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g5 Assessment in Learning 1

Measures of central tendency and variability/dispersion ppt slides.

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7 views

g5 Assessment in Learning 1

Measures of central tendency and variability/dispersion ppt slides.

Uploaded by

Stephanie Alegarbes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASURES OF

CENTRAL TENDENCY
AND DISPERSION/VARIABILITY
Assessment in Learning 1

Group 5 l Alegarbes Tadlip Aguilar


l 7.1 Measures of Central Tendency

MEAN
The term "mean" in arithmetic refers
to the average of a set of numbers. It
is calculated by adding all the
numbers together and then dividing
the sum by the total number of
values.

Mean= Number of values/ Sum of all values​


l 7.1 Measures of Central Tendency

Example:
Let's say you have the following five test scores:
(72, 85, 90, 78, 88)

To find the arithmetic mean:

72+85+90+78+88= 413

Mean= 413/ 5= 82.6


l 7.1 Measures of Central Tendency

When not to use mean

Outliers or extreme values are


values that are significantly higher
or lower than the rest of the data.
The mean can be heavily
influenced by outliers, which can
distort the true central value.
l 7.1 Measures of Central Tendency

Example:
Suppose the exam scores for a class of 8 students are:

45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 95, 100

The mean is 67.5, which is influenced by the outlier of 100


l 7.1 Measures of Central Tendency

MEDIAN
The median is a measure of central
tendency that represents the middle
value in a sorted list of numbers. It
divides the data into two equal
halves: one half of the values are
smaller than the median, and the
other half are larger.
l 7.1 Measures of Central Tendency

Example: (72, 85, 90, 78, 88)

Sort the numbers in ascending order:


72, 78, 85, 88, 90

Since there are 5 numbers the median is simply the


middle number in the sorted list.

The middle number is the third value in the sorted


list, which is 85.
l 7.1 Measures of Central Tendency

MODE
The mode is the value that appears
most frequently in a data set. In
other words, it is the number or
numbers that occur the greatest
number of times.
l 7.1 Measures of Central Tendency

Example: 65, 72, 78, 78, 85, 90, 92, 92, 92

92 appears three times. Therefore, the mode of this


data set is 92, because it appears most frequently
(three times).

65, 72, 78, 78, 85, 90, 92, 92,

If this was the example, we have bimodal


distribution,
l 7.2 Normal and Skewed Distributions

Normal Distribution
A sample has a normal distribution
when most values cluster around
the mean, and frequencies decrease
symmetrically as values move
further from the mean, forming a
bell shaped curve
l 7.2 Normal and Skewed Distributions

Negatively Skewed
If mean is less than the median and
the mode, the score distribution is a
negatively skewed distribution
l 7.2 Normal and Skewed Distributions

Positively Skewed

If mean is greater than the median


and the mode, the score distribution
is a positively skewed distribution.
l 7.3 Outcome-Based Teaching-Learning & Score Distribution

If teachers teach in accordance with the


principles of outcome based teaching-
learning and so align content and assessment
with the intended learning outcomes and re-
teach till mastery what has/have not been
understood as revealed by the formative
assessment process, then student scores in
the assessment phase of the lesson will tend to
congregate on the higher end of the score
distribution. Score distribution will be positively
skewed
l 7.3 Outcome-Based Teaching-Learning & Score Distribution

On the other hand, if what teachers teach and


assess are not aligned with the intended
learning outcomes, the opposite will be true.
Score distribution will be negatively skewed
which means that scores tend to congregate
on the lower end of the score distribution.
l 7.4 Measures of Dispersion/Variability

What is Variability?
It refers to how “spread out” a group of scores is. The term
variability, spread, and dispersion are synonyms, and all refer to
how spread out a distribution is.
For example:

Quiz A - 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 - Mean = 5.6

Quiz B - 1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9 - Mean = 5.6


l 7.4 Measures of Dispersion/Variability

Common Measures of Variability are...

Measures of variability indicate how spread out a


group of scores is or how varied the scores are.
Common measures of variability or dispersion are
range, variance, and standard deviation.
l 7.4 Measures of Dispersion/Variability

Range
It is the most simple measure of variability. It is simply
calculated by highest score minus lowest score (R=HS-LS).

For example:

Midterm Exam - 99, 45, 23, 67, 45, 91, 82, 78, 62, 51

R = 99 - 23 = ?
l 7.4 Measures of Dispersion/Variability

Variance
It can be defined in terms of how close the scores in the
distribution are to the middle of the distribution.
Using the mean as the measure of the middle of the
distribution, the variance is defined as the average squared
difference of scores from the mean.
l 7.4 Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation
It is the average amount of variability in your data set.
It is simply the sqaure root of the variance.
It is useful in measuring variability when the distribution is normal or
approximately normal because the proportions of the distribution
within a given number in SD from the mean can be calculated.
l 7.5 Comparing
Population Mean (μ): The average of all data points in the entire
population.

Formula:

Sample Mean (xˉ): The average of data points in a subset (sample)


of the population.

Formula:
l 7.5 Comparing
Population SD (σ): Measures the spread of all data points in the
entire population from the population mean.

Formula:

Sample SD (s): Measures the spread of sample data points from the
sample mean, adjusting for the smaller sample size.

Formula:
l 7.5 Comparing

Example:
Population: {4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22}

μ=
4+6+8+10+12+14+16+18+20+22 ​= 130​ = 13
10 10

Sample: {4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22}

6+10+12+18+22 = 68
x
= = 13.6
5 5
l 7.5 Comparing

Population Variance

Population SD
l 7.5 Comparing

Sample Variance

Sample SD
l 7.7 Interpretation
Population Standard Deviation (σ)
The population standard deviation is approximately 5.74, meaning
that, on average, the data points in the population are about 5.74
units away from the population mean (μ=13\mu = 13μ=13).

Sample Standard Deviation (s)


The sample standard deviation is approximately 6.39, which is slightly
higher than the population standard deviation.
This is because the formula for sss divides by n−1 (degrees of
freedom), which adjusts for the fact that a sample typically
underestimates the true variability of the population.
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION!

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