UCSP

ELEMENTS OF A STATE
STATE AND NON-STATE
- Set of formal rules, informal norms, or PEOPLE AND POPULATION
agreed upon understanding that constraint, - Reproduction is indispensable
and prescribes political actors, behaviors and - Human political institution
interaction with one another. - No population means no states
- To keep society in order and implement
specific tasks TERRITORY
- Fixed and bounded portion of the earth’s
surface
STATE - Natural resources are found
- Community of persons occupying a definite - Responsibility to conserve and protect these
portion of the earth’s surface, having its own resources
government - Defend their state from invaders

GOVERNMENT
STATE INSTITUTIONS - Laws to be implemented in
- To be followed and respected by the
POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP authority and people
STRUCTURES - State won’t exist without government
- Max weber (cited by santarita and madrid - Sovereignty is only used on behalf of the
2016)- political structures or institutions is state
defined as the organized way in which BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENMT
power is allocated and decisions are made - Legislative (Law making function)
within society - Executive (Law application functions
- Judiciary (Adjudication function)
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
- Composed of President and Vice president SOVEREIGNTY
who are chosen by direct popular vote and - Supreme power of the state to rule itself
fulfill a term for 6 years without interference from other state.
- Constitution grants the president authority to - People enjoy freedom
appoint cabinet DIMENSIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY
- Internal- the power of the state to order and
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH regulate the activities of all the people,
- Make laws, alter and reverse them through groups and institutions at work on its
the power bestowed in the Philippine territory. Act in accordance with the law of
congress the state
- Divided into the Senate and the house of - External- Complete independence from the
representatives state from ecternal control. It also means the
full freedom of the state to participate in
JUDICIARY thew activities of the community nations
- Maintain to resolve disputes concerning
rights demandable and enforceable
- Decides whther there has been serious abuse
of judgement amounting to lack or excess of FUNCTIONS OF A STATE
authority - Maintain law, order and stability, resolves
- Made up of a supreme court and lower dispute through the legal system
courts - Common defense
- Welfare of the population in ways that are
beyond the means of the measures.
 - Mass education and expensive medical II. COOPERATIVES AND TRADE
research UNIONS
- Operate in the interest of various dominant - Cooperative- is a firm owned, controlled,
groups, such as economic classes and racial and operated by a group of users for their
and ethnic group. own benefits.
- Autonomous association of persons united
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS voluntary to meet their common economic,
- Gilliard et al. (2000) argues that economic social, and cultural needs.
institution is being defined as an enduring - Jointly-owned and democratically-controlled
organization and practices created hby enterprises
individuals to cope with basic economic
dilemmas - Trade union- organization made up of
member-based organization and its
membership most be made up mainly of
NON-STATE INSTITUTION workers,
- Not owned and controlled by the
government
RELEVANCE OF TRADE UNION TO
EMPLOYEES
FORMS OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS - Issue that should be raise:
I. Banks and conrporations  Low salary
- Financial institutions that deals with  Lack of compensation
deposits and advances and other related  Security of tenure
services  Other benefits
- Receives money from people who saves in
form of deposits and lends money to people III. TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY
- Bangko sentral ng pilipinas- top 3 banks are; GROUPS
BDO unibank inc., Metropolitan bank - Influence the government to take action on
and TCO., and Land bank of the matters commonly neglected.
Philippines

Functions of a bank: TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS:

