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 Chapter 1

Introductory Chapter: Review of Current Research

Trends in the Field of Power Plants

Aleksandar B. Nikolic and Zarko S. Janda

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69980

1. Introduction

Since first AC current high‐power hydropower plant was put in operation, built by Nikola Tesla
and George Westinghouse in 1895 on Niagara Falls, electrification of the world is dramatically
changed. The growing power demand and energy consumption in the last decades require fun‐
damental changes in the process, power production and services. These requirements tend to use
both conventional and nonconventional energy generation in order to have power plants useful
both economically and environmental friendly to the society. Although new trends in this field
focus on producing clean energy from renewable sources, the world’s most used fuel in power
plants is still coal with 41% of produced global electricity [1]. Coal, oil, nuclear and gas power
plants are still dominant for supplying base load in all power grids. Also, energy consumed at
power plants for generating electricity is still high. Based on OECD data [2], the amount of elec‐
tricity supplied to the final consumers was 33% of the total energy consumed at power plants.
In Europe, the largest share of budget spent on research, development and demonstration
(RD&D) on energy technology was in energy efficiency and renewable sources [3]. On the
other side, in Japan, 39% share of total energy RD&D in 2015 remains in the field of nuclear
energy [3]. Regarding nuclear power plant (NPP), more attention is spent on improving
safety, especially after accident in Fukushima NPP in March 2011.

2. Energy efficiency and reliability

Improving energy efficiency and reliability goes in several ways. Some of the solutions are to
continuously monitor and supervise vital equipment in power plants, like generator trans‐
formers, in order to improve maintenance and reduce costs. Additional advantage is deci‐
sion support, where results taken from online monitoring systems are analyzed by external
experts that help plant staff and management to make decision about plant operation when

© 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
4 Recent Improvements of Power Plants Management and Technology

some of the possible malfunction of transformers is detected or expected [4]. This also could
yield to proper time schedule of transformer replacement [5].
Modern control systems in power plants cannot be realized without the modern system of
monitoring of process parameters or parameters of machines and systems. Continuous moni‐
toring includes continuous monitoring of machine operation (online), automatic storage of
information and the possibility of automatic or subsequent processing and analysis. It also
includes the generation of specific alarms and their submission to the operator and control
system, according to a certain procedure [6]. Diagnostics of the generator are based on a wide
range of data from off‐line and online testing generators and data analysis. All test data, oper‐
ating data and data of the machine are stored in a database for generators. Thus, all test data
from any laboratory, repairs, unexpected events and failures are available for analysis. The
data in the database with each successive inspection and testing are updated. The database
is very flexible and has the ability to expand for all possible new types of tests, acquisition of
photo records of visual inspections and so on [7].

3. Operation improvement and stability

In virtually all coal preparation operations, mill systems are a critical part of the process to
provide economical, reliable and energy‐efficient grinding. Operating mills at a slightly lower
speed or even a slightly higher speed than line frequency give process engineers the advan‐
tage of the mills being optimized for the grade of material and desired throughput of the final
process [8]. To get the target boiler power increase in order for 5–10% of rated power, it is nec‐
essary to increase the fuel intake and one of the possibilities for that is the coal grinding mill
capacity increase [9]. Proposed solution in Ref. [9] is based on enhanced motor voltage supply
by increasing frequency, what is possible by medium voltage (MV) inverter. The main goal
is to supply motor with rated voltage and frequency in range between 50 and 55 Hz to obtain
increase of plant power for 10% by increasing grinding mill capacity. Additional benefits are
reduced mechanical stress during start‐up and the additional possibility of mill slow running
for inspection purposes.
In order to improve power plant stability while operating close to its capability limits, as a
requirement of a deregulated electricity market, one solution could be to optimally coordinate
the synchronous generators’ reactive power outputs in order to maintain the total reactive
power delivered by a steam power plant (SPP) or the voltage at a steam power plant high volt‐
age (HV) busbar [10]. In such way, it is possible to aggregate the multimachine power plant into
single virtual generator, thus enabling more sophisticated zonal voltage control across power
transmission network.

4. Environmental impacts

Environmental impacts of power plants are mainly reflected in emissions of pollutants and
greenhouse gases from fossil fuel‐based electricity generation. For instance, electricity generation
 Introductory Chapter: Review of Current Research Trends in the Field of Power Plants 5
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69980

is the fourth highest combined source of NOx, carbon monoxide and particulate mvatter in the
United States [11]. The combustion of coal for power generation produces fly ash, which must
be collected prior to discharge to the atmosphere. Electrostatic precipitators are devices used for
collecting of fly ash from smoke gases in power plants that use coil as a combustion fuel. The
precipitator collection efficiency can be expected to exceed 99.5%. Most existing electrical pre‐
cipitators are developed with classical continual power supply that provides DC voltage at the
end of electrodes. Improvement of this power supply type that has better purification and overall
energy efficiency is obtained by the usage of intermittent supply [12].

5. Renewables and clean fuels

But, not only fossil fuel power plants affect on the environment. Renewable sources like small
hydropower plants and wind farms could have significant influence on fish and bird habi‐
tats and migrations. The strategic environmental assessment can be considered as the most
important, the most general and the most comprehensive instrument for directing the stra‐
tegic planning process toward the principles and objectives of environmental protection, as
well as for making optimum decisions on future sustainable spatial development, especially
in energy sector [13].

Hydrogen is the most abundant element and cleanest fuel in the universe. Unlike hydrocar‐
bon fuels that produce harmful emissions, hydrogen fuel produces pure water as the only
by‐product. Low‐cost photoelectrochemical process efficiently uses sunlight to separate
hydrogen from any source of water to produce clean and environmental friendly renewable
hydrogen. Innovative solar hydrogen generator eliminates the need for conventional electro‐
lyzers, which are expensive and energy intensive.

6. Conclusion

All of the above takes the attention of researchers to continuously work on solutions for better
fuel usage and energy efficiency improvement, while producing more electricity with higher
reliability and safety and lower impact to the environment. The aim of this book is to assist
researches involved in power plant design and development, as well industrial engineers
involved in plant’s maintenance with recent techniques taken from different technologies and
disciplines.

Author details

Aleksandar B. Nikolic* and Zarko S. Janda

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]
Electrical Engineering Institute Nikola Tesla, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
6 Recent Improvements of Power Plants Management and Technology

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[3] International Energy Agency. Key Trends on Energy Technology RD&D Budgets.
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[9] Janda Z, Nikolic A. MV variable speed drive for coal mill capacity improvement. In:
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