tongue. You can have a dominant gene for this ability, which
would mean that you ​can​ roll your tongue. Or, you can have a recessive gene, which would
mean that you ​cannot​. Scientists use letters to represent whether or not a gene is dominant or
recessive. If a gene is dominant it gets a capital letter, for instance “R” for ability to roll your
tongue. If a gene is recessive it gets a lower case letter, for instance “r” for not being able to roll
your tongue. These letters make up the ​genotype​ of an organism.
This means that if you have two dominant genes for tongue rolling (“RR”) then you will be
able to roll your tongue! But if you have two recessive genes for tongue rolling (“rr”) you will not
have that ability! What happens, though if you get a dominant gene (“R”) from your dad and a
recessive gene (“r”) from your mom? Will you be able to roll your tongue?

Homozygous and Heterozygous

If you have either two dominant (“RR”) or two
recessive (“rr”), it is easy to know whether or not you will
have that ability. An organism like this, with two alleles
that are the same, is called ​homozygous​. But an
organism that has two different alleles, such as ”Rr”, is
called ​heterozygous​. When an organism is
heterozygous, the trait that is more dominant will be the
one that will show. So if you have both a dominant and
recessive trait, ”Rr”, then you will be able to roll your tongue!
The way an organism looks or behaves as a result of its genotype is called ​phenotype​.
So a person with the genes “rr” for tongue rolling will have a phenotype of not being able to roll
their tongue. But a person with either the genes “RR” or “Rr” will have a phenotype where they
can.

Using the reading, complete the review questions on the next 2 pages.
Notes from the Reading

Directions: Use the reading to fill in the blank for the questions below.

1. Gregor Mendel performed experiments on ___________________________.

2. Mendel noticed that pea plants have many different traits. Traits are ___________________

_________________________________________________________________________.

3. An example of a trait can be _____________________ or __________________________.

4. Mendel discovered that crossing two plants with different traits resulted in offspring that

looked like one of the parents. Crossing means _________________________________.

5. Based on Medel’s experiments, he determined that there can be dominant and recessive

traits.

a. Dominant traits are ______________________________________________________.

b. Recessive traits are _____________________________________________________.

6. Gregor Mendel is so important to the study of genetics, that he is called the

________________________________________.

7. You have ___________ alleles, or versions of a trait, for each gene.

8. The genes you have for any trait can be represented by letters. This is called the _______.

a. Scientists use a ___________________ letter to show that a gene is dominant.

b. Scientists use a ___________________ letter to show that a gene is recessive.

9. If you get both the dominant OR both the recessive gene from your parents, it is called

_______________________________, for example, “RR” or “rr”.

10. If you get one dominant and one recessive gene from your parents, it is called

______________________________, for example, “Rr”.

a. In this case, the ____________________ allele will take over and that is the trait you will

have.

11. The way an organism looks or behaves, regardless of its genotype, is called ____________.
Vocabulary Review
1. _____ Trait A. two different alleles for a trait
2. _____ Inherit B. sperm and egg join in order to produce offspring
3. _____ Dominant C. the study of how traits are inherited
4. _____ Genetics D. an allele that will overpower any other
5. _____ DNA E. genetic information that is stored in the nucleus
6. _____ Recessive F. the letters used to explain an allele
7. _____ Homozygous G. two of the same alleles for a trait
8. _____ Heterozygous H. a characteristic or quality that an organism has
9. _____ Genotype I. an allele that can be hidden by more powerful one
10. _____ Phenotype J. how an organism looks or behaves based on the
inherited trait

Heterozygous and Homozygous Practice

11. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is Homozygous (Ho) or Heterozygous (He).
AA _____ Ee _____ ii _____ Mm_____
Bb _____ ff ______ Jj _____ nn ______
Cc _____ Gg _____ kk _____ OO _____
DD _____ HH _____ Ll _____ Pp ______

12. For each of the ​genotypes​ below determine what ​phenotypes ​would be seen.
a. Purple flowers are dominant to b. Bobtails in cats are recessive to
white flowers long tails.
PP _____________________ TT _________________________
Pp _____________________ Tt __________________________
pp _____________________ tt __________________________

c. Brown eyes are dominant to d. Round seeds are dominant to

blue eyes wrinkled seeds
BB _____________________ RR ________________________
Bb _____________________ Rr _________________________
bb _____________________ rr _________________________