- Depository savings  National and international nongovernmental
- Responsible for the payments system organizations (NGO)
- Issue loans  Local social movements
 Foundations
Corporation- is a company authorized to act as a  The media
entity and recognized as such in law. They operate  Religious organizations
as stock corporations where ownership are the  Consumer organizations
stockholders that owns a share in a company  Intellectual anf scholars
 Agencies within international and regional
TOP CORPORATIONS intergovernment organizations
- San Miguel Corp.  Parts of executive and parliamentary
- Petron branches of government
- SM
- Ayala corp. IV. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
- Most influencial group of non0state
OFFERS OF A CORPORATION institutions.
- Stocks- determine the level of ownership - Provide development assistance between
- Bonds- allow one to earn interest national and international institutions.
-
EXAMPLE OF DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
  United nations educational scientific and preparing oneself or others intellectually for
cultural organization (UNESCO) mature life.
 United nations development program - It is a social institution which society
(UNDP) provides its members with important
 United nations children fun (UNICEF) knowledge (Macionis, 2012)
- Cultivate a country’s economy and socie4ty
V. NON-GOVERNMENTAL therefore. It is the milestone of a nations
ORGANIZATIONS progress.
- Not-for-profit organizations that is - The most crucial aspect of society
independent from states they are usually
funded by donetions primarily volunteer EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPINNES
work
- - Example: support human right, encourage - It is managed and reulated by the
political participation department of education or commonly
known as Deped

ROLES OF A NON-GOVERNMENTAL TYPES OF EDUCATION

ORGNIZATIONS
I. FORMAL
- Development and operaqtion of
 Refers to the hierarchically
infrastructure
structured chronologically graded
- Supporting Innovation, demonstration and
educational system from primary to
pilot projects
the university, including programs
- Facilitating Communication
and institutions for full time
- Technical Assistance and Training
technical and vocational training.
- Research Monitoring and evaluation
1. ELEMENTARY
- Advocacy for and with the poor
EDUCATION
-Involves compulsory,
FUNCTIONS OF NON-STATE
formaly education primarily
- Provide a safe place to save excess cash,
concerned with providing
known as deposits
basic education
- Cooperatives and trade unions are non-state
-Traditionally six to seven
institutions play a major role nin the
grades
economic development of the society.
2. SECONDARY
- Legal entitles which are established under
EDUCATION
the state of law that are designed to generate
-Concerned primarily with
a profit
continuing basic education of
the elementary level and
expanding it.
3. TERTIARY EDUCATION
-Administrated and
EDUCATION supervised by the
commission of higher
- From the latin word “educare” means to education (CHED). The
train, to rear or bring-up actual years spent in this
- Acquisition of knowledge, habit skills and level depends on the
abilities through instructions and training oe curriculum of each course.
through self-activity
- Act or process of imparting or acquiring
general knowledge, developing the powers II. NON-FORMAL
of reasoning and judgement and generally of  Refers to any organized educational
activity outside the established
 formal system to provide selected d. Esteem needs
types of learning to a segment of the e. Self-actualization needs
population
PRIMARY EDUCATION AS HUMAN RIGHTS

- Essential in the early stages of a human life.

We need education to enable us to adopt to
the dictates of our society.
III. INFORMAL EDUCATION
 Lifelong process whereby every SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
individual acquires from daily
experiences, attitudes, values, facts,  System of social standing
skills, and knowledge or motor skills  Institutional inequality of individual
from resources in his or her higher or “social injustice” due to social
environment categories
 The way people are ranked and
ordered in society.

IV. SPECIAL EDUCATION SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION

 The education of persons who are
physically, mentally, emotionally, - How people can be distinguished from one
socially or culturally different from another.
so-called “normal” individuals, such - People in a group may differ from skin
that they require modification of color. Hair color, race, mental and physical
school practices to develop their ability, and their like.
potential.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

o Ranking of people in a society

FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN THE a. Closed stratification- cannot
SOCIETY change their ranks
b. Open stratification- people
- Herbert Spencer- Functions are important to can change their ranks
be performed as they make the society o Separation of people into social
whole. If each function is working well, categories and these categories are
society attains progress. ranked as higher or lower.

I. PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY
 Enables citizens to be productive
members of the society, as they INDICATORS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
equipped with knowledge and skills
that could contribute to the - Treated differently due to social status
development of their society’s - Societies favor those with power, prestige3,
system. status, wealth and class.
II. SELF-ACTUALIZATION - One may be viewed as belonging to the
 Education develop one’s sense of upper social strata or lower social strata
self. As a huge part of the discovery depending on Soruce of income, Occupation
process of oneself, education and education. They can also be viewed in
encourages having the vision to types of house dwellings, location of
become self-actualized. residence and kinship or family.
a. Physiological needs
b. Safety needs
c. Love and belongingness
TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION - Refers to the movements upward or
downward among the social positions in any
I. Open system given socialstratification
- Encourages people to strive and achieve II. Geographical mobility
something - Also known as physical mobility
- Allow movement and interaction between - May be a voluntary movement of people
layers and classes. from one place to another
- Can move up or down the class thorugh III. Role mobility
opportunities. - Is the individuals shifting from role to role.
- Hase 3 classes: upper, middle and lower

SOCIAL INEQUALITY
II. Closed system
- Accommodate little changes in social - State of social affairs in which there is a
position. difference in opportunity, status and
- They do not allow people to shift levels and treatment.
do not permit social relationship between - Lee and rawls – It is more than just a case of
levels. geographic difference. (2010)
a. Caste system- regarded as closed
stratification in which people can do SOCIAL INCLUSION
little or nothing to change their social
standing. - The process of improving the terms for
b. Estate system- it is somewhat a individuals and groups to take part in
closed system in which the person’s society.
social standing is based on - The process of improving tha ability,
ownership of land, birth, and military opportunity and dignity of people,
strength disadvantaged based on their identity, tot
ake part in society”

Riches: NCR, 2009

III. Ethnic system
- Based on national origin, language and Poorest: ARMM, 2018
religion
- Segments of society apart and each group
base a sense of identity.
Government initiated programs:
- People interact more freely with those
people belonging to the same ethnic group.  The Philippines Conditional cash transfer
program: pantawid pamilyang Pilipino
program (4 P’s)
SOCIAL MOBILITY  Education for all (EFA)
 Comprehensive agrarian reform program
- Refers to the movement within the social (CARP)
structure, from one social position to  SK reform act of 2015 (Act no. 10742 or
another. Sangguniang kabataan: reform act of 2015)
 The universal access to quality tertiary
education act (Republic act. 10931)

TYPES OF SICAL MOBILITY

I. Social mobility MINORITY GROUP

 - Are groups composed of less-dominant HUMAN ADAPTATION
classifications in society that experiences
disproportionately lower opportunities than - A change or process of change by which an
their dominant counterparts. organism or species becomes better suited to
its environment is called “ADAPTATION”
ISSUES - The action or process of adapting or being
adapted or changing to suit different
 Gender inequality conditions

ETHNIC MINORITIES TYPES OF ADAPTATION

- Indigenous people with lower opportunities I. Structural adaptation

- Physical features of an organism such as
shape, body covering, armament and even
the internal organization
2023 Sustainable development - Skin color
II. Behavioral adaptation
Target:
- Composed of inherited behavior chains and
a. People the ability to learn
b. Planet a. International migration- permanent
c. Prosperity transfer or residency across mational
d. Peace boarders
e. Partnership i. Illegal migrants
ii. Refugees
b. Internal migration- movement within
the same country
SDG c. Circular migration- temporary
movement usually for work.
1) NO POVERTY III. Psychological adaptation
2) ZERO HUNGER - Internal process and mechanism that allow
3) GOOD HEALTH AND WELL BEING humans to perform, specialized functions
4) QUALITY EDUCATION necessary for survival in a given
5) GENDER EQUALITY environment.
6) CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION - Sweating andf shivering temperature
7) AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY regulation.
8) DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC
GROWTH
9) INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
10) REDUCED INEQUALITY
11) SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND
COMMUNITIES
12) RESPOSNSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND
PRODUCTION
13) CLIMATE ACTION
14) LIFE BELOW WATER
15) LIFE ON LAND
16) PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS
17) PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS